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  1. Article: Catalogue of revised and new plant macrofossils from the Aquitanian-Burdigalian of Soma (W Turkey) – Biogeographic and palaeoclimatic implications

    Denk, Thomas / Güner, H. Tuncay / Bouchal, Johannes M.

    Review of palaeobotany and palynology. 2022 Jan., v. 296

    2022  

    Abstract: The position of Turkey between Europe and Asia makes this region interesting for palaeobotanical investigations. We investigated plant macrofossils from early Miocene deposits of W Turkey (Soma, Manisa) and compiled a catalogue of revised and new plant ... ...

    Abstract The position of Turkey between Europe and Asia makes this region interesting for palaeobotanical investigations. We investigated plant macrofossils from early Miocene deposits of W Turkey (Soma, Manisa) and compiled a catalogue of revised and new plant taxa. We documented 100 fossil-taxa, of which several are new for Turkey (Mahonia aff. pseudosimplex, Ziziphus paradisiaca, Comptonia longirostris, Carya denticulata, Viscum, Fatsia, Pungiphyllum cruciatum). Some previous records are rejected (e.g. Apocynophyllum, Cassia, Castanea, Ficus, Illicium, Liriodendron, Vaccinium). Using modern ecology and taphonomy, we reconstructed palaeoenvironments. We found evidence for a belt of drier, more open habitats with cycads, Dracaena, Mahonia, Smilax miohavanensis, and others. Other vegetation units comprise swamp and riparian forest with few dominants (expressed in high abundance of leaf specimens). On well-drained soils, lowland forest with large-leaved Lauraceae vel Fagaceae and rare elements (Fatsia) was present, while humid temperate broadleaf-deciduous and conifer forest flourished higher up. To infer palaeoclimate we used the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) and compared the results with other Miocene localities of Turkey. Early Miocene floras had warm climates (mean annual temperature, MAT, and coldest month temperature, CMMT) with weak precipitation seasonality. MAT and CMMT were cooler during the early middle Miocene. Several fossil-taxa at Soma have biogeographic links with older/coeval localities in C Europe and/or the W Mediterranean region (cycads, Torreya, Dracaena, Smilax miohavanensis, Mahonia aff. pseudosimplex, Carya denticulata, Ilex miodipyrena, Pungiphyllum). Few taxa have clear links to C Asian floras (Comptonia longirostris). True E Mediterranean endemics are even rarer (Mahonia spp., Quercus sosnowskyi).
    Keywords Carya ; Cassia ; Castanea ; Comptonia ; Dracaena ; Fatsia ; Ficus ; Ilex ; Illicium ; Lauraceae ; Liriodendron ; Mahonia ; Miocene epoch ; Quercus ; Smilax ; Torreya ; Vaccinium ; Viscum ; Ziziphus ; climate ; coniferous forests ; geographical distribution ; leaf analysis ; leaves ; lowland forests ; paleobotany ; paleoclimatology ; palynology ; riparian forests ; swamps ; temperature ; Mediterranean region
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-01
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0034-6667
    DOI 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104550
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  2. Article ; Online: Cenozoic migration of a desert plant lineage across the North Atlantic

    Denk, Thomas / Bouchal, Johannes M. / Güner, H. Tuncay / Coiro, Mario / Butzmann, Rainer / Pigg, Kathleen B. / Tiffney, Bruce H.

    New Phytologist. 2023 June, v. 238, no. 6 p.2668-2684

    2023  

    Abstract: Previous paleobotanical work concluded that Paleogene elements of the sclerophyllous subhumid vegetation of western Eurasia and western North America were endemic to these disjunct regions, suggesting that the southern areas of the Holarctic flora were ... ...

    Abstract Previous paleobotanical work concluded that Paleogene elements of the sclerophyllous subhumid vegetation of western Eurasia and western North America were endemic to these disjunct regions, suggesting that the southern areas of the Holarctic flora were isolated at that time. Consequently, molecular studies invoked either parallel adaptation to dry climates from related ancestors, or long‐distance dispersal in explaining disjunctions between the two regions, dismissing the contemporaneous migration of dry‐adapted lineages via land bridges as unlikely. We report Vauquelinia (Rosaceae), currently endemic to western North America, in Cenozoic strata of western Eurasia. Revision of North American fossils previously assigned to Vauquelinia confirmed a single fossil‐species of Vauquelinia and one of its close relative Kageneckia. We established taxonomic relationships of fossil‐taxa using diagnostic character combinations shared with modern species and constructed a time‐calibrated phylogeny. The fossil record suggests that Vauquelinia, currently endemic to arid and subdesert environments, originated under seasonally arid climates in the Eocene of western North America and subsequently crossed the Paleogene North Atlantic land bridge (NALB) to Europe. This pattern is replicated by other sclerophyllous, dry‐adapted and warmth‐loving plants, suggesting that several of these taxa potentially crossed the North Atlantic via the NALB during Eocene times.
    Keywords Eocene epoch ; Vauquelinia ; flora ; fossils ; paleobotany ; phylogeny ; subhumid zones ; vegetation ; xerophytes ; Eurasia ; Europe ; North America
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-06
    Size p. 2668-2684.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 208885-x
    ISSN 1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
    ISSN (online) 1469-8137
    ISSN 0028-646X
    DOI 10.1111/nph.18743
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  3. Article ; Online: Cenozoic migration of a desert plant lineage across the North Atlantic.

    Denk, Thomas / Bouchal, Johannes M / Güner, H Tuncay / Coiro, Mario / Butzmann, Rainer / Pigg, Kathleen B / Tiffney, Bruce H

    The New phytologist

    2023  Volume 238, Issue 6, Page(s) 2668–2684

    Abstract: Previous paleobotanical work concluded that Paleogene elements of the sclerophyllous subhumid vegetation of western Eurasia and western North America were endemic to these disjunct regions, suggesting that the southern areas of the Holarctic flora were ... ...

    Abstract Previous paleobotanical work concluded that Paleogene elements of the sclerophyllous subhumid vegetation of western Eurasia and western North America were endemic to these disjunct regions, suggesting that the southern areas of the Holarctic flora were isolated at that time. Consequently, molecular studies invoked either parallel adaptation to dry climates from related ancestors, or long-distance dispersal in explaining disjunctions between the two regions, dismissing the contemporaneous migration of dry-adapted lineages via land bridges as unlikely. We report Vauquelinia (Rosaceae), currently endemic to western North America, in Cenozoic strata of western Eurasia. Revision of North American fossils previously assigned to Vauquelinia confirmed a single fossil-species of Vauquelinia and one of its close relative Kageneckia. We established taxonomic relationships of fossil-taxa using diagnostic character combinations shared with modern species and constructed a time-calibrated phylogeny. The fossil record suggests that Vauquelinia, currently endemic to arid and subdesert environments, originated under seasonally arid climates in the Eocene of western North America and subsequently crossed the Paleogene North Atlantic land bridge (NALB) to Europe. This pattern is replicated by other sclerophyllous, dry-adapted and warmth-loving plants, suggesting that several of these taxa potentially crossed the North Atlantic via the NALB during Eocene times.
    MeSH term(s) Phylogeny ; Plants ; Fossils ; Desert Climate ; Acclimatization
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 208885-x
    ISSN 1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
    ISSN (online) 1469-8137
    ISSN 0028-646X
    DOI 10.1111/nph.18743
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  4. Article: Multi-century spatiotemporal patterns of fire history in black pine forests, Turkey

    Şahan, Evrim A. / Köse, Nesibe / Güner, H. Tuncay / Trouet, Valerie / Tavşanoğlu, Çağatay / Akkemik, Ünal / Dalfes, H. Nüzhet

    Elsevier B.V. Forest ecology and management. 2022 Aug. 15, v. 518

    2022  

    Abstract: In this study, we aimed to use tree-ring based fire reconstruction to understand the spatiotemporal patterns of past fires in different climate types of western Anatolia. We collected fire scarred wood samples from living trees as wedges and remnant ... ...

    Abstract In this study, we aimed to use tree-ring based fire reconstruction to understand the spatiotemporal patterns of past fires in different climate types of western Anatolia. We collected fire scarred wood samples from living trees as wedges and remnant woods from ten sites along a transect that represents a continental to Mediterranean climate gradient. We determined fire years and assigned seasonality of fires based on the intraring position of the fire scars. We calculated fire statistics and analysed fire-climate relationships. Breakpoints in our Anatolian regional fire chronology were estimated to determine the regime shifts. A decrease in fire frequency was recorded at most of the sites after the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. We observed two critical fire regime shift periods. The period between 1853 and 1934 is characterized by highly frequent (a total of 82 fires) and simultaneous fires occurring in multiple sites and this period overlapped with the longest and most severe drought period of the past 550 years. The fire frequency decline after 1934 coincided with the period of the first forest protection law in 1937. Dry, as well as prior wet conditions were main drivers of fires in the black pine forests in western Anatolia. We observed a decrease in fire frequency in the late 19th and early 20th centuries due to fire suppression activities. Continued fire suppression activities may cause fuel accumulation and pose a risk for more intense fires and thus a paradox for forests in the future. Based on future climate projections, we will face prolonged fire seasons as a consequence of increasing drought frequency, which may shift the fire regime from surface to crown fires with the accumulation of combustible material in the understory in black pine forests.
    Keywords Mediterranean climate ; Pinus nigra ; Turkey (country) ; administrative management ; drought ; fire frequency ; fire history ; fire regime ; fire suppression ; forest ecology ; growth rings ; risk ; understory ; wood
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0815
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 751138-3
    ISSN 0378-1127
    ISSN 0378-1127
    DOI 10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120296
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    Z 6026: Show issues

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  5. Article: Early Miocene climate and biomes of Turkey: Evidence from leaf fossils, dispersed pollen, and petrified wood

    Denk, Thomas / Güner, H. Tuncay / Bouchal, Johannes M

    Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology. 2019 Sept. 15, v. 530

    2019  

    Abstract: The early Miocene was a period of major palaeogeographic reorganization in the eastern Mediterranean region, during which time the Anatolian Plateau became subaerial and several intracontinental basins intermittently became connected to the Paratethys ... ...

    Abstract The early Miocene was a period of major palaeogeographic reorganization in the eastern Mediterranean region, during which time the Anatolian Plateau became subaerial and several intracontinental basins intermittently became connected to the Paratethys and Mediterranean seas. In this paper, we analyse early Miocene vegetation and climate using leaf records, palynological assemblages, and fossil wood at 36 localities from western and central Turkey, most of which have precise age control based on radiometric dating and mammal faunal ages. Using the leaf flora of Güvem (Beş Konak, Keseköy), Climate Leaf-Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) analyses and Köppen signatures were employed to infer a palaeoclimate typical of modern laurel forest regions. Based on the palynological records, abundance of various pollen-taxa was used as a measure of openness of vegetation and regional presence of major tree taxa. Most pollen floras are dominated by tree pollen (ranging from 85 to 98%) and indicated widespread afforestation. In the pollen diagrams, shifts in dominance from swamp forest elements (Taxodioideae) to well-drained forests (Pinaceae) indicate changes in lake levels or phases of basin development. Such shifts may have been associated with the development of more xeric forest vegetation. Wood anatomical features such as false tree rings further may indicate seasonal climate. Pollen diagrams and macrofossils reflect zonal and azonal broadleaf and needleleaf forest and extrazonal open vegetation. The latter occurred in areas with shallow soils on volcanic rocks or limestone (e.g. cycads, Dracaena), or coastal areas (herb dominance). Taxonomic composition and biogeographic affinities suggest laurel forest as a major forest biome on well-drained soils and ecotones between laurel forest and broadleaf deciduous forest biomes. A comparison with younger floras shows that these are neither more diverse nor more warmth-loving despite an increase in global temperature (Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum) suggesting bottlenecks during previous (Oligocene) cooler times for warmth-loving taxa.
    Keywords Cycadopsida ; Dracaena ; Miocene epoch ; Oligocene epoch ; Pinaceae ; afforestation ; basins ; biogeography ; climate ; coasts ; deciduous forests ; ecosystems ; ecotones ; fauna ; flora ; fossils ; growth rings ; lakes ; leaves ; limestone ; mammals ; old and fossil wood ; palaeogeography ; paleoclimatology ; palynology ; pollen ; radiometry ; soil ; swamps ; taxonomy ; temperature ; trees ; volcanic rocks ; Mediterranean region ; Turkey (country)
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0915
    Size p. 236-248.
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 417718-6
    ISSN 0031-0182
    ISSN 0031-0182
    DOI 10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.05.042
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    Z 67/162: Show issues

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  6. Article: Fire history of Pinus nigra in Western Anatolia: A first dendrochronological study

    Şahan, Evrim A. / Köse, Nesibe / Akkemik, Ünal / Güner, H. Tuncay / Tavşanoğlu, Çağatay / Bahar, Anıl / Trouet, Valerie / Dalfes, H. Nüzhet

    Elsevier GmbH Dendrochronologia. 2021 Oct., v. 69

    2021  

    Abstract: Forests in the Mediterranean basin frequently experience fires due to both anthropogenic and natural causes. There are concerns that the fire season will prolong in the Mediterranean basin, the fire frequency will increase with ongoing climate change, ... ...

    Abstract Forests in the Mediterranean basin frequently experience fires due to both anthropogenic and natural causes. There are concerns that the fire season will prolong in the Mediterranean basin, the fire frequency will increase with ongoing climate change, moreover, the fire regimes will shift from surface fires to local crown fires. Here, we aim to improve our understanding of the fire regime components of black pine forests in Turkey by 1) reconstructing a high-resolution fire chronology based on tree rings, 2) revealing the seasonality of fires, 3) investigating the relationship between fire and climate, and 4) comparing our reconstruction results with documentary data from forest management units. We collected 62 fire-scarred trees from three sites in Kütahya and developed a 368 year-long (1652–2019) composite fire chronology using dendrochronological methods. We found that at two sites major fire years coincided with dry years. Two major fire years (1853 and 1879) were common to all sites and two additional fire years (1822 and 1894) were found at two sites. Our results show a sharp decline in fire frequency after the beginning of the 20th century at all sites that can be attributed to increased fire suppression efforts and forest management activities in the 20th century. Our results suggest that the spread of fires has been actively suppressed since the first forest protection law in Turkey. Yet, tree-ring based and documentary data corroboration shows that seasonality did not change over the past +350 years.
    Keywords Pinus nigra ; Turkey (country) ; climate ; climate change ; dendrochronology ; fire frequency ; fire history ; fire regime ; fire season ; fire suppression ; forest management ; growth rings ; trees ; Mediterranean region
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-10
    Publishing place Elsevier GmbH
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2088117-4
    ISSN 1612-0051 ; 1125-7865
    ISSN (online) 1612-0051
    ISSN 1125-7865
    DOI 10.1016/j.dendro.2021.125874
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  7. Article ; Online: Smilax (Smilacaceae) from the Miocene of western Eurasia with Caribbean biogeographic affinities.

    Denk, Thomas / Velitzelos, Dimitrios / Güner, H Tuncay / Ferrufino-Acosta, Lilian

    American journal of botany

    2015  Volume 102, Issue 3, Page(s) 423–438

    Abstract: Unlabelled: •: Premise of the study: Recent molecular studies provide a phylogenetic framework and some dated nodes for the monocot genus Smilax. The Caribbean Havanensis group of Smilax is part of a well-supported "New World clade" with a few ... ...

    Abstract Unlabelled: •
    Premise of the study: Recent molecular studies provide a phylogenetic framework and some dated nodes for the monocot genus Smilax. The Caribbean Havanensis group of Smilax is part of a well-supported "New World clade" with a few disjunct taxa in the Old World. Although the fossil record of the genus is rich, it has been difficult to assign fossil taxa to extant groups based on their preserved morphological characters.•
    Methods: Leaf fossils from Europe and Asia Minor were studied comparatively and put into a phylogenetic and biogeographic context using a molecular phylogeny of the genus.•
    Key results: Fossils from the early Miocene of Anatolia represent a new species of Smilax with systematic affinities with the Havanensis group. The leaf type encountered in the fossil species is exclusively found in species of the Havanensis group among all modern Smilax. Scattered fossils of this type from the Miocene of Greece and Austria, previously referred to Quercus (Fagaceae), Ilex (Aquifoliaceae), and Mahonia (Berberidaceae) also belong to the new species.•
    Conclusions: The new Smilax provides first fossil evidence of the Havanensis group and proves that this group had a western Eurasian distribution during the Miocene. The age of the fossils is in good agreement with the (molecular-based) purported split between the Havanensis and Hispida groups within Smilax. The Miocene Smilax provides evidence that all four subclades within the "New World clade" had a disjunct intercontinental distribution during parts of the Neogene involving trans-Atlantic crossings (via floating islands or the North Atlantic land bridge) and the Beringia land bridge.
    MeSH term(s) Biological Evolution ; Europe ; Fossils ; Phylogeny ; Plant Dispersal ; Smilax/anatomy & histology ; Smilax/classification ; Turkey
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2935-x
    ISSN 1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
    ISSN (online) 1537-2197
    ISSN 0002-9122
    DOI 10.3732/ajb.1400495
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  8. Article: An improved reconstruction of May–June precipitation using tree-ring data from western Turkey and its links to volcanic eruptions

    Köse, Nesibe / Akkemik, Ünal / Güner, H. Tuncay / Dalfes, H. Nüzhet / Grissino-Mayer, Henri D / Özeren, M. Sinan / Kındap, Tayfun

    International journal of biometeorology. 2013 Sept., v. 57, no. 5

    2013  

    Abstract: We developed a high quality reconstruction of May–June precipitation for the interior region of southwestern Turkey using regional tree-ring data calibrated with meteorological data from Burdur. In this study, three new climate sensitive black pine ... ...

    Abstract We developed a high quality reconstruction of May–June precipitation for the interior region of southwestern Turkey using regional tree-ring data calibrated with meteorological data from Burdur. In this study, three new climate sensitive black pine chronologies were built. In addition to new chronologies, four previously published black pine chronologies were used for the reconstruction. Two separate reconstructions were developed. The first reconstruction used all site chronologies over the common interval AD 1813–2004. The second reconstruction used four of the chronologies with a common interval AD 1692–2004. R ² values of the reconstructions were 0.64 and 0.51 with RE values of 0.63 and 0.51, respectively. During the period AD 1692–1938, 41 dry and 48 wet events were found. Very dry years occurred in AD 1725, 1814, 1851, 1887, 1916, and 1923, while very wet years occurred in AD 1736, 1780, 1788, 1803, and 1892. The longest dry period was 16� years long between 1860 and 1875. We then explored relationships between the reconstructed rainfall patterns and major volcanic eruptions, and discovered that wetter than normal years occurred during or immediately after the years with the largest volcanic eruptions.
    Keywords Pinus nigra ; climate ; meteorological data ; rain
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2013-09
    Size p. 691-701.
    Publishing place Springer-Verlag
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 127361-9
    ISSN 0067-8902 ; 0020-7128
    ISSN 0067-8902 ; 0020-7128
    DOI 10.1007/s00484-012-0595-x
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  9. Article ; Online: An improved reconstruction of May-June precipitation using tree-ring data from western Turkey and its links to volcanic eruptions.

    Köse, Nesibe / Akkemik, Unal / Güner, H Tuncay / Dalfes, H Nüzhet / Grissino-Mayer, Henri D / Ozeren, M Sinan / Kındap, Tayfun

    International journal of biometeorology

    2012  Volume 57, Issue 5, Page(s) 691–701

    Abstract: We developed a high quality reconstruction of May-June precipitation for the interior region of southwestern Turkey using regional tree-ring data calibrated with meteorological data from Burdur. In this study, three new climate sensitive black pine ... ...

    Abstract We developed a high quality reconstruction of May-June precipitation for the interior region of southwestern Turkey using regional tree-ring data calibrated with meteorological data from Burdur. In this study, three new climate sensitive black pine chronologies were built. In addition to new chronologies, four previously published black pine chronologies were used for the reconstruction. Two separate reconstructions were developed. The first reconstruction used all site chronologies over the common interval AD 1813-2004. The second reconstruction used four of the chronologies with a common interval AD 1692-2004. R² values of the reconstructions were 0.64 and 0.51 with RE values of 0.63 and 0.51, respectively. During the period AD 1692-1938, 41 dry and 48 wet events were found. Very dry years occurred in AD 1725, 1814, 1851, 1887, 1916, and 1923, while very wet years occurred in AD 1736, 1780, 1788, 1803, and 1892. The longest dry period was 16 years long between 1860 and 1875. We then explored relationships between the reconstructed rainfall patterns and major volcanic eruptions, and discovered that wetter than normal years occurred during or immediately after the years with the largest volcanic eruptions.
    MeSH term(s) Computer Simulation ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Ecosystem ; Models, Statistical ; Rain ; Seasons ; Statistics as Topic ; Trees/anatomy & histology ; Trees/growth & development ; Turkey ; Volcanic Eruptions/statistics & numerical data
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-09-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 280324-0
    ISSN 1432-1254 ; 0020-7128
    ISSN (online) 1432-1254
    ISSN 0020-7128
    DOI 10.1007/s00484-012-0595-x
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