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Article ; Online: Editorial: Diagnosis of zoonoses: Relevance of BSL3 and BSL4 facilities.

Berger, Kavita / Garbuglia, Anna Rosa

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology

2022 Volume 12, Page(s) 1052082

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Zoonoses/diagnosis ; Laboratories
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2619676-1
ISSN	2235-2988 ; 2235-2988
ISSN (online)	2235-2988
ISSN	2235-2988
DOI	10.3389/fcimb.2022.1052082
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Article ; Online: Diagnostics of Ebola virus.

Bettini, Aurora / Lapa, Daniele / Garbuglia, Anna Rosa

Frontiers in public health

2023 Volume 11, Page(s) 1123024

Abstract: Ebola is a highly pathogenic virus, which in humans reaches a mortality rate above 50%. Due to a lack of laboratories in territories where Ebola viruses are endemic and the limited number of surveillance programmes, tests for the confirmation of ... ...

Abstract	Ebola is a highly pathogenic virus, which in humans reaches a mortality rate above 50%. Due to a lack of laboratories in territories where Ebola viruses are endemic and the limited number of surveillance programmes, tests for the confirmation of suspected cases of Ebola are often performed in Reference Laboratories. While this provides guarantees regarding the accuracy of results, the shipment of samples to a centralized facility where the diagnostic test can be performed and the time required to achieve the results takes several days, which increases costs and entails delays in the isolation of positive subjects and therapeutic intervention with negative consequences both for patients and the community. Molecular tests have been the most frequently used tool in Ebola diagnosis in recent outbreaks. One of the most commonly used molecular tests is the Real-Star Altona, which targets a conserved area of the L gene. This assay showed different sensitivities depending on the Ebola virus: 471 copies/mL (EBOV) and 2871 copies/ml (SUDAN virus). The Cepheid system also showed good sensitivity (232 copies/mL). The LAMP platform is very promising because, being an isothermal reaction, it does not require high-precision instrumentation and can be considered a Point of Care (PoC) tool. Its analytical sensitivity is 1 copy/reaction. However, since data from real life studies are not yet available, it is premature to give any indications on its feasibility. Moreover, in November 2014, the WHO recommended the development of rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) according to ASSURED criteria. Several RDT assays have since been produced, most of which are rapid tests based on the search for antibody anti-Ebola viral proteins with immunochromatographic methods. Several viral antigens are used for this purpose: VP40, NP and GP. These assays show different sensitivities according to the protein used: VP40 57.4-93.1%, GP 53-88.9% and 85% for NP compared to reference molecular assays. From these results, it can be deduced that no RDT reaches the 99% sensitivity recommended by the WHO and therefore any RDT negative results in suspected cases should be confirmed with a molecular test.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Ebolavirus/genetics ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology ; Point-of-Care Systems ; Disease Outbreaks
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2023.1123024
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Article ; Online: Hepatitis B Virus and microRNAs: A Bioinformatics Approach.

Zulian, Verdiana / Fiscon, Giulia / Paci, Paola / Garbuglia, Anna Rosa

International journal of molecular sciences

2023 Volume 24, Issue 24

Abstract: In recent decades, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression, and the identification of viral miRNAs (v-miRNAs) within some viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), has attracted significant attention. HBV infections often ... ...

Abstract	In recent decades, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression, and the identification of viral miRNAs (v-miRNAs) within some viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), has attracted significant attention. HBV infections often progress to chronic states (CHB) and may induce fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The presence of HBV can dysregulate host miRNA expression, influencing several biological pathways, such as apoptosis, innate and immune response, viral replication, and pathogenesis. Consequently, miRNAs are considered a promising biomarker for diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment response. The dynamics of miRNAs during HBV infection are multifaceted, influenced by host variability and miRNA interactions. Given the ability of miRNAs to target multiple messenger RNA (mRNA), understanding the viral-host (human) interplay is complex but essential to develop novel clinical applications. Therefore, bioinformatics can help to analyze, identify, and interpret a vast amount of miRNA data. This review explores the bioinformatics tools available for viral and host miRNA research. Moreover, we introduce a brief overview focusing on the role of miRNAs during HBV infection. In this way, this review aims to help the selection of the most appropriate bioinformatics tools based on requirements and research goals.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Hepatitis B virus ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms/metabolism ; Hepatitis B/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic
Chemical Substances	MicroRNAs
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2019364-6
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
ISSN (online)	1422-0067
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
DOI	10.3390/ijms242417224
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Article ; Online: mRNA- and Adenovirus-Based Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV-Positive People.

Garbuglia, Anna Rosa / Minosse, Claudia / Del Porto, Paola

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 4

Abstract: About two years have passed since the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in China. The rapid spread of this virus all over the world and its high transmissibility and pathogenicity in humans have resulted in a global pandemic. The negative impact of COVID-19 ... ...

Abstract	About two years have passed since the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in China. The rapid spread of this virus all over the world and its high transmissibility and pathogenicity in humans have resulted in a global pandemic. The negative impact of COVID-19 on health, society and the economy at the global level has pushed researchers and pharmaceutical companies to develop effective vaccines to fight SARS-CoV-2. Thanks to this collaborative effort, the first COVID-19 vaccine was developed in less than a year. Since then, several COVID-19 vaccines have been validated for use by the World Health Organization. Among these, mRNA- (BNT162b2 and mRNA1273) and adenovirus-based (ChAdOx1) vaccines were developed through the use of novel technologies. While all three of these vaccines have shown effectiveness against the COVID-19 disease and their immunogenicity was characterized in clinical trials in the general population, data on their efficacy and immunogenicity in people living with HIV (PLWH) are limited. In this review, we provide a description of the characteristics of mRNA- and adenovirus-based vaccines and of the immune response elicited in the general population by vaccination. Then we describe the use of these vaccines and their efficacy and immunogenicity in people living with HIV and we conclude with a discussion regarding some open questions concerning the use of mRNA- and adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccines in PLWH.
MeSH term(s)	Adenoviridae/genetics ; Adenoviridae Infections ; Adenovirus Vaccines ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; HIV Seropositivity ; Humans ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Adenovirus Vaccines ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; RNA, Messenger ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14040748
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Article ; Online: Ebola epidemic of 2014-2015: unresolved ethical issues.

Garbuglia, Anna Rosa

Indian journal of medical ethics

2016 Volume 1, Issue 2, Page(s) 104–109

Abstract: Some ethical aspects of the management of the Ebola epidemic in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone which started in January 2014, have been questionable. First, as regards the prevention of the spread of the virus, the necessary epidemiological ... ...

Abstract	Some ethical aspects of the management of the Ebola epidemic in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone which started in January 2014, have been questionable. First, as regards the prevention of the spread of the virus, the necessary epidemiological investigations on the origin of the infection were not carried out adequately and this did not help to curb the spread of the disease. A disparity has been observed between the western and African countries' access to the treatment of patients; this infringes on the principle of equality. This paper also focuses on how the Global Public Goods for Health principle was not fully respected in the management of the epidemic.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ebolavirus ; Epidemics ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Ethics ; Guinea/epidemiology ; Health Equity ; Health Services/ethics ; Healthcare Disparities ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/therapy ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/transmission ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology ; Humans ; Liberia/epidemiology ; Public Health/ethics ; Public Health Practice ; Quarantine ; Sierra Leone/epidemiology ; Zoonoses/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0975-5691
ISSN (online)	0975-5691
DOI	10.20529/IJME.2016.028
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Article: Detection of Anti-Rift Valley Fever Virus Antibodies in Serum Samples of Patients with Suspected Arbovirus Infection.

Lapa, Daniele / Specchiarello, Eliana / Francalancia, Massimo / Girardi, Enrico / Maggi, Fabrizio / Garbuglia, Anna Rosa

Microorganisms

2023 Volume 11, Issue 8

Abstract: The definitive diagnosis of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) requires a form of testing that is available only in reference laboratories. It includes indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), the serum neutralization assay (NA), and real-time PCR. ... ...

Abstract	The definitive diagnosis of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) requires a form of testing that is available only in reference laboratories. It includes indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), the serum neutralization assay (NA), and real-time PCR. Therefore, often, no attempts are made to detect it, even among travelers from endemic areas. In this study, the presence of anti-RVFV IgG and IgM was retrospectively screened in stored serum samples from people who were admitted with arbovirus symptoms at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. Overall, 80 residual serum samples were anonymized, and sub-aliquots were prepared and tested for anti-RVFV IgG and IgM. A serum neutralization assay was used as a confirmatory test. There was a positive result in eight out of 80 samples (10%) for anti-RVFV IgG, with titers ranging from 1:40 up to 1:1280. Three of eight (2.6%) samples were confirmed as seropositive through an in-house serum neutralization assay, with antibody titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:160. All samples resulted negative for anti-RVFV IgM and RVFV RNA when tested by IFA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Our data highlight that several RVFV infections can possibly escape routine virological diagnosis, which suggests RVFV testing should be set up in order to monitor virus prevalence.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2720891-6
ISSN	2076-2607
ISSN	2076-2607
DOI	10.3390/microorganisms11082081
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Article ; Online: Nipah Virus: An Overview of the Current Status of Diagnostics and Their Role in Preparedness in Endemic Countries.

Garbuglia, Anna Rosa / Lapa, Daniele / Pauciullo, Silvia / Raoul, Hervé / Pannetier, Delphine

Viruses

2023 Volume 15, Issue 10

Abstract: Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus responsible for a high mortality rate zoonosis. As a result, it has been included in the list of Blueprint priority pathogens. Bats are the main reservoirs of the virus, and different clinical courses have been ... ...

Abstract	Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus responsible for a high mortality rate zoonosis. As a result, it has been included in the list of Blueprint priority pathogens. Bats are the main reservoirs of the virus, and different clinical courses have been described in humans. The Bangladesh strain (NiV-B) is often associated with severe respiratory disease, whereas the Malaysian strain (NiV-M) is often associated with severe encephalitis. An early diagnosis of NiV infection is crucial to limit the outbreak and to provide appropriate care to the patient. Due to high specificity and sensitivity, qRT-PCR is currently considered to be the optimum method in acute NiV infection assessment. Nasal swabs, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and blood are used for RT-PCR testing. N gene represents the main target used in molecular assays. Different sensitivities have been observed depending on the platform used: real-time PCR showed a sensitivity of about 103 equivalent copies/reaction, SYBRGREEN technology's sensitivity was about 20 equivalent copies/reaction, and in multiple pathogen card arrays, the lowest limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 54 equivalent copies/reaction. An international standard for NiV is yet to be established, making it difficult to compare the sensitivity of the different methods. Serological assays are for the most part used in seroprevalence studies owing to their lower sensitivity in acute infection. Due to the high epidemic and pandemic potential of this virus, the diagnosis of NiV should be included in a more global One Health approach to improve surveillance and preparedness for the benefit of public health. Some steps need to be conducted in the diagnostic field in order to become more efficient in epidemic management, such as development of point-of-care (PoC) assays for the rapid diagnosis of NiV.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Nipah Virus/genetics ; Henipavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Henipavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Zoonoses ; Chiroptera/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v15102062
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Article: Rift Valley Fever Virus: An Overview of the Current Status of Diagnostics.

Lapa, Daniele / Pauciullo, Silvia / Ricci, Ida / Garbuglia, Anna Rosa / Maggi, Fabrizio / Scicluna, Maria Teresa / Tofani, Silvia

Biomedicines

2024 Volume 12, Issue 3

Abstract: Rift Valley fever is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (Phlebovirus genus) listed among the eight pathogens included in the Bluepoint list by the WHO. The transmission is mainly vehicled ... ...

Abstract	Rift Valley fever is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (Phlebovirus genus) listed among the eight pathogens included in the Bluepoint list by the WHO. The transmission is mainly vehicled by
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2720867-9
ISSN	2227-9059
ISSN	2227-9059
DOI	10.3390/biomedicines12030540
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Article: Human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer.

Garbuglia, Anna Rosa

Cancers

2014 Volume 6, Issue 3, Page(s) 1705–1726

Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently considered to be a major etiologic factor, in addition to tobacco and alcohol, for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) development. HPV positive OPCs are epidemiologically distinct from HPV negative ones, and are ... ...

Abstract	Human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently considered to be a major etiologic factor, in addition to tobacco and alcohol, for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) development. HPV positive OPCs are epidemiologically distinct from HPV negative ones, and are characterized by younger age at onset, male predominance, and strong association with sexual behaviors. HPV16 is the most prevalent types in oral cavity cancer (OCC), moreover the prevalence of beta, and gamma HPV types is higher than that of alpha HPV in oral cavity.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-08-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2527080-1
ISSN	2072-6694
ISSN	2072-6694
DOI	10.3390/cancers6031705
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Article: Human Papillomavirus Oral Infection: Review of Methodological Aspects and Epidemiology.

Giuliani, Eugenia / Rollo, Francesca / Donà, Maria Gabriella / Garbuglia, Anna Rosa

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 10, Issue 11

Abstract: Oral infection by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has recently gained great attention because of its involvement in the development of a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The role of specific Alpha-HPVs in this regard has been well established, ...

Abstract	Oral infection by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has recently gained great attention because of its involvement in the development of a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The role of specific Alpha-HPVs in this regard has been well established, whereas the contribution of other genera is under investigation. Despite their traditional classification as "cutaneous" types, Beta and Gamma HPVs are frequently detected in oral samples. Due to the lack of a standardized protocol, a large variety of methodologies have been used for oral sample collection, DNA extraction, HPV detection and genotyping. Laboratory procedures influence the evaluation of oral HPV prevalence, which largely varies also according to the population characteristics, e.g., age, gender, sexual behavior, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) status. Nevertheless, oral infection by Beta and Gamma HPVs seems to be even more common than Alpha-HPVs. The latter is 5-7% in the general population, and increases up to 30% approximately in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Despite major advances in the evaluation of oral HPV prevalence, its natural history is still little understood, especially for Beta and Gamma HPVs. The latest technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), can be exploited to gain new insights into oral HPV, and to improve the identification of novel HPV types.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens10111411
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