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Article ; Online: How ecological and evolutionary theory expanded the 'ideal weed' concept.

Lau, Jennifer A / Funk, Jennifer L

2023 Volume 203, Issue 3-4, Page(s) 251–266

Abstract: Since Baker's attempt to characterize the 'ideal weed' over 50 years ago, ecologists have sought to identify features of species that predict invasiveness. Several of Baker's 'ideal weed' traits are well studied, and we now understand that many traits ... ...

Abstract	Since Baker's attempt to characterize the 'ideal weed' over 50 years ago, ecologists have sought to identify features of species that predict invasiveness. Several of Baker's 'ideal weed' traits are well studied, and we now understand that many traits can facilitate different components of the invasion process, such as dispersal traits promoting transport or selfing enabling establishment. However, the effects of traits on invasion are context dependent. The traits promoting invasion in one community or at one invasion stage may inhibit invasion of other communities or success at other invasion stages, and the benefits of any given trait may depend on the other traits possessed by the species. Furthermore, variation in traits among populations or species is the result of evolution. Accordingly, evolution both prior to and after invasion may determine invasion outcomes. Here, we review how our understanding of the ecology and evolution of traits in invasive plants has developed since Baker's original efforts, resulting from empirical studies and the emergence of new frameworks and ideas such as community assembly theory, functional ecology, and rapid adaptation. Looking forward, we consider how trait-based approaches might inform our understanding of less-explored aspects of invasion biology ranging from invasive species responses to climate change to coevolution of invaded communities.
MeSH term(s)	Plants ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-20
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/s00442-023-05397-8
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Article: Revising the trait‐based filtering framework to include interacting filters: Lessons from grassland restoration

Funk, Jennifer L.

journal of ecology. 2021 Oct., v. 109, no. 10

2021

Abstract: A trait‐based framework of community assembly holds great promise for directing ecological restoration, both for selecting species with desirable traits and for manipulating community factors to enhance plant establishment and persistence. Dispersal, ... ...

Abstract	A trait‐based framework of community assembly holds great promise for directing ecological restoration, both for selecting species with desirable traits and for manipulating community factors to enhance plant establishment and persistence. Dispersal, abiotic and biotic factors ‘filter’ species into local communities based on their traits, but interactions among these filters may complicate the use of trait‐based assembly models. In this paper, I review recent studies that apply community‐based theory to grassland restoration and propose a framework for incorporating interacting ecological filters into restoration design. Dispersal limits restoration success in many grassland communities while others are simultaneously limited by dispersal, environmental factors and biotic interactions. Furthermore, the relative importance of ecological filters can change over space and time. Species also differentially respond to filter manipulations which suggests that trait–environment relationships should be used to generate planting recommendations based on optimal trait values for interacting filters at a given site. Synthesis. A better understanding of how traits interact with dynamic community assembly filters will allow for site‐specific management recommendations, resulting in restored communities that are resilient to a range of filter modifications including climate change, invasion by non‐native species, and altered disturbance regimes.
Keywords	climate change ; grassland restoration ; grasslands ; introduced species ; plant establishment ; space and time
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-10
Size	p. 3466-3472.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	REVIEW
ZDB-ID	3023-5
ISSN	0022-0477
ISSN	0022-0477
DOI	10.1111/1365-2745.13763
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Physiological and transcriptomic responses of two Artemisia californica populations to drought: implications for restoring drought-resilient native communities

Atamian, Hagop S. / Funk, Jennifer L.

Global Ecology and Conservation. 2023 June, v. 43 p.e02466-

2023

Abstract: As climate change brings drier and more variable rainfall patterns to many arid and semi-arid regions, land managers must re-assemble appropriate plant communities for these conditions. Transcriptome sequencing can elucidate the molecular mechanisms ... ...

Abstract	As climate change brings drier and more variable rainfall patterns to many arid and semi-arid regions, land managers must re-assemble appropriate plant communities for these conditions. Transcriptome sequencing can elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to changing environmental conditions, potentially enhancing our ability to screen suitable genotypes and species for restoration. We examined physiological and morphological traits and transcriptome sequences of coastal and inland populations of California sagebrush (Artemisia californica), a critical shrub used to restore coastal sage scrub vegetation communities, grown under low and high rainfall environments. The populations are located approximately 36 km apart but differ in mean annual precipitation, with the coastal population experiencing approximately 42% more rainfall. We found subtle phenotypic differences between populations, with plants from the coastal population showing higher rates of carbon assimilation and growth, and a more considerable decrease in function in response to drought compared to the inland population. We observed more extensive transcriptome responses in A. californica root compared to leaf tissues. While the two populations shared several responses to drought, such as upregulated protein folding and stabilization, coastal populations demonstrated more extensive responses to stress than inland populations. Furthermore, transcriptomic results from inland populations showed reduced aboveground growth and early flowering which may reduce evaporative loss and maximize reproductive output, respectively, under low rainfall conditions. These patterns are consistent with a trade-off between growth and stress tolerance, where the coastal population has a strategy more aligned with growth compared to the inland population, which may be better able to tolerate stress. Identifying drought-tolerant populations can ultimately lead to cost savings in maintaining restored areas under future climate conditions.
Keywords	Artemisia californica ; carbon dioxide fixation ; climate ; climate change ; drought ; drought tolerance ; ecology ; phenotype ; rain ; reproductive performance ; shrublands ; shrubs ; stress tolerance ; transcriptome ; transcriptomics ; California ; Ecological restoration ; Gene expression ; Leaf ; Root ; Antioxidant ; Water use efficiency ; Abiotic stress
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-06
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	2814786-8
ISSN	2351-9894
ISSN	2351-9894
DOI	10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02466
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Patterns of intraspecific trait variation along an aridity gradient suggest both drought escape and drought tolerance strategies in an invasive herb.

Welles, Shana R / Funk, Jennifer L

Annals of botany

2020 Volume 127, Issue 4, Page(s) 461–471

Abstract: Background and aims: In water-limited landscapes, some plants build structures that enable them to survive with minimal water (drought resistance). Instead of making structures that allow survival through times of water limitation, annual plants may ... ...

Abstract	Background and aims: In water-limited landscapes, some plants build structures that enable them to survive with minimal water (drought resistance). Instead of making structures that allow survival through times of water limitation, annual plants may invoke a drought escape strategy where they complete growth and reproduction when water is available. Drought escape and resistance each require a unique combination of traits and therefore plants are likely to have a suite of trait values that are consistent with a single drought response strategy. In environments where conditions are variable, plants may additionally evolve phenotypically plastic trait responses to water availability. Invasive annual species commonly occur in arid and semi-arid environments and many will be subject to reduced water availability associated with climate change. Assessing intraspecific trait variation across environmental gradients is a valuable tool for understanding how invasive plants establish and persist in arid environments. Methods: In this study, we used a common garden experiment with two levels of water availability to determine how traits related to carbon assimilation, water use, biomass allocation and flowering phenology vary in California wild radish populations across an aridity gradient. Key results: We found that populations from arid environments have rapid flowering and increased allocation to root biomass, traits associated with both drought escape and tolerance. Early flowering was associated with higher leaf nitrogen concentration and lower leaf mass per area, traits associated with high resource acquisition. While trait values varied across low- and high-water treatments, these shifts were consistent across populations, indicating no differential plasticity across the aridity gradient. Conclusions: While previous studies have suggested that drought escape and drought resistance are mutually exclusive drought response strategies, our findings suggest that invasive annuals may employ both strategies to succeed in novel semi-arid environments. As many regions are expected to become more arid in the future, investigations of intraspecific trait variation within low water environments help to inform our understanding of potential evolutionary responses to increased aridity in invasive species.
MeSH term(s)	Biomass ; Climate Change ; Droughts ; Phenotype ; Water
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1461328-1
ISSN	1095-8290 ; 0305-7364
ISSN (online)	1095-8290
ISSN	0305-7364
DOI	10.1093/aob/mcaa173
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Article ; Online: Interacting ecological filters influence success and functional composition in restored plant communities over time

Funk, Jennifer L. / Kimball, Sarah / Nguyen, Monica A. / Lulow, Megan / Vose, Gregory E.

Ecological Applications. 2023 Sept., v. 33, no. 6 p.e2899-

2023

Abstract: A trait‐based community assembly framework has great potential to direct ecological restoration, but uncertainty over how traits and environmental factors interact to influence community composition over time limits the widespread application of this ... ...

Abstract	A trait‐based community assembly framework has great potential to direct ecological restoration, but uncertainty over how traits and environmental factors interact to influence community composition over time limits the widespread application of this approach. In this study, we examined how the composition of seed mixes and environment (north‐ vs. south‐facing slope aspect) influence functional composition and native plant cover over time in restored grassland and shrubland communities. Variation in native cover over 4 years was primarily driven by species mix, slope aspect, and a species mix by year interaction rather than an interaction between species mix and slope aspect as predicted. Although native cover was higher on wetter, north‐facing slopes for most of the study, south‐facing slopes achieved a similar cover (65%–70%) by year 4. While community‐weighted mean (CWM) values generally became more resource conservative over time, we found shifts in particular traits across community types and habitats. For example, CWM for specific leaf area increased over time in grassland mixes. Belowground, CWM for root mass fraction increased while CWM for specific root length decreased across all seed mixes. Multivariate functional dispersion remained high in shrub‐containing mixes throughout the study, which could enhance invasion resistance and recovery following disturbance. Functional diversity and species richness were initially higher in drier, south‐facing slopes compared to north‐facing slopes, but these metrics were similar across north‐ and south‐facing slopes by the end of the 4‐year study. Our finding that different combinations of traits were favored in south‐ and north‐facing slopes and over time demonstrates that trait‐based approaches can be used to identify good restoration candidate species and, ultimately, enhance native plant cover across community types and microhabitat. Changing the composition of planting mixes based on traits could be a useful strategy for restoration practitioners to match species to specific environmental conditions and may be more informative than using seed mixes based on growth form, as species within functional groups can vary tremendously in leaf and root traits.
Keywords	community structure ; ecological restoration ; functional diversity ; grasslands ; indigenous species ; leaves ; microhabitats ; shrublands ; species richness ; specific leaf area ; uncertainty
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2899
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Plant traits are differentially linked to performance in a semiarid ecosystem.

Funk, Jennifer L / Larson, Julie E / Ricks-Oddie, Joni

Ecology

2021 Volume 102, Issue 5, Page(s) e03318

Abstract: A central principle in trait-based ecology is that trait variation has an adaptive value. However, uncertainty over which plant traits influence individual performance across environmental gradients may limit our ability to use traits to infer ecological ...

Abstract	A central principle in trait-based ecology is that trait variation has an adaptive value. However, uncertainty over which plant traits influence individual performance across environmental gradients may limit our ability to use traits to infer ecological processes at larger scales. To better understand which traits are linked to performance under different precipitation regimes, we measured above- and belowground traits, growth, and reproductive allocation for four annual and four perennial species from a coastal sage scrub community in California under conditions of 50%, 100%, and 150% ambient precipitation. Across water treatments, annual species displayed morphological trait values consistent with high rates of resource acquisition (e.g., low leaf mass per area, low root tissue density, high specific root length), and aboveground measures of resource acquisition (including photosynthetic rate and leaf N concentration) were positively associated with plant performance (reproductive allocation). Results from a structural equation model demonstrated that leaf traits explained 38% of the variation in reproductive allocation across the water gradient in annual species, while root traits accounted for only 6%. Although roots play a critical role in water uptake, more work is needed to understand the mechanisms by which root trait variation can influence performance in water-limited environments. Perennial species showed lower trait plasticity than annuals across the water gradient and were more variable as a group in terms of trait-performance relationships, indicating that species rely on different functional strategies to respond to drought. Our finding that species identity drives much of the variation in trait values and trait-performance relationships across a water gradient may simplify efforts to model ecological processes, such as productivity, that are potentially influenced by environmentally induced shifts in trait values.
MeSH term(s)	Droughts ; Ecosystem ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; Plants
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2010140-5
ISSN	1939-9170 ; 0012-9658
ISSN (online)	1939-9170
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1002/ecy.3318
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Article: Interacting ecological filters influence success and functional composition in restored plant communities over time.

Funk, Jennifer L / Kimball, Sarah / Nguyen, Monica A / Lulow, Megan / Vose, Gregory E

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2023 Volume 33, Issue 6, Page(s) e2899

Abstract: A trait-based community assembly framework has great potential to direct ecological restoration, but uncertainty over how traits and environmental factors interact to influence community composition over time limits the widespread application of this ... ...

Abstract	A trait-based community assembly framework has great potential to direct ecological restoration, but uncertainty over how traits and environmental factors interact to influence community composition over time limits the widespread application of this approach. In this study, we examined how the composition of seed mixes and environment (north- vs. south-facing slope aspect) influence functional composition and native plant cover over time in restored grassland and shrubland communities. Variation in native cover over 4 years was primarily driven by species mix, slope aspect, and a species mix by year interaction rather than an interaction between species mix and slope aspect as predicted. Although native cover was higher on wetter, north-facing slopes for most of the study, south-facing slopes achieved a similar cover (65%-70%) by year 4. While community-weighted mean (CWM) values generally became more resource conservative over time, we found shifts in particular traits across community types and habitats. For example, CWM for specific leaf area increased over time in grassland mixes. Belowground, CWM for root mass fraction increased while CWM for specific root length decreased across all seed mixes. Multivariate functional dispersion remained high in shrub-containing mixes throughout the study, which could enhance invasion resistance and recovery following disturbance. Functional diversity and species richness were initially higher in drier, south-facing slopes compared to north-facing slopes, but these metrics were similar across north- and south-facing slopes by the end of the 4-year study. Our finding that different combinations of traits were favored in south- and north-facing slopes and over time demonstrates that trait-based approaches can be used to identify good restoration candidate species and, ultimately, enhance native plant cover across community types and microhabitat. Changing the composition of planting mixes based on traits could be a useful strategy for restoration practitioners to match species to specific environmental conditions and may be more informative than using seed mixes based on growth form, as species within functional groups can vary tremendously in leaf and root traits.
MeSH term(s)	Ecosystem ; Plants ; Seeds
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2899
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Article ; Online: Leaf nitrogen affects photosynthesis and water use efficiency similarly in nitrogen‐fixing and non‐fixing trees

Bytnerowicz, Thomas A. / Funk, Jennifer L. / Menge, Duncan N. L. / Perakis, Steven S. / Wolf, Amelia A.

Journal of Ecology. 2023 Nov., v. 111, no. 11 p.2457-2471

2023

Abstract: Nitrogen (N)‐fixing trees are thought to break a basic rule of leaf economics: higher leaf N concentrations do not translate into higher rates of carbon assimilation. Understanding how leaf N affects photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE) in this ... ...

Abstract	Nitrogen (N)‐fixing trees are thought to break a basic rule of leaf economics: higher leaf N concentrations do not translate into higher rates of carbon assimilation. Understanding how leaf N affects photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE) in this ecologically important group is critical. We grew six N‐fixing and four non‐fixing tree species for 4–5 years at four fertilization treatments in field experiments in temperate and tropical regions to assess how functional type (N fixer vs. non‐fixer) and N limitation affected leaf N and how leaf N affected light‐saturated photosynthesis (Aₛₐₜ), stomatal conductance (gₛw) and WUE (WUEᵢ and δ¹³C). Aₛₐₜ, WUEᵢ and δ¹³C, but not gₛw, increased with higher leaf N. Surprisingly, N‐fixing and non‐fixing trees displayed similar scaling between leaf N and these physiological variables, and this finding was supported by reanalysis of a global dataset. N fixers generally had higher leaf N than non‐fixers, even when non‐fixers were not N‐limited at the leaf level. Leaf‐level N limitation did not alter the relationship of Aₛₐₜ, gₛw, WUEᵢ and δ¹³C with leaf N, although it did affect the photosynthetic N use efficiency. Higher WUE was associated with higher productivity, whereas higher Aₛₐₜ was not. Synthesis: The ecological success of N‐fixing trees depends on the effect of leaf N on carbon gain and water loss. Using a field fertilization experiment and reanalysis of a global dataset, we show that high leaf‐level photosynthesis and WUE in N fixers stems from their higher average leaf N, rather than a difference between N fixers and non‐fixers in the scaling of photosynthesis and WUE with leaf N. By clarifying the mechanism by which N fixers achieve and benefit from high WUE, our results further the understanding of global N fixer distributions.
Keywords	carbon ; carbon dioxide fixation ; data collection ; ecology ; economics ; leaves ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nutrient use efficiency ; photosynthesis ; stomatal conductance ; trees ; water use efficiency
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-11
Size	p. 2457-2471.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	3023-5
ISSN	0022-0477
ISSN	0022-0477
DOI	10.1111/1365-2745.14194
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Leaf traits and performance vary with plant age and water availability in Artemisia californica.

Funk, Jennifer L / Larson, Julie E / Vose, Gregory

Annals of botany

2020 Volume 127, Issue 4, Page(s) 495–503

Abstract: Background and aims: Leaf functional traits are strongly tied to growth strategies and ecological processes across species, but few efforts have linked intraspecific trait variation to performance across ontogenetic and environmental gradients. Plants ... ...

Abstract	Background and aims: Leaf functional traits are strongly tied to growth strategies and ecological processes across species, but few efforts have linked intraspecific trait variation to performance across ontogenetic and environmental gradients. Plants are believed to shift towards more resource-conservative traits in stressful environments and as they age. However, uncertainty as to how intraspecific trait variation aligns with plant age and performance in the context of environmental variation may limit our ability to use traits to infer ecological processes at larger scales. Methods: We measured leaf physiological and morphological traits, canopy volume and flowering effort for Artemisia californica (California sagebrush), a dominant shrub species in the coastal sage scrub community, under conditions of 50, 100 and 150 % ambient precipitation for 3 years. Key results: Plant age was a stronger driver of variation in traits and performance than water availability. Older plants demonstrated trait values consistent with a more conservative resource-use strategy, and trait values were less sensitive to drought. Several trait correlations were consistent across years and treatments; for example, plants with high photosynthetic rates tended to have high stomatal conductance, leaf nitrogen concentration and light-use efficiency. However, the trade-off between leaf construction and leaf nitrogen evident in older plants was absent for first-year plants. While few traits correlated with plant growth and flowering effort, we observed a positive correlation between leaf mass per area and performance in some groups of older plants. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that trait sensitivity to the environment is most visible during earlier stages of development, after which intraspecific trait variation and relationships may stabilize. While plant age plays a major role in intraspecific trait variation and sensitivity (and thus trait-based inferences), the direct influence of environment on growth and fecundity is just as critical to predicting plant performance in a changing environment.
MeSH term(s)	Artemisia ; Nitrogen ; Phenotype ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; Water
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Nitrogen (N762921K75)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1461328-1
ISSN	1095-8290 ; 0305-7364
ISSN (online)	1095-8290
ISSN	0305-7364
DOI	10.1093/aob/mcaa106
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Article: The physiology of invasive plants in low-resource environments.

Funk, Jennifer L

Conservation physiology

2013 Volume 1, Issue 1, Page(s) cot026

Abstract: While invasive plant species primarily occur in disturbed, high-resource environments, many species have invaded ecosystems characterized by low nutrient, water, and light availability. Species adapted to low-resource systems often display traits ... ...

Abstract	While invasive plant species primarily occur in disturbed, high-resource environments, many species have invaded ecosystems characterized by low nutrient, water, and light availability. Species adapted to low-resource systems often display traits associated with resource conservation, such as slow growth, high tissue longevity, and resource-use efficiency. This contrasts with our general understanding of invasive species physiology derived primarily from studies in high-resource environments. These studies suggest that invasive species succeed through high resource acquisition. This review examines physiological and morphological traits of native and invasive species in low-resource environments. Existing data support the idea that species invading low-resource environments possess traits associated with resource acquisition, resource conservation or both. Disturbance and climate change are affecting resource availability in many ecosystems, and understanding physiological differences between native and invasive species may suggest ways to restore invaded ecosystems.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-11-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2721508-8
ISSN	2051-1434
ISSN	2051-1434
DOI	10.1093/conphys/cot026
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