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Article ; Online: Experimental Demonstrations of Alignment and Mode Matching in Optical Cavities with Higher-Order Hermite-Gauss Modes.

Tao, Liu / Fulda, Paul

2024 Volume 132, Issue 10, Page(s) 101402

Abstract: Higher-order spatial laser modes have recently been investigated as candidates for reducing test-mass thermal noise in ground-based gravitational-wave detectors such as advanced LIGO. In particular, higher-order Hermite-Gauss (HG) modes have gained ... ...

Abstract	Higher-order spatial laser modes have recently been investigated as candidates for reducing test-mass thermal noise in ground-based gravitational-wave detectors such as advanced LIGO. In particular, higher-order Hermite-Gauss (HG) modes have gained attention within the community for their more robust behaviors against random test-mass surface deformations and stronger sensing and control capacities. In this Letter we offer experimental investigations on various aspects of HG mode interferometry. We have generated purified HG modes up to the twelfth order HG_{6,6} mode, with a power conversion efficiency of 38.8% and 27.7% for the HG_{3,3} and HG_{6,6} modes respectively. We demonstrate for the first time the misalignment and mode mismatch-induced power coupling loss measurements for HG modes up to the HG_{6,6}. We report an excellent agreement with the extended numerical power loss factors that in the "small power loss" region converge to 2n+1 or n^{2}+n+1 for a misaligned or mode mismatched HG_{n,n} mode. We also demonstrate the wavefront sensing (WFS) signal measurement for HG modes up to the HG_{6,6}. The measurement result is accurately in accordance with theoretical WFS gain β_{n,n-1}sqrt[n]+β_{n,n+1}sqrt[n+1] for an HG_{n,n} mode, with β_{n,n-1} being the beat coefficient of the adjacent HG_{n,n} and HG_{n-1,n} modes on a split photodetector.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.101402
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Detection of Gravitational memory effect in LISA using triggers from ground-based detectors

Ghosh, Sourath / Weaver, Alexander / Sanjuan, Jose / Fulda, Paul / Mueller, Guido

2023

Abstract: The LIGO-Virgo-Kagra (LVK) collaboration has detected gravitational waves from 90 Compact Binary Coalescences. In addition to fortifying the linearized theory of General Relativity (GR), the statistical ensemble of detections also provides prospects of ... ...

Abstract	The LIGO-Virgo-Kagra (LVK) collaboration has detected gravitational waves from 90 Compact Binary Coalescences. In addition to fortifying the linearized theory of General Relativity (GR), the statistical ensemble of detections also provides prospects of detecting nonlinear effects predicted by GR, one such prediction being the nonlinear gravitational memory effect. For detected stellar and intermediate mass compact binaries, the induced strain from the memory effect is one or two orders below the detector noise background. Additionally, since most of the energy is radiated at merger the strain induced by the memory effect resembles a step function at the merger time. These facts motivate the idea of coherently stacking up data streams from recorded GW events at these merger times so that the cumulative memory strain is detected with a sufficient SNR. GW detectors essentially record the integrated strain response at time scales of the round trip light travel time, making future space-based long arm interferometers like LISA ideal for detecting the memory effect at low frequencies. In this paper, we propose a method that uses the event catalog of ground-based detectors and searches for corresponding memory strains in the LISA data stream. Given LVK's O3 science run catalog, we use scaling arguments and assumptions on the source population models to estimate the run time required for LISA to accumulate a memory SNR of 5, using triggers from current and future ground-based detectors. Finally, we extend these calculations for using beyond LISA missions like ALIA, AMIGO, and Folkner to detect the gravitational memory effect. The results for LISA indicate a possible detection of the memory effect within the 10 year LISA mission lifetime and the corresponding results for beyond LISA missions are even more promising.
Keywords	General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ; Physics - Data Analysis ; Statistics and Probability
Subject code	612
Publishing date	2023-02-08
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Precision Interferometry in a New Shape

Fulda, Paul

Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Modes for Gravitational Wave Detection

(Springer Theses, Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research)

2014

Abstract: With his Ph.D. thesis, presented here in the format of a "Springer Theses", Paul Fulda won the 2012 GWIC thesis prize awarded by the Gravitational Wave International Committee. The impact of thermal noise on future gravitational wave detectors depends on ...

Author's details	by Paul Fulda
Series title	Springer Theses, Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
Abstract	With his Ph.D. thesis, presented here in the format of a "Springer Theses", Paul Fulda won the 2012 GWIC thesis prize awarded by the Gravitational Wave International Committee. The impact of thermal noise on future gravitational wave detectors depends on the size and shape of the interrogating laser beam. It had been known since 2006 that, in theory, higher-order Laguerre-Gauss modes could reduce thermal noise. Paul Fulda’s research brings Laguerre-Gauss modes an enormous step forward. His work includes analytical, numerical and experimental work on table-top setups as well as experiments at the Glasgow 10m prototype interferometer. Using numerical simulations the LG33 mode was selected as the optical mode to be tested. Further research by Paul and his colleagues since then concentrated on this mode. Paul has developed and demonstrated simple and effective methods to create this mode with diffractive optics and successfully demonstrated its compatibility with the essential building blocks of gravitational wave detectors, namely, optical cavities, Michelson interferometers and opto-electronic sensing and control systems. Through this work, Laguerre-Gauss modes for interferometers have been transformed from an essentially unknown entity to a well understood option with an experimental basis
Keywords	Physics ; Technik / Wissen Astronomie ; Technik / Wissen Physik ; Technik / Wissen Sonstiges
Language	English
Size	Online-Ressource (XXII, 154 p. 61 illus., 44 illus. in color), online resource
Publisher	Springer International Publishing
Publishing place	Cham ;s.l
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	Includes bibliographical references
ISBN	9783319013749 ; 9783319013756 ; 3319013742 ; 3319013750
DOI	10.1007/978-3-319-01375-6
Database	Former special subject collection: coastal and deep sea fishing

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Book ; Online: Precision Interferometry in a New Shape

Fulda, Paul

Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Modes for Gravitational Wave Detection

(Springer Theses, Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research)

2014

Author's details	by Paul Fulda
Series title	Springer Theses, Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
Abstract	With his Ph.D. thesis, presented here in the format of a "Springer Theses", Paul Fulda won the 2012 GWIC thesis prize awarded by the Gravitational Wave International Committee. The impact of thermal noise on future gravitational wave detectors depends on the size and shape of the interrogating laser beam. It had been known since 2006 that, in theory, higher-order Laguerre-Gauss modes could reduce thermal noise. Paul Fulda’s research brings Laguerre-Gauss modes an enormous step forward. His work includes analytical, numerical and experimental work on table-top setups as well as experiments at the Glasgow 10m prototype interferometer. Using numerical simulations the LG33 mode was selected as the optical mode to be tested. Further research by Paul and his colleagues since then concentrated on this mode. Paul has developed and demonstrated simple and effective methods to create this mode with diffractive optics and successfully demonstrated its compatibility with the essential building blocks of gravitational wave detectors, namely, optical cavities, Michelson interferometers and opto-electronic sensing and control systems. Through this work, Laguerre-Gauss modes for interferometers have been transformed from an essentially unknown entity to a well understood option with an experimental basis
Keywords	Physics ; Technik / Wissen Astronomie ; Technik / Wissen Physik ; Technik / Wissen Sonstiges
Language	English
Size	Online-Ressource (XXII, 154 p. 61 illus., 44 illus. in color), online resource
Publisher	Springer International Publishing
Publishing place	Cham ;s.l
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	Includes bibliographical references
ISBN	9783319013749 ; 9783319013756 ; 3319013742 ; 3319013750
DOI	10.1007/978-3-319-01375-6
Database	Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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Article ; Online: Power coupling losses for misaligned and mode-mismatched higher-order Hermite-Gauss modes.

Tao, Liu / Kelley-Derzon, Jessica / Green, Anna C / Fulda, Paul

Optics letters

2020 Volume 46, Issue 11, Page(s) 2694–2697

Abstract: This paper analytically and numerically investigates misalignment and mode-mismatch-induced power coupling coefficients and losses as a function of Hermite-Gauss (HG) mode order. We show that higher-order HG modes are more susceptible to beam ... ...

Abstract	This paper analytically and numerically investigates misalignment and mode-mismatch-induced power coupling coefficients and losses as a function of Hermite-Gauss (HG) mode order. We show that higher-order HG modes are more susceptible to beam perturbations when, for example, coupling into optical cavities: the misalignment and mode-mismatch-induced power coupling losses scale linearly and quadratically with respect to the mode indices, respectively. As a result, the mode-mismatch tolerance for the ${{\rm HG}_{3,3}}$ mode is reduced to a factor of 0.28 relative to the currently used ${{\rm HG}_{0,0}}$ mode. This is a potential hurdle to using higher-order modes to reduce thermal noise in future gravitational-wave detectors.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1539-4794
ISSN (online)	1539-4794
DOI	10.1364/OL.426999
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Multi-axis heterodyne interferometry at MHz frequencies: a short-arm measurement demonstration for LISA with off-the-shelf hardware.

Fulda, P / DeRosa, R T / DeMarco, E / Aitken, M / Livas, J / Thorpe, J I

Applied optics

2019 Volume 58, Issue 23, Page(s) 6346–6356

Abstract: We report the design, construction, and operation of a multi-axis heterodyne interferometry (MAHI) system operating at MHz heterodyne frequencies, which provides a testbed for technologies to be used in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) space- ...

Abstract	We report the design, construction, and operation of a multi-axis heterodyne interferometry (MAHI) system operating at MHz heterodyne frequencies, which provides a testbed for technologies to be used in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) space-based gravitational wave mission. The system was calibrated for measurement of the piston, pitch, and yaw of a three-axis piezo-actuated mirror, giving measured calibration values that closely match those predicted by a simulation based on Gaussian beam tracing. The piston sensitivity of the MAHI system in the LISA band was measured to be below 10
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1539-4522
ISSN (online)	1539-4522
DOI	10.1364/AO.58.006346
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Generation of high-purity higher-order Laguerre-Gauss beams at high laser power.

Carbone, L / Bogan, C / Fulda, P / Freise, A / Willke, B

Physical review letters

2013 Volume 110, Issue 25, Page(s) 251101

Abstract: We have investigated the generation of highly pure higher-order Laguerre-Gauss (LG) beams at high laser power of order 100 W, the same regime that will be used by second-generation gravitational wave interferometers such as Advanced LIGO. We report on ... ...

Abstract	We have investigated the generation of highly pure higher-order Laguerre-Gauss (LG) beams at high laser power of order 100 W, the same regime that will be used by second-generation gravitational wave interferometers such as Advanced LIGO. We report on the generation of a helical-type LG33 mode with a purity of order 97% at a power of 83 W, the highest power ever reported in literature for a higher-order LG mode. This is a fundamental step in proving technical readiness for use of LG beams in gravitational wave interferometers of future generations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-06-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208853-8
ISSN	1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
ISSN (online)	1079-7114
ISSN	0031-9007
DOI	10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.251101
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Alignment sensing for optical cavities using radio-frequency jitter modulation.

Fulda, P / Voss, D / Mueller, C / Ortega, L F / Ciani, G / Mueller, G / Tanner, D B

Applied optics

2017 Volume 56, Issue 13, Page(s) 3879–3888

Abstract: Alignment sensing is often required in precision interferometry applications such as Advanced LIGO in order to achieve the optimum performance. Currently favored sensing schemes rely on the use of two separate radio-frequency (RF) quadrant photodetectors ...

Abstract	Alignment sensing is often required in precision interferometry applications such as Advanced LIGO in order to achieve the optimum performance. Currently favored sensing schemes rely on the use of two separate radio-frequency (RF) quadrant photodetectors and Gouy phase telescopes to determine the alignment of a beam relative to an optical cavity axis. In this paper, we demonstrate an alternative sensing scheme that has potential advantages over the current standard schemes. We show that by using electro-optic beam deflectors to impose RF jitter sidebands on a beam, it is possible to extract full alignment signals for two in-line optical cavities from just one single-element photodetector in reflection of each cavity.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1539-4522
ISSN (online)	1539-4522
DOI	10.1364/AO.56.003879
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Ultrastable optical components using adjustable commercial mirror mounts anchored in a ULE spacer.

Kulkarni, Soham / Umińska, Ada / Gleason, Joseph / Barke, Simon / Ferguson, Reid / Sanjuán, Jose / Fulda, Paul / Mueller, Guido

Applied optics

2020 Volume 59, Issue 23, Page(s) 6999–7003

Abstract: This paper describes a novel, to the best of our knowledge, approach to build ultrastable interferometers using commercial mirror mounts anchored in an ultralow expansion (ULE) base. These components will play a critical role in any light particle search ...

Abstract	This paper describes a novel, to the best of our knowledge, approach to build ultrastable interferometers using commercial mirror mounts anchored in an ultralow expansion (ULE) base. These components will play a critical role in any light particle search (ALPS) and will also be included in ground testing equipment for the upcoming laser interferometer space antenna (LISA) mission. Contrary to the standard ultrastable designs where mirrors are bonded to the spacers, ruling out any later modifications and alignments, our design remains flexible and allows the alignment of optical components at all stages to be optimized and changed. Here we present the dimensional stability and angular stability of two commercial mirror mounts characterized in a cavity setup. The long-term length change in the cavity did not exceed 30 nm and the relative angular stability was within 2 µrad, which meet the requirements for ALPS. We were also able to demonstrate 1
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1539-4522
ISSN (online)	1539-4522
DOI	10.1364/AO.395831
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Small optic suspensions for Advanced LIGO input optics and other precision optical experiments.

Ciani, G / Arain, M A / Aston, S M / Feldbaum, D / Fulda, P / Gleason, J / Heintze, M / Martin, R M / Mueller, C L / Nanda Kumar, D M / Pele, A / Reitze, D H / Sainathan, P / Tanner, D B / Williams, L F / Mueller, G

The Review of scientific instruments

2016 Volume 87, Issue 11, Page(s) 114504

Abstract: We report on the design and performance of small optic suspensions developed to suppress seismic motion of out-of-cavity optics in the input optics subsystem of the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory. These compact single stage ... ...

Abstract	We report on the design and performance of small optic suspensions developed to suppress seismic motion of out-of-cavity optics in the input optics subsystem of the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory. These compact single stage suspensions provide isolation in all six degrees of freedom of the optic, local sensing and actuation in three of them, and passive damping for the other three.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/1.4967716
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