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Article: Rock, pigments, and weathering. A preliminary assessment of the challenges and potential of physical and biochemical studies on rock art from southern Ethiopia

Gallinaro, Marina / Zerboni, Andrea

Quaternary international. 2021 Jan. 20, v. 572

2021

Abstract: Over the past decade, physical and chemical analyses have been widely applied to the study of rock art contexts, particularly to examine the composition of rock art paintings and for direct radiometric dating. Different sampling and analytical methods ... ...

Abstract	Over the past decade, physical and chemical analyses have been widely applied to the study of rock art contexts, particularly to examine the composition of rock art paintings and for direct radiometric dating. Different sampling and analytical methods have been applied to rock art from different parts of the world. However, in Africa these analyses are still at an embryonic stage. The results are often problematic in terms of reliability, mainly as concerns the chronology. This is due to a wide range of fossil and active biodegradation processes affecting rock surfaces and pigments; such processes are still widely underestimated. This paper aims to discuss the state of the art of the physical and chemical analyses undertaken on African rock art contexts, and the urgent need to establish protocols and best practices for sampling and analysis. The preliminary results of a new project in southern Ethiopia are presented here as an example of an integrated study of a rock art context, combining Archaeology and Earth Sciences. Preliminary field observations and SEM-EDS analyses, run on samples from two rock shelters in the Borana area, reveal the presence of a complex set of physical, chemical, and biological weathering processes with manifold effects on the rock art evidence.
Keywords	archaeology ; biodegradation ; fossils ; radiometry ; Ethiopia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0120
Size	p. 41-51.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ISSN	1040-6182
DOI	10.1016/j.quaint.2020.05.056
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Trapping or tethering stones (TS): A multifunctional device in the Pastoral Neolithic of the Sahara.

Gallinaro, Marina / di Lernia, Savino

PloS one

2018 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) e0191765

Abstract: The Pierres de Ben Barour, also known as trapping or tethering stones (TS), are stone artefacts with notches or grooves usually interpreted as hunting devices on the basis of rock art engravings. Though their presence is a peculiar feature of desert ... ...

Abstract	The Pierres de Ben Barour, also known as trapping or tethering stones (TS), are stone artefacts with notches or grooves usually interpreted as hunting devices on the basis of rock art engravings. Though their presence is a peculiar feature of desert landscapes from the Sahara to the Arabian Peninsula, we know little about their age, context and function. Here we present a new approach to the study of these artefacts based on a large dataset (837 items) recorded in the Messak plateau (SW Libya). A statistically-based geoarchaeological survey carried out between 2007 and 2011 in Libya, alongside landscape and intra-site analyses of specific archaeological features (such as rock art, settlement and ceremonial contexts), reveal that these artefacts were used for a prolonged period, probably from the early Holocene. This was followed by a multifunctional use of these devices, particularly during the Pastoral Neolithic phase (ca. 6400-3000 cal BC), with the highest concentrations being found near ceremonial contexts related to cattle burials.
MeSH term(s)	Africa, Northern ; Archaeology ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2018
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0191765
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Ecological strategies of bacterial communities in prehistoric stone wall paintings across weathering gradients: A case study from the Borana zone in southern Ethiopia.

Mugnai, Gianmarco / Borruso, Luigimaria / Wu, Ying-Li / Gallinaro, Marina / Cappitelli, Francesca / Zerboni, Andrea / Villa, Federica

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 907, Page(s) 168026

Abstract: Rock art paintings represent fragile ecosystems supporting complex microbial communities tuned to the lithic substrate and climatic conditions. The composition and activity of these microbial communities associated with different weathering patterns ... ...

Abstract	Rock art paintings represent fragile ecosystems supporting complex microbial communities tuned to the lithic substrate and climatic conditions. The composition and activity of these microbial communities associated with different weathering patterns affecting rock art sites remain unexplored. This study aimed to explore how bacterial communities adapt their ecological strategies based on substrate weathering, while also examining the role of their metabolic pathways in either biodeterioration or bioprotection of the underlying stone. SEM-EDS investigations coupled with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt2 analysis were applied on different weathered surfaces that affect southern Ethiopian rock paintings to investigate the relationships between the current stone microbiome and weathering patterns. The findings revealed that samples experiencing low and high weathering reached a climax stage characterized by stable microenvironments and limited resources. This condition favored K-strategist microorganisms, leading to reduced α-biodiversity and a community with a positive or neutral impact on the substrate. In contrast, moderately-weathered samples displayed diverse microhabitats, resulting in the prevalence of r-strategist bacteria, increased α-biodiversity, and the presence of specialist microorganisms. Moreover, the bacterial communities in moderately-weathered samples demonstrated the highest potential for carbon fixation, stress responses, and complete nitrogen and sulfur cycles. This bacterial community also showed the potential to negatively impact the underlying substrate. This research provided valuable insights into the little-understood ecology of bacterial communities inhabiting deteriorated surfaces, shedding light on the potential role of these microorganisms in the sustainable conservation of rock art.
MeSH term(s)	RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Ethiopia ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Microbiota/genetics ; Biodiversity ; Phylogeny ; Soil Microbiology
Chemical Substances	RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168026
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Article ; Online: Plant behaviour from human imprints and the cultivation of wild cereals in Holocene Sahara.

Mercuri, Anna Maria / Fornaciari, Rita / Gallinaro, Marina / Vanin, Stefano / di Lernia, Savino

Nature plants

2018 Volume 4, Issue 2, Page(s) 71–81

Abstract: The human selection of food plants cannot always have been aimed exclusively at isolating the traits typical of domesticated species today. Each phase of global change must have obliged plants and humans to cope with and develop innovative adaptive ... ...

Abstract	The human selection of food plants cannot always have been aimed exclusively at isolating the traits typical of domesticated species today. Each phase of global change must have obliged plants and humans to cope with and develop innovative adaptive strategies. Hundreds of thousands of wild cereal seeds from the Holocene 'green Sahara' tell a story of cultural trajectories and environmental instability revealing that a complex suite of weediness traits were preferred by both hunter-gatherers and pastoralists. The archaeobotanical record of the Takarkori rockshelter in southwest Libya covering four millennia of human occupation in the central Sahara gives us a unique insight into long-term plant manipulation and cultivation without domestication. The success of a number of millets was rooted in their invasive-opportunistic behaviour, rewarded during their coexistence with people in Africa. These wild plants were selected for features that were precious in the past but pernicious for agriculture today. Reconnecting past practices with modern farming strategies can help us to seek out the best resources for the future.
MeSH term(s)	Agriculture/history ; Archaeology/history ; Botany/history ; Crops, Agricultural/history ; Domestication ; Edible Grain/genetics ; Edible Grain/history ; Edible Grain/physiology ; Genotype ; History, Ancient ; Human Activities/history ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Plant Breeding/history ; Seeds/genetics ; Seeds/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2055-0278
ISSN (online)	2055-0278
DOI	10.1038/s41477-017-0098-1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Deep Diffused APDs for Charged Particle Timing Applications

Vignali, M. Centis / Gallinaro, M. / Harrop, B. / Lu, C. / McClish, M. / Moll, M. / Newcomer, M. / Ugobono, S. Otero / White, S.

Performance after Neutron Irradiation

2018

Abstract: Recent interest in pile-up mitigation through fast timing at the HL-LHC has focused attention on technologies that now achieve minimum ionising particle (MIP) time resolution of 30 picoseconds or less. The constraints of technical maturity and radiation ... ...

Abstract	Recent interest in pile-up mitigation through fast timing at the HL-LHC has focused attention on technologies that now achieve minimum ionising particle (MIP) time resolution of 30 picoseconds or less. The constraints of technical maturity and radiation tolerance narrowed the options in this rapidly developing field for the ATLAS and CMS upgrades to low gain avalanche detectors and silicon photomultipliers. In a variety of applications where occupancies and doses are lower, devices with pixel elements of order 1 cm$^2$, nevertheless achieving 30 ps, would be attractive. In this paper, deep diffused Avalanche Photo Diodes (APDs) are examined as candidate timing detectors for HL-LHC applications. Devices with an active area of $8 \times 8$ mm$^2$ are characterised using a pulsed infrared laser and, in some cases, high energy particle beams.The timing performance as well as the uniformity of response are examined. The effects of radiation damage on current, signal amplitude, noise, and timing of the APDs are evaluated using detectors with an active area of $2 \times 2$ mm$^2$. These detectors were irradiated with neutrons up to a a 1-MeV neutrons fluence $\Phi_{eq} = 10^{15}$ cm$^{-2}$. Their timing performance was characterised using a pulsed infrared laser. While a time resolution of $27 \pm 1$ ps was obtained in a beam test using an $8 \times 8$ mm$^2$ sensor, the present study only demonstrates that gain loss can be compensated by increased detector bias up to fluences of $\Phi_{eq} = 6 \cdot 10^{13}$ cm$^{-2}$. So it possibly falls short of the $\Phi_{eq} = 10^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$ requirement for the CMS barrel over the lifetime of the HL-LHC.
Keywords	Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ; High Energy Physics - Experiment
Subject code	621
Publishing date	2018-12-20
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic 'green' Sahara.

Vai, Stefania / Sarno, Stefania / Lari, Martina / Luiselli, Donata / Manzi, Giorgio / Gallinaro, Marina / Mataich, Safaa / Hübner, Alexander / Modi, Alessandra / Pilli, Elena / Tafuri, Mary Anne / Caramelli, David / di Lernia, Savino

Scientific reports

2019 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 3530

Abstract: Because Africa's climate hampers DNA preservation, knowledge of its genetic variability is mainly restricted to modern samples, even though population genetics dynamics and back-migrations from Eurasia may have modified haplotype frequencies, masking ... ...

Abstract	Because Africa's climate hampers DNA preservation, knowledge of its genetic variability is mainly restricted to modern samples, even though population genetics dynamics and back-migrations from Eurasia may have modified haplotype frequencies, masking ancient genetic scenarios. Thanks to improved methodologies, ancient genetic data for the African continent are now increasingly available, starting to fill in the gap. Here we present newly obtained mitochondrial genomes from two ~7000-year-old individuals from Takarkori rockshelter, Libya, representing the earliest and first genetic data for the Sahara region. These individuals carry a novel mutation motif linked to the haplogroup N root. Our result demonstrates the presence of an ancestral lineage of the N haplogroup in the Holocene "Green Sahara", associated to a Middle Pastoral (Neolithic) context.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Archaeology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry ; DNA, Mitochondrial/classification ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Fossils ; Genetic Linkage ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Mitochondria/classification ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Skull/metabolism
Chemical Substances	DNA, Mitochondrial
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: ACoRE: Accurate SARS-CoV-2 genome reconstruction for the characterization of intra-host and inter-host viral diversity in clinical samples and for the evaluation of re-infections.

Genomics

2021 Volume 113, Issue 4, Page(s) 1628–1638

Abstract: Sequencing the SARS-CoV-2 genome from clinical samples can be challenging, especially in specimens with low viral titer. Here we report Accurate SARS-CoV-2 genome Reconstruction (ACoRE), an amplicon-based viral genome sequencing workflow for the complete ...

Abstract	Sequencing the SARS-CoV-2 genome from clinical samples can be challenging, especially in specimens with low viral titer. Here we report Accurate SARS-CoV-2 genome Reconstruction (ACoRE), an amplicon-based viral genome sequencing workflow for the complete and accurate reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 sequences from clinical samples, including suboptimal ones that would usually be excluded even if unique and irreplaceable. The protocol was optimized to improve flexibility and the combination of technical replicates was established as the central strategy to achieve accurate analysis of low-titer/suboptimal samples. We demonstrated the utility of the approach by achieving complete genome reconstruction and the identification of false-positive variants in >170 clinical samples, thus avoiding the generation of inaccurate and/or incomplete sequences. Most importantly, ACoRE was crucial to identify the correct viral strain responsible of a relapse case, that would be otherwise mis-classified as a re-infection due to missing or incorrect variant identification by a standard workflow.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/genetics ; COVID-19/pathology ; COVID-19/virology ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; Reinfection/genetics ; Reinfection/pathology ; Reinfection/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Whole Genome Sequencing
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	356334-0
ISSN	1089-8646 ; 0888-7543
ISSN (online)	1089-8646
ISSN	0888-7543
DOI	10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.008
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Zs.A 2367: Show issues

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Article: Thigh pain in cementless hip replacement. Clinical and radiographic correlations.

Fumero, S / Dettoni, A / Gallinaro, M / Crova, M

Italian journal of orthopaedics and traumatology

1992 Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s) 167–172

Abstract: The authors analyse a series of 35 Rippen System cementless hip joint prostheses implanted in 32 patients from May 1987 to September 1988. Certain radiographic parameters were studied in an attempt to find a correlation with the clinical results. Special ...

Abstract	The authors analyse a series of 35 Rippen System cementless hip joint prostheses implanted in 32 patients from May 1987 to September 1988. Certain radiographic parameters were studied in an attempt to find a correlation with the clinical results. Special attention was paid to the high incidence of thigh pain, attempting to identify the cause through radiographic study of the bone-implant interface. Even when analyzed using Kappa statistics, the correlation between the clinical and radiographic findings was purely incidental. In agreement with the literature, the authors identify some elements which should be investigated further such as primary temporary fixation of the stem, reduction of micromotion, and biocompatibility of the materials.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Biocompatible Materials ; Female ; Hip Joint/diagnostic imaging ; Hip Prosthesis/adverse effects ; Hip Prosthesis/methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pain/etiology ; Prostheses and Implants/adverse effects ; Radiography ; Thigh ; Treatment Outcome
Chemical Substances	Biocompatible Materials
Language	English
Publishing date	1992
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	197030-6
ISSN	0390-5489
ISSN	0390-5489
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: ACoRE: Accurate SARS-CoV-2 genome reconstruction for the characterization of intra-host and inter-host viral diversity in clinical samples and for the evaluation of re-infections

medRxiv

Abstract: We report Accurate SARS-CoV-2 genome Reconstruction (ACoRE), an amplicon-based viral genome sequencing workflow for the complete and accurate reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 sequences from clinical samples, including suboptimal ones that would usually be ... ...

Abstract	We report Accurate SARS-CoV-2 genome Reconstruction (ACoRE), an amplicon-based viral genome sequencing workflow for the complete and accurate reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 sequences from clinical samples, including suboptimal ones that would usually be excluded even if unique and irreplaceable. We demonstrated the utility of the approach by achieving complete genome reconstruction and the identification of false-positive variants in >170 clinical samples, thus avoiding the generation of inaccurate and/or incomplete sequences. Most importantly, ACoRE was crucial to identify the correct viral strain responsible of a relapse case, that would be otherwise mis-classified as a re-infection due to missing or incorrect variant identification by a standard workflow.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-26
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2021.01.22.21250285
Database	COVID19

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Article: Fratture pertrocanteriche nell'anziano: chirurgia d'urgenza o di elezione?

Gallinaro, M / Del Din, R / Portigliatti Barbos, M

La Chirurgia degli organi di movimento

1984 Volume 69, Issue 1, Page(s) 19–25

Title translation	Pertrochanteric fractures in the aged: emergency or elective surgery?.
MeSH term(s)	Age Factors ; Aged ; Emergencies ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Hip Fractures/surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Care ; Postoperative Complications ; Preoperative Care ; Risk
Language	Italian
Publishing date	1984-01
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	English Abstract ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	425202-0
ISSN	0009-4749
ISSN	0009-4749
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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