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  1. Article ; Online: Using historical habitat loss to predict contemporary mammal extirpations in Neotropical forests.

    Bogoni, Juliano A / Peres, Carlos A / Navarro, Ana B / Carvalho-Rocha, Vitor / Galetti, Mauro

    Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology

    2024  , Page(s) e14245

    Abstract: Understanding which species will be extirpated in the aftermath of large-scale human disturbance is critical to mitigating biodiversity loss, particularly in hyperdiverse tropical biomes. Deforestation is the strongest driver of contemporary local ... ...

    Abstract Understanding which species will be extirpated in the aftermath of large-scale human disturbance is critical to mitigating biodiversity loss, particularly in hyperdiverse tropical biomes. Deforestation is the strongest driver of contemporary local extinctions in tropical forests but may occur at different tempos. The 2 most extensive tropical forest biomes in South America-the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon-have experienced historically divergent pathways of habitat loss and biodiversity decay, providing a unique case study to investigate rates of local species persistence on a single continent. We quantified medium- to large-bodied mammal species persistence across these biomes to elucidate how landscape configuration affects their persistence and associated ecological functions. We collected occurrence data for 617 assemblages of medium- to large-bodied mammal species (>1 kg) in the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon. Analyzing natural habitat cover based on satellite data (1985-2022), we employed descriptive statistics and generalized linear models (GLMs) to investigate ecospecies occurrence patterns in relation to habitat cover across the landscapes. The subregional erosion of Amazonian mammal assemblage diversity since the 1970s mirrors that observed since the colonial conquest of the Atlantic Forest, given that 52.8% of all Amazonian mammals are now on a similar trajectory. Four out of 5 large mammals in the Atlantic Forest were prone to extirpation, whereas 53% of Amazonian mammals were vulnerable to extirpation. Greater natural habitat cover increased the persistence likelihood of ecospecies in both biomes. These trends reflected a median local species loss 63.9% higher in the Atlantic Forest than in the Amazon, which appears to be moving toward a turning point of forest habitat loss and degradation. The contrasting trajectories of species persistence in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest domains underscore the importance of considering historical habitat loss pathways and regional biodiversity erosion in conservation strategies. By focusing on landscape configuration and identifying essential ecological functions associated with large vertebrate species, conservation planning and management practices can be better informed.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 58735-7
    ISSN 1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
    ISSN (online) 1523-1739
    ISSN 0888-8892
    DOI 10.1111/cobi.14245
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Frugivory and seed dispersal by the red-footed tortoise chelonoidis carbonaria

    Lautenschlager, Laís / Souza, Yuri / Galetti, Mauro

    Acta oecologica. 2022 May 16,

    2022  

    Abstract: Seed dispersal by frugivores is essential in plant life cycles, with birds and mammals the principal and well-studied dispersal agents. However, there is an increasing recognition that terrestrial tortoises could also be considered important seed ... ...

    Abstract Seed dispersal by frugivores is essential in plant life cycles, with birds and mammals the principal and well-studied dispersal agents. However, there is an increasing recognition that terrestrial tortoises could also be considered important seed dispersers in many ecosystems. The red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) is one of the largest terrestrial tortoises in South America and is thought to disperse large seeds. However, little is known about their role as seed dispersers, and their potential use as restorers of defaunated areas. Here, we assessed the maximum width of seeds this species could ingest, the mean gut retention time (GRT), and the post-consumption germination capacity for tropical fruit species. Forty different fruit species were offered to eight captive individuals, obtaining a maximum seed width swallowed of 23 mm. We used four native plant species to measure the GRT within four tortoises, and we found a mean retention time of 18.92 ± 4.81 days. We also found that sex is an important indicator of GRT, with females presenting longer retention periods. This novel finding may be due to the higher metabolic defecating and dispersing rates of males. Although germination proportions varied between the four plant species used in the experiment, overall defecated seeds germinated faster than control seeds. We conclude that red-footed tortoises are potentially important seed dispersers due to their ability to swallow a large quantity and size of seeds while accelerating seed germination rates. This species should be considered a viable ecological substitute for large frugivores in rewilding projects, as C. carbonaria performs similar functions to large dispersers that have been extirpated due to defaunation processes.
    Keywords Chelonoidis ; digestive system ; frugivores ; fruits ; indigenous species ; seed dispersal ; seed germination ; tortoises ; South America
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0516
    Publishing place Elsevier Masson SAS
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 1033625-4
    ISSN 1146-609X
    ISSN 1146-609X
    DOI 10.1016/j.actao.2022.103837
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article: Size-related seed use by rodents on early recruitment of Quercus serrata in a subtropical island forest

    Zeng, Di / Galetti, Mauro / Liu, Juan / Jin, Tinghao / Zhao, Yuhao / Ding, Ping

    Forest ecology and management. 2022 Jan. 01, v. 503

    2022  

    Abstract: Rodents are ubiquitous seed predators in nature and their size-related seed choice plays an important role in the plant’s community structure. However, to understand how size-related seed predation by rodents affects plant recruitment, it is fundamental ... ...

    Abstract Rodents are ubiquitous seed predators in nature and their size-related seed choice plays an important role in the plant’s community structure. However, to understand how size-related seed predation by rodents affects plant recruitment, it is fundamental to predict seed and seedling response to rodent predation. We assessed the interactive effects between seed size and rodent exclusion on seed germination and early seedling survival of Quercus serrata in 10 subtropical forested islands in Thousand Island Lake, China. We found that rodent exclusion significantly improved the proportion of seed germination but not for early seedling survival. The proportion of seed germination in rodent-accessed plots was lower than rodent-exclosure plots and such reduction was strengthened by seed size. The proportion of early seedling survival was similar in both treatments and both increased with seed size. Our study found a significant size-related seed choice by rodents at the seed germination stage and showed that seeds would experience conflicting selective pressures across life stages in the early recruitment. Our findings highlight that size-dependent seed use by rodents is a key biotic factor to limit the oak early recruitment.
    Keywords Quercus serrata ; administrative management ; biotic factors ; community structure ; forest ecology ; forests ; lakes ; rodents ; seed germination ; seed predation ; seed size ; seedlings ; species recruitment ; China
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0101
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 751138-3
    ISSN 0378-1127
    ISSN 0378-1127
    DOI 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119752
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  4. Article: Ecosystem roles and conservation status of bioturbator mammals

    Beca, Gabrielle / Valentine, Leonie E. / Galetti, Mauro / Hobbs, Richard J.

    Mammal review. 2022 Apr., v. 52, no. 2

    2022  

    Abstract: The action of biological reworking of soils is referred to as bioturbation, and many species of mammals globally have an important role in soil disturbance, modifying ecosystem characteristics. We examined global patterns in the distribution, ... ...

    Abstract The action of biological reworking of soils is referred to as bioturbation, and many species of mammals globally have an important role in soil disturbance, modifying ecosystem characteristics. We examined global patterns in the distribution, conservation status, and threats to the world’s bioturbator mammals and illustrated the relevant roles these species play in ecosystem engineering related to soil processes and services. We searched the data available on 3932 non‐flying land‐dwelling mammals included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List. Using existing literature and online databases, we determined that 869 (22%) of the non‐flying land‐dwelling mammals accessed can be considered as bioturbators in three distinct groups: foragers (n = 123), semi‐fossorial species (n = 652), and strictly fossorial species (n = 94). Of the world’s bioturbator mammal species, 16% are threatened, 2% are already Extinct, and 8% are classified as Data Deficient. Foragers have the highest percentage of threatened (35%) and Extinct (5%) species, while strictly fossorial species have the highest percentage of Data Deficient species (12%). Although the majority of bioturbator mammal species are found in Asia (32%), Oceania is the continent with the highest percentage of threatened (27%) and Extinct (11%) bioturbator species, while Central and South America have the highest percentage of species classified as Data Deficient (24%). The threats experienced by the greatest number of bioturbator mammal species are activities related to agriculture and aquaculture (29%), and biological resource use (22%). Soil bioturbation can improve ecosystem health by reducing soil compaction, increasing nutrient cycling, soil moisture, microbe diversity, plant recruitment, and carbon storage. The loss of bioturbator mammals could trigger cascading effects throughout the ecosystems they inhabit. A better understanding of their conservation status is important so that effective conservation measures can be developed.
    Keywords aquaculture ; bioturbation ; carbon sequestration ; conservation status ; data deficient species ; disturbed soils ; ecosystems ; environmental health ; mammals ; soil compaction ; soil water ; species recruitment ; Asia ; Pacific Ocean Islands ; South America
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-04
    Size p. 192-207.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note REVIEW
    ZDB-ID 2020637-9
    ISSN 1365-2907 ; 0305-1838
    ISSN (online) 1365-2907
    ISSN 0305-1838
    DOI 10.1111/mam.12269
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article: Large mammalian herbivores modulate plant growth form diversity in a tropical rainforest

    Souza, Yuri / Villar, Nacho / Zipparro, Valesca / Nazareth, Sérgio / Galetti, Mauro

    journal of ecology. 2022 Apr., v. 110, no. 4

    2022  

    Abstract: The world’s terrestrial biomes are broadly classified according to the dominant plant growth forms that define ecosystem structure and processes. Although the abundance and distribution of different plant growth forms can be strongly determined by ... ...

    Abstract The world’s terrestrial biomes are broadly classified according to the dominant plant growth forms that define ecosystem structure and processes. Although the abundance and distribution of different plant growth forms can be strongly determined by factors such as climate and soil composition, large mammalian herbivores have a strong impact on plant communities, thus defaunation (the local or functional extinction of large animals) has the potential to alter the compositional structure of plant growth forms in natural ecosystems. Tropical rainforests sustain a high diversity of growth forms, including trees, palms, lianas, shrubs, herbs and bamboos, all of which play important ecosystem functions. Here, we experimentally evaluate how large mammalian herbivores affect the dominance, diversity and coexistence of these major tropical forest plant growth forms, by monitoring communities of saplings on the understorey in 43 paired exclusion plots in a long‐term replicated exclusion experiment in the understorey of the Atlantic forest of Brazil. Over the course of 10 years large herbivore exclusion decreased diversity among growth forms, increased the absolute abundance of palms and trees (22% and 38% respectively) and increased the diversity of species within these two groups, to the detriment of other growth forms. Furthermore, all pairwise relationships between growth forms were positive on plots where herbivores had access, whereas several strong negative relationships emerged in plots where herbivores were excluded. This occurred despite strong background directional temporal trends affecting plant communities in both experimental treatments across the region. Synthesis. Our work indicates that the defaunation alters growth form dominance by favouring palms and trees while eroding diversity among growth forms and coexistence on a temporal scale. Large herbivore mammals promote diversity among growth forms, preventing the hyper‐dominance of trees and palms, yet without supressing the diversity of species within growth forms. We argue that large herbivore mammals affect growth forms through several non‐mutually exclusive mechanisms, including herbivory, seed dispersal and physical disturbance, as well as differential effects linked to the morphological and physiological adaptations of growth forms. We conclude that defaunation might lead to profound impacts on important ecosystem functions underpinned by growth form diversity, and result in vertical and horizontal structural simplification of tropical rainforests.
    Keywords climate ; ecosystems ; extinction ; herbivores ; mammals ; plant growth ; seed dispersal ; soil composition ; species diversity ; temporal variation ; tropical rain forests ; understory ; Brazil
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-04
    Size p. 845-859.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 3023-5
    ISSN 0022-0477
    ISSN 0022-0477
    DOI 10.1111/1365-2745.13846
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  6. Article: The geography of diet variation in Neotropical Carnivora

    Cruz, Lívia R. / Muylaert, Renata L. / Galetti, Mauro / Pires, Mathias M.

    Mammal review. 2022 Jan., v. 52, no. 1

    2022  

    Abstract: Mammalian carnivores (order Carnivora) perform important regulatory functions in terrestrial food webs. Building a comprehensive knowledge of the dietary patterns of carnivorans and the factors determining such patterns is essential for improving our ... ...

    Abstract Mammalian carnivores (order Carnivora) perform important regulatory functions in terrestrial food webs. Building a comprehensive knowledge of the dietary patterns of carnivorans and the factors determining such patterns is essential for improving our understanding of the role of carnivorans in ecosystem functioning. In the Neotropics, there are 64 extant species of terrestrial Carnivora, but information on their trophic ecology is diffuse. We compiled and analysed the available quantitative dietary data for Neotropical carnivorans, aiming to detect patterns of intraspecific and interspecific dietary variation at a large geographical scale. The resulting database encompasses information on trophic interactions of 37 native carnivoran species from six families across 14 countries. There are clear geographical biases towards southern Brazil, Chile, and Argentina, and a noticeable knowledge gap within the Amazon. Also, most studies are focused on canids and felids, especially Puma concolor, Panthera onca, Cerdocyon thous, Leopardus pardalis, and Chrysocyon brachyurus, whereas for 27 native species, we found no quantitative dietary information. Neotropical carnivorans consume species from at least 651 genera of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. We found clear species‐specific dietary patterns and marked differences between Neotropical felids and canids. Although predators generally exhibit high levels of consistency in their diets regarding prey body mass, we detected significant intraspecific variation for all species analysed across study sites. Body mass imposes strong constraints on prey use, but biogeographical differences in prey availability and human influence may drive the geographical variation we found. Overall, observed patterns show not only similarities with resource‐use patterns found for carnivorans in other continents, such as nestedness driven by body mass, but also differences, such as high levels of frugivory and consumption of invertebrates by canids. Assessing resource‐use patterns is the first step towards a better understanding of processes underlying the organisation of trophic interactions, and is imperative for addressing impacts of defaunation on ecosystems and for informing conservation efforts.
    Keywords Cerdocyon thous ; Chrysocyon brachyurus ; Leopardus pardalis ; Neotropics ; Panthera onca ; Puma concolor ; body weight ; databases ; diet ; frugivores ; geographical distribution ; geographical variation ; humans ; indigenous species ; intraspecific variation ; nestedness ; Argentina ; Brazil ; Chile
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-01
    Size p. 112-128.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note REVIEW
    ZDB-ID 2020637-9
    ISSN 1365-2907 ; 0305-1838
    ISSN (online) 1365-2907
    ISSN 0305-1838
    DOI 10.1111/mam.12266
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  7. Article ; Online: Climate and land-use change will lead to a faunal "savannization" on tropical rainforests.

    Sales, Lilian P / Galetti, Mauro / Pires, Mathias M

    Global change biology

    2020  Volume 26, Issue 12, Page(s) 7036–7044

    Abstract: Humans have fragmented, reduced or altered the biodiversity in tropical forests around the world. Climate and land-use change act synergistically, increasing drought and fire frequencies, converting several tropical rainforests into derived savannas, a ... ...

    Abstract Humans have fragmented, reduced or altered the biodiversity in tropical forests around the world. Climate and land-use change act synergistically, increasing drought and fire frequencies, converting several tropical rainforests into derived savannas, a phenomenon known as "savannization." Yet, we lack a full understanding of the faunal changes in response to the transformation of plant communities. We argue that the composition of vertebrate assemblages in ecotone regions of forest-savanna transitions from South America will be increasingly replaced by open savanna species, a phenomenon we name "faunal savannization." We combined projections from ecological niche models, habitat filter masks and dispersal simulations to forecast the distribution of 349 species of forest- and savanna-dwelling mammal species across South America. We found that the distribution of savanna species is likely to increase by 11%-30% and spread over lowland Amazon and Atlantic forests. Conversely, forest-specialists are expected to lose nearly 50% of their suitable ranges and to move toward core forest zones, which may thus receive an influx of more than 60 species on the move. Our findings indicate that South American ecotonal faunas might experience high rates of occupancy turnover, in a process parallel to that already experienced by plants. Climate-driven migrations of fauna in human-dominated landscapes will likely interact with fire-induced changes in plant communities to reshape the biodiversity in tropical rainforests worldwide.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Humans ; Rainforest ; South America ; Trees ; Tropical Climate
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1281439-8
    ISSN 1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
    ISSN (online) 1365-2486
    ISSN 1354-1013
    DOI 10.1111/gcb.15374
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Climate and land‐use change will lead to a faunal “savannization” on tropical rainforests

    Sales, Lilian P / Galetti, Mauro / Pires, Mathias M

    Global change biology. 2020 Dec., v. 26, no. 12

    2020  

    Abstract: Humans have fragmented, reduced or altered the biodiversity in tropical forests around the world. Climate and land‐use change act synergistically, increasing drought and fire frequencies, converting several tropical rainforests into derived savannas, a ... ...

    Abstract Humans have fragmented, reduced or altered the biodiversity in tropical forests around the world. Climate and land‐use change act synergistically, increasing drought and fire frequencies, converting several tropical rainforests into derived savannas, a phenomenon known as “savannization.” Yet, we lack a full understanding of the faunal changes in response to the transformation of plant communities. We argue that the composition of vertebrate assemblages in ecotone regions of forest–savanna transitions from South America will be increasingly replaced by open savanna species, a phenomenon we name “faunal savannization.” We combined projections from ecological niche models, habitat filter masks and dispersal simulations to forecast the distribution of 349 species of forest‐ and savanna‐dwelling mammal species across South America. We found that the distribution of savanna species is likely to increase by 11%–30% and spread over lowland Amazon and Atlantic forests. Conversely, forest‐specialists are expected to lose nearly 50% of their suitable ranges and to move toward core forest zones, which may thus receive an influx of more than 60 species on the move. Our findings indicate that South American ecotonal faunas might experience high rates of occupancy turnover, in a process parallel to that already experienced by plants. Climate‐driven migrations of fauna in human‐dominated landscapes will likely interact with fire‐induced changes in plant communities to reshape the biodiversity in tropical rainforests worldwide.
    Keywords biodiversity ; climate ; drought ; ecotones ; fauna ; global change ; land use change ; niches ; savannas ; South America
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-12
    Size p. 7036-7044.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 1281439-8
    ISSN 1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
    ISSN (online) 1365-2486
    ISSN 1354-1013
    DOI 10.1111/gcb.15374
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  9. Article ; Online: The effect of past defaunation on ranges, niches, and future biodiversity forecasts.

    Sales, Lilian P / Galetti, Mauro / Carnaval, Ana / Monsarrat, Sophie / Svenning, Jens-Christian / Pires, Mathias M

    Global change biology

    2022  Volume 28, Issue 11, Page(s) 3683–3693

    Abstract: Humans have reshaped the distribution of biodiversity across the globe, extirpating species from regions otherwise suitable and restricting populations to a subset of their original ranges. Here, we ask if anthropogenic range contractions since the Late ... ...

    Abstract Humans have reshaped the distribution of biodiversity across the globe, extirpating species from regions otherwise suitable and restricting populations to a subset of their original ranges. Here, we ask if anthropogenic range contractions since the Late Pleistocene led to an under-representation of the realized niches for megafauna, an emblematic group of taxa often targeted for restoration actions. Using reconstructions of past geographic distributions (i.e., natural ranges) for 146 extant terrestrial large-bodied (>44 kg) mammals, we estimate their climatic niches as if they had retained their original distributions and evaluate their observed niche dynamics. We found that range contractions led to a sizeable under-representation of the realized niches of several species (i.e., niche unfilling). For 29 species, more than 10% of the environmental space once seen in their natural ranges has been lost due to anthropogenic activity, with at least 12 species undergoing reductions of more than 50% of their realized niches. Eighteen species may now be confined to low-suitability locations, where fitness and abundance are likely diminished; we consider these taxa 'climatic refugees'. For those species, conservation strategies supported by current ranges risk being misguided if current, suboptimal habitats are considered baseline for future restoration actions. Because most climate-based biodiversity forecasts rely exclusively on current occurrence records, we went on to test the effect of neglecting historical information on estimates of species' potential distribution - as a proxy of sensitivity to climate change. We found that niche unfilling driven by past range contraction leads to an overestimation of sensitivity to future climatic change, resulting in 50% higher rates of global extinction, and underestimating the potential for megafauna conservation and restoration under future climate change. In conclusion, range contractions since the Late Pleistocene have also left imprints on megafauna realized climatic niches. Therefore, niche truncation driven by defaunation can directly affect climate and habitat-based conservation strategies.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Mammals
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1281439-8
    ISSN 1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
    ISSN (online) 1365-2486
    ISSN 1354-1013
    DOI 10.1111/gcb.16145
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Scientists need social media influencers.

    Galetti, Mauro / Costa-Pereira, Raul

    Science (New York, N.Y.)

    2017  Volume 357, Issue 6354, Page(s) 880–881

    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
    DOI 10.1126/science.aao1990
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