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Article ; Online: Variations in sociodemographic and health-related factors are linked to distinct clusters of individuals with depression based on the PHQ-9 instrument: NHANES 2007-2018.

Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina / Domènech-Abella, Joan / Rod, Naja H / Varga, Tibor V

2023 Volume 335, Page(s) 95–104

Abstract: Background: Depression is a heterogeneous disease. Identification of latent depression subgroups and differential associations across these putative groups and sociodemographic and health-related factors might pave the way toward targeted treatment of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Depression is a heterogeneous disease. Identification of latent depression subgroups and differential associations across these putative groups and sociodemographic and health-related factors might pave the way toward targeted treatment of individuals. Methods: We used model-based clustering to identify relevant subgroups of 2900 individuals with moderate to severe depression (defined as scores ≥10 on the PHQ-9 instrument) from the NHANES cross-sectional survey. We used ANOVA and chi-squared tests to assess associations between cluster membership and sociodemographics, health-related variables, and prescription medication use. Results: We identified six latent clusters of individuals, three based on depression severity and three differentially loaded by somatic and mental components of the PHQ-9. The Severe mental depression cluster had the most individuals with low education and income (P < 0.05). We observed differences in the prevalence of numerous health conditions, with the Severe mental depression cluster showing the worst overall physical health. We observed marked differences between the clusters regarding prescription medication use: the Severe mental depression cluster had the highest use of cardiovascular and metabolic agents, while the Uniform severe depression cluster showed the highest use of central nervous system and psychotherapeutic agents. Limitations: Due to the cross-sectional design we cannot make conclusions about causal relationships. We used self-reported data. We did not have access to a replication cohort. Conclusions: We show that socioeconomic factors, somatic diseases, and prescription medication use are differentially associated with distinct and clinically relevant clusters of individuals with moderate to severe depression.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Depression/epidemiology ; Nutrition Surveys ; Patient Health Questionnaire ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depressive Disorder/diagnosis ; Depressive Disorder/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-06
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	135449-8
ISSN	1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
ISSN (online)	1573-2517
ISSN	0165-0327
DOI	10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.005
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Article ; Online: Chronic and Transient Loneliness in Western Countries: Risk Factors and Association With Depression. A 2-Year Follow-Up Study.

Domènech-Abella, Joan / Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina / Mundó, Jordi / Haro, Josep Maria / Varga, Tibor V

The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry

2023 Volume 32, Issue 4, Page(s) 412–423

Abstract: Introduction: Our aim was to test risk factors for chronic and transient loneliness as well as cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of courses of loneliness with depression.: Methods: Responses from participants in Wave 5 (T1, 2013) and Wave ...

Abstract	Introduction: Our aim was to test risk factors for chronic and transient loneliness as well as cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of courses of loneliness with depression. Methods: Responses from participants in Wave 5 (T1, 2013) and Wave 6 (T2, 2015) of The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) (N = 45,490) were analyzed. The existence of clinically significant symptoms of depression was defined as reporting a value greater than or equal to 4 on the Euro-D scale. Loneliness was measured through the 3-item UCLA loneliness scale and a single question. Both measures were tested in separate regression models to identify risk factors for transient (loneliness at T1) and chronic (loneliness at T1 and T2) loneliness as well as their associations with depression. Results: Chronic loneliness was observed in 47%-40% of the cases of loneliness, according to the UCLA scale and the single question, respectively. Risk factors for chronic loneliness in both models were being female, not being married, having a low educational level, having poor mental and physical health, being limited in activities, having a poor social network, and living in a culturally individualistic country. Risk factors for transient loneliness were less robust and no significant effects were found for variables such as sex and physical health in both models, education level in the UCLA measure model, and social network size in the single question model. Chronic loneliness also showed a strong association with depression in the cross-sectional model and a marked one in the longitudinal model. Conclusion: The courses of loneliness are relevant in the study of its risk factors and association with depression.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Male ; Loneliness ; Follow-Up Studies ; Depression/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1278145-9
ISSN	1545-7214 ; 1064-7481
ISSN (online)	1545-7214
ISSN	1064-7481
DOI	10.1016/j.jagp.2023.11.001
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Zs.A 4443: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The Association of Social Support and Loneliness with Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis.

Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina / García-Mieres, Helena / Giné-Vázquez, Iago / Moneta, Maria Victoria / Koyanagi, Ai / Haro, Josep Maria / Domènech-Abella, Joan

International journal of environmental research and public health

2023 Volume 20, Issue 4

Abstract: Background: Research suggests that changes in social support and loneliness have affected mental disorder symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are a lack of studies comparing the robustness of these associations.: Aims: The aims were ...

Abstract	Background: Research suggests that changes in social support and loneliness have affected mental disorder symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are a lack of studies comparing the robustness of these associations. Aims: The aims were to estimate the strength of the associations of loneliness and social support with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022) in the general population. Method: The method entailed a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of quantitative studies. Results: Seventy-three studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled correlations of the effect size of the association of loneliness with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress were 0.49, 0.40, and 0.38, respectively. The corresponding figures for social support were 0.29, 0.19, and 0.18, respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that the strength of some associations could be influenced by the sociodemographic characteristics of the study samples, such as age, gender, region, and COVID-19 stringency index, and by methodological moderators, such as sample size, collection date, methodological quality, and the measurement scales. Conclusions: Social support had a weak association with mental disorder symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic while the association with loneliness was moderate. Strategies to address loneliness could be highly effective in reducing the impact of the pandemic on social relationships and mental health.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pandemics ; Loneliness ; Depression ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; COVID-19 ; Anxiety ; Social Support
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Systematic Review ; Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph20042765
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Article ; Online: What factors explain the changes in major depressive disorder symptoms by age group during the COVID-19 pandemic? A longitudinal study.

Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina / Varga, Tibor V / Moneta, María Victoria / Ayuso-Mateos, José Luis / Lara, Elvira / Olaya, Beatriz / Haro, Josep Maria / Domènech-Abella, Joan

Journal of affective disorders

2023 Volume 328, Page(s) 72–80

Abstract: Background: Data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic suggest an increase in major depressive disorder (MDD) among younger adults. The current study aims to assess the association of age groups and MDD risk before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic suggest an increase in major depressive disorder (MDD) among younger adults. The current study aims to assess the association of age groups and MDD risk before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and quantify the effect of potential mediating variables such as loneliness, social support, resilience, and socioeconomic factors. Methods: A representative sample of Spanish adults was interviewed before (2019, N = 1880) and during (2020, N = 1103) the COVID-19 pandemic. MDD was assessed using the CIDI, loneliness through the UCLA scale, social support through the OSSS-3, resilience with the 6-BRS, and worsened economic circumstances and unemployment through a single question. Mixed-models were used to study changes in MDD by age group. Regression models were constructed to quantify the association between age and potential mediators, as well as their mediating effect on the association between age group and MDD. Results: Among the younger age cohorts (18-29 and 30-44 years) the probability of having MDD during the pandemic increased from 0.04 (95 % CI: 0.002-0.09) to 0.25 (0.12-0.39) and from 0.02 (-0.001-0.03) to 0.11 (0.04-0.17), respectively. Some 36.6 % of the association between age and risk of MDD during the pandemic was explained by loneliness (12.0 %), low resilience (10.7 %), and worsened economic situation (13.9 %). Limitations: Reliance on self-report data and generalizability of the findings limited to the Spanish population. Conclusions: Strategies to decrease the impact of a pandemic on depressive symptoms among young adults should address loneliness, provide tools to improve resilience, and enjoy improved financial support.
MeSH term(s)	Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/psychology ; Pandemics ; Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Resilience, Psychological ; Loneliness ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Longitudinal Studies ; Risk Factors ; Male ; Female
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	135449-8
ISSN	1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
ISSN (online)	1573-2517
ISSN	0165-0327
DOI	10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.042
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Article ; Online: Loneliness during the last phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: A longitudinal study of group-based trajectories, risk factors, and consequences in mental health.

Domènech-Abella, Joan / Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina / García-Mieres, Helena / Mortier, Philippe / Felez-Nobrega, Mireia / Cristóbal-Narváez, Paula / Vilagut, Gemma / Olaya, Beatriz / Alonso, Jordi / Haro, Josep Maria

Psychiatry research

2023 Volume 326, Page(s) 115327

Abstract: Introduction: The present study aims to investigate the courses of loneliness following a national state of emergency including a curfew due to a rise in COVID-19 cases, associated risk factors, and the effect of loneliness on symptoms of depression and ...

Abstract	Introduction: The present study aims to investigate the courses of loneliness following a national state of emergency including a curfew due to a rise in COVID-19 cases, associated risk factors, and the effect of loneliness on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: Data of 2,000 adults in Spain which were interviewed by telephone at the first follow-up of the MINDCOVID project (February-March 2021) and of whom 953 were interviewed nine months later (November-December 2021) were analyzed. Group-based trajectories and mixed models were constructed. Results: Three courses of loneliness were detected: (1) invariant low loneliness (42.6%), (2) decreasing medium loneliness (51.5%), and (3) fairly invariant high loneliness (5.9%). Loneliness courses were associated with the severity and variability of symptoms of depression and anxiety. In contrast to the majority of pre-pandemic studies, younger adults more frequently reported loneliness compared to middle-aged and, particularly, older individuals. Other risk factors for loneliness were being female, being unmarried, and, notably, having pre-pandemic mental disorders. Conclusions: Future studies should validate whether the newly observed loneliness patterns across age groups persist and assess the evolution of loneliness courses and their impact on mental health, with particular attention given to young adults and individuals with pre-existing mental disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Health ; COVID-19 ; Longitudinal Studies ; Spain/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Loneliness ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Depression/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-30
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	445361-x
ISSN	1872-7123 ; 1872-7506 ; 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
ISSN (online)	1872-7123 ; 1872-7506
ISSN	0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
DOI	10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115327
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Zs.A 1541: Show issues

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Article: The impact of COVID-related perceived stress and social support on generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders: moderating effects of pre-pandemic mental disorders.

Monistrol-Mula, Anna / Felez-Nobrega, Mireia / Domènech-Abella, Joan / Mortier, Philippe / Cristóbal-Narváez, Paula / Vilagut, Gemma / Olaya, Beatriz / Ferrer, Montse / Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina / Alonso, Jordi / Haro, Josep Maria

Annals of general psychiatry

2022 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 7

Abstract: Background: We assessed the moderating effect of pre-pandemic mental disorders on the association of COVID-related perceived stress and social support with mental health.: Methods: A nationally representative sample of 3500 Spanish adults was ... ...

Abstract	Background: We assessed the moderating effect of pre-pandemic mental disorders on the association of COVID-related perceived stress and social support with mental health. Methods: A nationally representative sample of 3500 Spanish adults was interviewed in June 2020 (mean age 49.25 years, ± 15.64; 51.50% females). Mental health included Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD; GAD-7, cut-off point of ≥ 10), Major Depressive Disorders (MDD; PHQ-8, cut-off point of ≥ 10) and the comorbid form (those screening positive for GAD and MDD). COVID-related stress was assessed using an adapted version of the Peri Life Events Scale, and social support using the Oslo Social Support Scale. Logistic regression models were used to assess if COVID-related stress and social support were related to mental health outcomes and interactions were conducted to examine whether these relationships differed according to the presence of pre-pandemic mental disorders. Results: Higher COVID-related stress was associated with a higher risk of lower mental health. The association between COVID-related stress with GAD and MDD was significantly moderated by pre-pandemic mental disorders, except for comorbid GAD + MDD. Higher levels of social support were linked to better mental health. Only the association between social support and GAD was significantly moderated by pre-pandemic mental disorders. That is, for those without pre-pandemic mental disorders, higher levels of social support decreased the odds of GAD, while minor decreases were observed in those with pre-pandemic mental disorders. Conclusions: The impact of COVID-related stress and social support on specific indicators of mental health may vary depending on the existence of a previous mental disorder.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2090401-0
ISSN	1744-859X ; 1475-2832
ISSN	1744-859X ; 1475-2832
DOI	10.1186/s12991-022-00385-3
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Article ; Online: The effect of loneliness and social support on the course of major depressive disorder among adults aged 50 years and older: A longitudinal study.

Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina / Moneta, María V / Ayuso-Mateos, José L / Miret, Marta / Lara, Elvira / Haro, Josep M / Olaya, Beatriz / Domènech-Abella, Joan

Depression and anxiety

2022 Volume 39, Issue 2, Page(s) 147–155

Abstract: Background: Previous research indicates that social support, loneliness, and major depressive disorder (MDD) are interrelated. Little is known about the potential pathways among these factors, in particular in the case of adults aged 50 years and older ... ...

Abstract	Background: Previous research indicates that social support, loneliness, and major depressive disorder (MDD) are interrelated. Little is known about the potential pathways among these factors, in particular in the case of adults aged 50 years and older and suffering from MDD. The objective was to investigate whether loneliness mediates the association between low social support and recurrent episodes of MDD. Methods: We used data from a cohort of the Spanish general population interviewed at three time-points over a 7-year period. We included 404 individuals aged 50+ suffering from MDD in the baseline assessment. A 12-month major depressive episode was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) at each interview. The University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale was used to measure loneliness, whereas social support was assessed through the Oslo Social Support Scale. We tested cross-lagged and autoregressive longitudinal associations using structural equation modeling. Results: We identified two significant longitudinal mediation patterns: lower social support predicted higher subsequent levels of loneliness (Coef. = -0.16; p < .05), which in turn predicted an increase in MDD recurrence (Coef. = 0.05; p < .05). Conclusions: Interventions focused on promoting social support among older adults suffering from MDD may decrease feelings of loneliness and prevent recurrent episodes of MDD.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Humans ; Loneliness ; Longitudinal Studies ; Middle Aged ; Social Support
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1378635-0
ISSN	1520-6394 ; 1091-4269
ISSN (online)	1520-6394
ISSN	1091-4269
DOI	10.1002/da.23236
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Article ; Online: The Association of Age With Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: The Role of Loneliness and Prepandemic Mental Disorder.

Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina / Koyanagi, Ai / Felez-Nobrega, Mireia / Cristóbal-Narváez, Paula / Mortier, Philippe / Vilagut, Gemma / Olaya, Beatriz / Alonso, Jordi / Haro, Josep Maria / Domènech-Abella, Joan

Psychosomatic medicine

2022 Volume 85, Issue 1, Page(s) 42–52

Abstract: Objective: Older adults may be at lower risk of common mental disorders than younger adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Previous research has shown shown differences by age in psychosocial well-being during the pandemic and ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Older adults may be at lower risk of common mental disorders than younger adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Previous research has shown shown differences by age in psychosocial well-being during the pandemic and have highlighted the moderating effect of prepandemic mental disorders on that association. In this line, we examined the association of age with self-reported symptoms of loneliness, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress, as well as potential roles of loneliness symptoms and prepandemic mental disorders on the association between age and mental disorder symptoms. Methods: Cross-sectional data of 2000 adults in Spain interviewed by telephone during the COVID-19 pandemic (February-March 2021) were analyzed. Depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress were measured with the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and the four-item checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition), respectively. Loneliness was measured with the three-item University of California at Los Angeles Loneliness Scale. Several regression models were constructed to assess factors related to loneliness and mental disorders. Results: According to cutoff points used, 12.4% of participants revealed depression, 11.9% revealed anxiety, and 11.6% revealed posttraumatic stress. Age was negatively related to mental disorder symptoms and loneliness. Loneliness was associated with higher levels of mental disorder symptoms. This association was stronger in younger adults without prepandemic mental disorders and in older adults with them. The association between age and loneliness was stronger in those with prepandemic mental disorders. Loneliness mediated the association of age with mental disorder symptoms. Conclusions: Interventions focused on loneliness could alleviate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Pandemics ; Loneliness/psychology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Spain/epidemiology ; Depression/psychology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Anxiety/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3469-1
ISSN	1534-7796 ; 0033-3174
ISSN (online)	1534-7796
ISSN	0033-3174
DOI	10.1097/PSY.0000000000001146
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Article: The Association Between Substance Use Disorder and Depression During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain and the Moderating Role of Social Support: a Cross-Sectional Study.

Faris, Lydia Hanaa / Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina / Felez-Nobrega, Mireia / Cristóbal-Narváez, Paula / Mortier, Philippe / Vilagut, Gemma / Olaya, Beatriz / Alonso, Jordi / Haro, Josep Maria / López-Carrilero, Raquel / Domènech-Abella, Joan

International journal of mental health and addiction

2021 Volume 21, Issue 2, Page(s) 1157–1167

Abstract: Substance use disorder is on the rise; it has increased massively during the COVID-19 lockdown and has been found as a risk factor for depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder. Less is known about the hypothetical moderating effect of social ... ...

Abstract	Substance use disorder is on the rise; it has increased massively during the COVID-19 lockdown and has been found as a risk factor for depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder. Less is known about the hypothetical moderating effect of social support in that association. Three thousand five hundred Spanish adults were interviewed by phone during the COVID-19 lockdown (May-June 2020). The 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-8) was used to measure the symptoms of depression. The CAGE Adapted to Include Drugs (CAGE-AID) questionnaire was used to assess substance use disorder during the previous month. Social support was measured through the Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS-3). Regression models were constructed to assess factors related to depressive symptoms. People with substance use disorder (alcohol and drugs) showed considerable high levels of depressive symptoms, particularly among those with low levels of social support, which reported levels above major depressive disorder cut-off.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2235886-9
ISSN	1557-1882 ; 1557-1874
ISSN (online)	1557-1882
ISSN	1557-1874
DOI	10.1007/s11469-021-00651-7
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Article: The role of social support, detachment, and depressive and anxiety symptoms in suicidal thoughts and behaviours during the Covid-19 lockdown: Potential pathways.

Gabarrell-Pascuet, Aina / Félez-Nóbrega, Mireia / Cristóbal-Narváez, Paula / Mortier, Philippe / Vilagut, Gemma / Olaya, Beatriz / Alonso, Jordi / Haro, Josep Maria / Domènech-Abella, Joan

Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)

2021 Volume 42, Issue 11, Page(s) 9237–9248

Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as problems related to social relationships, such as available social support and feelings of detachment from others, have worsened. These factors are strongly associated with ... ...

Abstract	During the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as problems related to social relationships, such as available social support and feelings of detachment from others, have worsened. These factors are strongly associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STB). The effects of feelings of detachment on mental health and on STB have been scarcely studied, together with the relation that it may have with available social support. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess potential pathways connecting these conditions. A nationally representative sample of Spanish adults (
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2021598-8
ISSN	1936-4733 ; 1046-1310
ISSN (online)	1936-4733
ISSN	1046-1310
DOI	10.1007/s12144-021-02205-5
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