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Article ; Online: Distress and neuroticism as mediators of the effect of childhood and adulthood adversity on cognitive performance in the UK Biobank study.

Pflanz, Chris Patrick / Künzi, Morgane / Gallacher, John / Bauermeister, Sarah

2024 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 8108

Abstract: Childhood adversity and adulthood adversity affect cognition later in life. However, the mechanism through which adversity exerts these effects on cognition remains under-researched. We aimed to investigate if the effect of adversity on cognition was ... ...

Abstract	Childhood adversity and adulthood adversity affect cognition later in life. However, the mechanism through which adversity exerts these effects on cognition remains under-researched. We aimed to investigate if the effect of adversity on cognition was mediated by distress or neuroticism. The UK Biobank is a large, population-based, cohort study designed to investigate risk factors of cognitive health. Here, data were analysed using a cross-sectional design. Structural equation models were fitted to the data with childhood adversity or adulthood adversity as independent variables, distress and neuroticism as mediators and executive function and processing speed as latent dependent variables that were derived from the cognitive scores in the UK Biobank. Complete data were available for 64,051 participants in the childhood adversity model and 63,360 participants in the adulthood adversity model. Childhood adversity did not show a direct effect on processing speed. The effect of childhood adversity on executive function was partially mediated by distress and neuroticism. The effects of adulthood adversity on executive function and processing speed were both partially mediated by distress and neuroticism. In conclusion, distress and neuroticism mediated the deleterious effect of childhood and adulthood adversity on cognition and may provide a mechanism underlying the deleterious consequences of adversity.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Neuroticism ; Cohort Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Biological Specimen Banks ; UK Biobank ; Cognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-024-58510-z
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Book ; Online: Leveraging cross-platform data to improve automated hate speech detection

Gallacher, John D

2021

Abstract: Hate speech is increasingly prevalent online, and its negative outcomes include increased prejudice, extremism, and even offline hate crime. Automatic detection of online hate speech can help us to better understand these impacts. However, while the ... ...

Abstract	Hate speech is increasingly prevalent online, and its negative outcomes include increased prejudice, extremism, and even offline hate crime. Automatic detection of online hate speech can help us to better understand these impacts. However, while the field has recently progressed through advances in natural language processing, challenges still remain. In particular, most existing approaches for hate speech detection focus on a single social media platform in isolation. This limits both the use of these models and their validity, as the nature of language varies from platform to platform. Here we propose a new cross-platform approach to detect hate speech which leverages multiple datasets and classification models from different platforms and trains a superlearner that can combine existing and novel training data to improve detection and increase model applicability. We demonstrate how this approach outperforms existing models, and achieves good performance when tested on messages from novel social media platforms not included in the original training data. Comment: 34 pages, 10 figures
Keywords	Computer Science - Computation and Language
Subject code	004
Publishing date	2021-02-09
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: What's the good of a science platform?

Gallacher, John

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

2017 Volume 374, Issue 2083

Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	208381-4
ISSN	1471-2962 ; 1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
ISSN (online)	1471-2962
ISSN	1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
DOI	10.1098/rsta.2016.0127
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Article ; Online: A psychometric evaluation of the 16-item PHQ-ADS concomitant anxiety and depression scale in the UK biobank using item response theory.

Pflanz, Chris Patrick / Gallacher, John / Bauermeister, Sarah

Journal of affective disorders

2023 Volume 347, Page(s) 335–344

Abstract: Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS) provides a reliable and valid measure of concomitant depression and anxiety. However, research on its psychometric efficiency and optimal scale length using item- ... ...

Abstract	Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS) provides a reliable and valid measure of concomitant depression and anxiety. However, research on its psychometric efficiency and optimal scale length using item-response theory (IRT) has not been reported. This study aimed to optimize the length of the PHQ-ADS scale without losing information by discarding items that were a poor fit to the IRT model. Methods: The UK Biobank is a large cohort study designed to investigate risk factors for a broad range of disease. PHQ-ADS data were available from n = 152,826 participants (age = 55.87 years; SD = 7.73; 56.4 % female), 30.4 % of the entire UK Biobank sample. Psychometric properties of the PHQ-ADS were investigated using a 2-parameter IRT and Mokken analysis. Item statistics included discrimination, difficulty and Loevinger H coefficients of monotonicity. Results: In the entire 16-item scale, item discrimination ranged from 1.40 to 4.22, with the item 'worrying' showing the highest level of discrimination and the item 'sleep disturbance' showing the lowest. Mokken analysis showed that the 16-item PHQ-ADS scale could be reduced to a 7-item scale without loss of test information. The reduced scale comprised mainly items measuring cognitive-affective symptoms of anxiety/depression, whereas items measuring somatic symptoms were discarded. The revised scale showed high discrimination and scalability. Limitations: Findings are limited by the use of cross-sectional data that only included the baseline online questionnaire, but not other waves. Conclusions: IRT is a useful technique for scale reductions which serve the clinical and epidemiological need to optimize screening questionnaires to reduce redundancy and maximize information. A reduced-item 7-item PHQ-ADS scale reduces the response burden on participants in epidemiological research settings, without loss of information.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Depression/diagnosis ; Depression/psychology ; Patient Health Questionnaire ; Cohort Studies ; Psychometrics ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Biological Specimen Banks ; UK Biobank ; Reproducibility of Results ; Anxiety/diagnosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-22
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	135449-8
ISSN	1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
ISSN (online)	1573-2517
ISSN	0165-0327
DOI	10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.067
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Article ; Online: Association between Residential Greenness and Allostatic Load: A Cohort Study.

Lai, Ka Yan / Kumari, Sarika / Gallacher, John / Webster, Christopher John / Sarkar, Chinmoy

Environmental science & technology

2024 Volume 58, Issue 11, Page(s) 4884–4893

Abstract: The association between residential greenness and allostatic load (AL), a marker of composite physiological burden and predictor of chronic disease, remains understudied. This study comprised 212,600 UK Biobank participants recruited over 2007 and 2010 ... ...

Abstract	The association between residential greenness and allostatic load (AL), a marker of composite physiological burden and predictor of chronic disease, remains understudied. This study comprised 212,600 UK Biobank participants recruited over 2007 and 2010 at the baseline. Residential greenness was modeled as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from high spatial resolution (0.50 m) color infrared imagery and measured within a 0.5 km radial catchment. AL was measured as a composite index from 13 biomarkers comprising three physiological systems (metabolic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory systems) and two organ systems (liver and kidney). Multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear models with a random intercept for UK Biobank assessment centers were employed to examine the association between residential greenness and AL. Each interquartile range (IQR = 0.24) increment in NDVI greenness was associated with lower AL (beta (β) = -0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.55, -0.01). Consistently, relative to the lowest NDVI greenness quintile, participants in the highest quintile had lower AL (β = -0.64, 95% CI = -1.02, -0.26). The proportion of the association between greenness and AL mediated by the physical activity was 3.2%. In conclusion, residential greenness was protectively associated with AL, a composite marker of wear and tear and general health.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cohort Studies ; Allostasis ; Biomarkers ; Heart ; China
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.3c04792
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Article ; Online: Associations of Urban Built Environment with Cardiovascular Risks and Mortality: a Systematic Review.

Lai, Ka Yan / Webster, Chris / Gallacher, John Ej / Sarkar, Chinmoy

Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine

2023 Volume 100, Issue 4, Page(s) 745–787

Abstract: With rapid urbanization, built environment has emerged as a set of modifiable factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize evidence on the associations of attributes of urban built environment (e.g. ... ...

Abstract	With rapid urbanization, built environment has emerged as a set of modifiable factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize evidence on the associations of attributes of urban built environment (e.g. residential density, land use mix, greenness and walkability) with cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. hypertension and arterial stiffness) and major CVD events including mortality. A total of 63 studies, including 31 of cross-sectional design and 32 of longitudinal design conducted across 21 geographical locations and published between 2012 and 2023 were extracted for review. Overall, we report moderately consistent evidence of protective associations of greenness with cardiovascular risks and major CVD events (cross-sectional studies: 12 of 15 on hypertension/blood pressure (BP) and 2 of 3 on arterial stiffness; and longitudinal studies: 6 of 8 on hypertension/BP, 7 of 8 on CVD mortality, 3 of 3 on ischemic heart disease mortality and 5 of 8 studies on stroke hospitalization or mortality reporting significant inverse associations). Consistently, walkability was associated with lower risks of hypertension, arterial stiffness and major CVD events (cross-sectional studies: 11 of 12 on hypertension/BP and 1 of 1 on arterial stiffness; and longitudinal studies: 3 of 6 on hypertension/BP and 1 of 2 studies on CVD events being protective). Sixty-seven percent of the studies were rated as "probably high" risk of confounding bias because of inability to adjust for underlying comorbidities/family history of diseases in their statistical models. Forty-six percent and 14% of the studies were rated as "probably high" risk of bias for exposure and outcome measurements, respectively. Future studies with robust design will further help elucidate the linkages between urban built environment and cardiovascular health, thereby informing planning policies for creating healthy cities.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Risk Factors ; Hypertension/epidemiology ; Heart Disease Risk Factors ; Built Environment
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1435288-6
ISSN	1468-2869 ; 1099-3460
ISSN (online)	1468-2869
ISSN	1099-3460
DOI	10.1007/s11524-023-00764-5
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Article: The long arm of childhood socioeconomic deprivation on mid- to later-life cognitive trajectories: A cross-cohort analysis.

Tsang, Ruby S M / Gallacher, John E / Bauermeister, Sarah

Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

2022 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) e12322

Abstract: Introduction: Earlier studies of the effects of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) on later-life cognitive function consistently report a social gradient in later-life cognitive function. Evidence for their effects on cognitive decline is, however, ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Earlier studies of the effects of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) on later-life cognitive function consistently report a social gradient in later-life cognitive function. Evidence for their effects on cognitive decline is, however, less clear. Methods: The sample consists of 5324 participants in the Whitehall II study, 8572 in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), and 1413 in the Kame Project, who completed self-report questionnaires on their early life experiences and underwent repeated cognitive assessments. We characterized cognitive trajectories using latent class mixed models, and explored associations between childhood SES and latent class membership using logistic regressions. Results: We identified distinct trajectories classes for all cognitive measures examined. Childhood socioeconomic deprivation was associated with an increased likelihood of being in a lower trajectory class. Discussion: Our findings support the notions that cognitive aging is a heterogeneous process and early life circumstances may have lasting effects on cognition across the life-course.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2832898-X
ISSN	2352-8729
ISSN	2352-8729
DOI	10.1002/dad2.12322
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Article ; Online: Neighbourhood residential density, urbanicity and incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A 12-year prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank

Lai, Ka Yan / Kumari, Sarika / Webster, Chris / Gallacher, John E.J. / Sarkar, Chinmoy

Environmental Research. 2023 June, v. 226 p.115627-

2023

Abstract: An increasing proportion of global population is exposed to urban densification in an aging society. However, little is known of the role of residential density and urbanicity on the risk of developing dementia including Alzheimer's disease. We examined ... ...

Abstract	An increasing proportion of global population is exposed to urban densification in an aging society. However, little is known of the role of residential density and urbanicity on the risk of developing dementia including Alzheimer's disease. We examined long-term associations between residential density and urbanicity and risks of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This prospective cohort study included participants from the UK Biobank who lived at the same residential address, had no self-reported neurological conditions and without dementia at baseline. Residential density was measured as the number of dwelling units within 1-km street neighbourhood of participant's home address. A composite index of urbanicity was developed from neighbourhood-level z-standardized densities of housing, retail, public transport and street centrality. Hazard ratios were derived from Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for known risk factors. The analytic sample included 239,629 participants aged 38–72 years. During a median follow-up of 12.3 years (interquartile range 11.5–13.0 years), 2,176 participants developed dementia and 1,004 Alzheimer's disease. After adjustments for potential risk factors, each 1,000 units/Km² increment in residential density was associated with higher risks of dementia (hazard ratio [HR]=1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.15) and Alzheimer’s disease (HR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.16). Consistently, categorical models showed that living in neighbourhoods of higher residential density and urbanicity were associated with higher risks of dementia (HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.12–1.51 for the highest density quintile compared to the lowest and HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05–1.39 for the highest urbanicity quintile relative to the lowest). The associations were more pronounced in female, age >65 years, and among participants of the low income and those being frail and having shorter leucocyte telomere length (LTL). Higher residential density and urbanicity was found to be positively associated with elevated risks of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Optimizing neighbourhood residential density maybe one of the upstream considerations for mitigating against neurodegenerative diseases.
Keywords	Alzheimer disease ; cohort studies ; confidence interval ; females ; hazard ratio ; income ; public transportation ; research ; residential density ; risk ; telomeres ; Urbanicity ; Alzheimer's disease ; Dementia ; Aging ; UK Biobank
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-06
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2023.115627
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Predictors and prognosis of population-based subjective cognitive decline: longitudinal evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS).

Ball, Harriet A / Coulthard, Elizabeth / Fish, Mark / Bayer, Antony / Gallacher, John / Ben-Shlomo, Yoav

BMJ open

2023 Volume 13, Issue 10, Page(s) e073205

Abstract: Objectives: To understand associations between the subjective experience of cognitive decline and objective cognition. This subjective experience is often conceptualised as an early step towards neurodegeneration, but this has not been scrutinised at ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To understand associations between the subjective experience of cognitive decline and objective cognition. This subjective experience is often conceptualised as an early step towards neurodegeneration, but this has not been scrutinised at the population level. An alternative explanation is poor meta-cognition, the extreme of which is seen in functional cognitive disorder (FCD). Design: Prospective cohort (Caerphilly Prospective Study). Setting: Population-based, South Wales, UK. Participants: This men-only study began in 1979; 1225 men participated at an average age of 73 in 2002-2004, including assessments of simple subjective cognitive decline (sSCD, defined as a subjective report of worsening memory or concentration). Dementia outcomes were followed up to 2012-2014. Data on non-completers was additionally obtained from death certificates and local health records. Primary and secondary outcome measures: The primary outcome measure was incident dementia over 10 years. Secondary outcome measures included prospective change in objective cognition and cross-sectional cognitive internal inconsistency (the existence of a cognitive ability at some times, and its absence at other times, with no intervening explanatory factors except for focus of attention). Results: sSCD was common (30%) and only weakly associated with prior objective cognitive decline (sensitivity 36% (95% CI 30 to 42) and specificity 72% (95% CI 68 to 75)). Independent predictors of sSCD were older age, poor sleep quality and higher trait anxiety. Those with sSCD did not have excess cognitive internal inconsistency, but results suggested a mild attentional deficit. sSCD did not predict objective cognitive change (linear regression coefficient -0.01 (95% CI -0.13 to 0.15)) nor dementia (odds ratio 1.35 (0.61 to 2.99)) 10 years later. Conclusions: sSCD is weakly associated with prior objective cognitive decline and does not predict future cognition. Prior sleep difficulties and anxiety were the most robust predictors of sSCD. sSCD in the absence of objective decline appears to be a highly prevalent example of poor meta-cognition (ie, poor self-awareness of cognitive performance), which could be a driver for later FCD.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology ; Cognition ; Prognosis ; Dementia/epidemiology ; Dementia/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073205
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Article ; Online: The associations of socioeconomic status with incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease are modified by leucocyte telomere length: a population-based cohort study.

Lai, Ka Yan / Webster, Chris / Kumari, Sarika / Gallacher, John E J / Sarkar, Chinmoy

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 6163

Abstract: Socio-economic status (SES) and biological aging are risk factors for dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, however, it is less clear if the associations with SES vary sufficiently across different biological age strata. We used data from 331,066 UK ... ...

Abstract	Socio-economic status (SES) and biological aging are risk factors for dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, however, it is less clear if the associations with SES vary sufficiently across different biological age strata. We used data from 331,066 UK Biobank participants aged 38-73 with mean follow-up of 12 years to examine if associations between SES (assessed by educational attainment, employment status and household income) and dementia and Alzheimer's disease are modified by biological age (assessed by leucocyte telomere length: LTL). Diagnosis of events was ascertained through hospital admissions data. Cox regressions were used to estimate hazard ratios [HRs]. A consistent dose-response relationship was found, with participants in low SES and shorter LTL strata (double-exposed group) reporting 3.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.57-4.20) and 3.44 (95% CI 2.35-5.04) times higher risks of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease respectively, compared to those of high SES and longer LTL (least-exposed group). Of interest is a synergistic interaction between SES and LTL to increase risk of dementia (RERI 0.57, 95% CI 0.07-1.06) and Alzheimer's disease (RERI 0.79, 95% CI 0.02-1.56). Our findings that SES and biological age (LTL) are synergistic risk factors of dementia and Alzheimer's disease may suggest the need to target interventions among vulnerable sub-groups.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Cohort Studies ; Aging ; Social Class ; Telomere/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-32974-x
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