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  1. Article ; Online: Optimal Minimum Velocity Threshold to Estimate the 1-Repetition Maximum: The Case of the Smith Machine Bench Press Exercise.

    García-Ramos, Amador

    International journal of sports physiology and performance

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) 393–401

    Abstract: Purpose: To compare the accuracy in the estimation of the Smith machine bench press 1-repetition maximum (1RM) when using a novel minimum velocity threshold (MVT) called optimal MVT (MVT that minimizes the differences between the actual and predicted ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: To compare the accuracy in the estimation of the Smith machine bench press 1-repetition maximum (1RM) when using a novel minimum velocity threshold (MVT) called optimal MVT (MVT that minimizes the differences between the actual and predicted 1RM in a preliminary session) with respect to using the 2 standard MVTs (general and individual MVTs).
    Methods: A total of 126 young men (Smith machine bench press 1RM = 80.7 [13.6] kg) completed 2 identical sessions consisting of an incremental loading test until reaching the 1RM load. Four individual load-velocity relationships were modeled in each session considering all loading conditions until reaching the load that showed the closest mean velocity to 0.60, 0.50, 0.40, and 0.30 m·s-1. The first testing session was used to determine the preindividual MVT and 4 optimal MVTs (1 for each final test velocity), while the second testing session was used to estimate the 1RM using 4 types of MVT (general MVT, preindividual MVT, actual-individual MVT, and optimal MVT).
    Results: The absolute errors in the prediction of the 1RM were significantly lower for the optimal MVT (2.94 [2.40] kg) compared to the general MVT (3.66 [2.99] kg), preindividual MVT (3.80 [3.15] kg), and actual-individual MVT (4.02 [3.21] kg). The optimal MVT (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ranged from .56 to .62) was always more reliable than the individual MVT (ICC = .34).
    Conclusions: The optimal MVT provides more accurate estimates of the Smith machine bench press 1RM than the standard MVTs previously used in scientific research (general and individual MVTs).
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Humans ; Muscle Strength ; Resistance Training/methods ; Weight Lifting ; Exercise ; Etoposide ; Mitoxantrone ; Thiotepa
    Chemical Substances Etoposide (6PLQ3CP4P3) ; Mitoxantrone (BZ114NVM5P) ; Thiotepa (905Z5W3GKH)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1555-0273
    ISSN (online) 1555-0273
    DOI 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0355
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: The 2-Point Method: Theoretical Basis, Methodological Considerations, Experimental Support, and Its Application Under Field Conditions.

    García-Ramos, Amador

    International journal of sports physiology and performance

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) 1092–1100

    Abstract: The "2-point method," originally referred to as the "2-load method," was proposed in 2016 by Prof Slobodan Jaric to characterize the maximal mechanical capacities of the muscles to produce force, velocity, and power. Two years later, in 2018, Prof Jaric ... ...

    Abstract The "2-point method," originally referred to as the "2-load method," was proposed in 2016 by Prof Slobodan Jaric to characterize the maximal mechanical capacities of the muscles to produce force, velocity, and power. Two years later, in 2018, Prof Jaric and I summarized in a review article the scientific evidence showing that the 2-point method, compared with the multiple-point method, is capable of providing the outcomes of the force-velocity (F-V) and load-velocity (L-V) relationships with similar reliability and high concurrent validity. However, a major gap of our review was that, until 2018, the feasibility of the 2-point method had only been explored through testing procedures based on multiple (more than 2) loads. This is problematic because (1) it has misled users into thinking that implementing the 2-point method inevitably requires testing more than 2 conditions and (2) obtaining the data from the same test could have artificially inflated the concurrent validity of the 2-point method. To overcome these limitations, subsequent studies have implemented in separate sessions the 2-point method under field conditions (only 2 different loads applied in the testing protocol) and the standard multiple-point method. These studies consistently demonstrate that while the outcomes of the 2-point method exhibit comparable reliability, they tend to have slightly higher magnitudes compared with the standard multiple-point method. This review article emphasizes the practical aspects that should be considered when applying the 2-point method under field conditions to obtain the main outcomes of the F-V and L-V relationships.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Exercise Test/methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Research Design
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ISSN 1555-0273
    ISSN (online) 1555-0273
    DOI 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0127
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Feasibility of Volitional Reaction Time Tests in Athletes: A Systematic Review.

    Janicijevic, Danica / Garcia-Ramos, Amador

    Motor control

    2022  Volume 26, Issue 2, Page(s) 291–314

    Abstract: This systematic review aimed to synthesize the current evidence on the feasibility of volitional reaction time (RT) tests to evaluate the information processing abilities of athletes. Four databases were searched, and, finally, 38 studies exploring the ... ...

    Abstract This systematic review aimed to synthesize the current evidence on the feasibility of volitional reaction time (RT) tests to evaluate the information processing abilities of athletes. Four databases were searched, and, finally, 38 studies exploring the reliability, validity, or sensitivity of RT tests were included. Seven studies explored the reliability, which ranged from poor to excellent, while only three studies explored the validity of RT tests. The most important downside of the majority of the implemented RT tests is their nonspecific nature (i.e., stimulus and response did not resemble the sports actions). Sports scientists should focus on developing RT tests that are specific for each sport and refine the testing procedures to obtain accurate, reproducible, and sensitive measurements of RT.
    MeSH term(s) Athletes ; Feasibility Studies ; Humans ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sports
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Systematic Review
    ISSN 1087-1640
    ISSN 1087-1640
    DOI 10.1123/mc.2021-0139
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Unrestrained Versus Vertically Restrained Loaded Countermovement Jumps: Are There Any Differences in the Components of Force Application?

    Gutiérrez-Dávila, Marcos / Marcos-Frutos, Daniel / Gutiérrez-Cruz, Carmen / García-Ramos, Amador

    Journal of applied biomechanics

    2024  , Page(s) 1–9

    Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare a number of variables derived from the vertical and horizontal force components between loaded countermovement jumps performed in a Smith machine (SM modality; vertically restrained jumps) and with free weights ( ...

    Abstract The objective of this study was to compare a number of variables derived from the vertical and horizontal force components between loaded countermovement jumps performed in a Smith machine (SM modality; vertically restrained jumps) and with free weights (FW modality; unrestrained jumps). Twenty-three recreationally trained individuals, 6 women and 17 men, performed on a 3D force platform 5 maximal countermovement jump trials against 3 external loads (30%, 50%, and 70% of the SM 1-repetition maximum) using the SM and FW jumping modalities on separate sessions. The SM modality promoted greater values for virtually all the variables derived from the vertical force component (maximal force, maximal and minimum velocity, and impulse) and also shorter durations of the braking and propulsive phases. Regardless of the countermovement jump phase (braking or propulsive), the impulse directed toward the backward direction was always considerably greater for the SM compared with the FW modality. These results evidence that for recreationally trained individuals, the SM modality could be more effective to increase the general force capacity of the leg muscles due to increased external stability, while the FW modality is preferable when the orientation of force application is a crucial consideration, as it reduces the horizontal force component.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1145288-2
    ISSN 1543-2688 ; 1065-8483
    ISSN (online) 1543-2688
    ISSN 1065-8483
    DOI 10.1123/jab.2023-0113
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Impact of Lifting Straps on the Relationship Between Maximum Repetitions to Failure and Lifting Velocity During the Prone Bench Pull Exercise.

    Miras-Moreno, Sergio / García-Ramos, Amador / Rojas-Ruiz, Francisco J / Pérez-Castilla, Alejandro

    Sports health

    2024  , Page(s) 19417381241235163

    Abstract: Background: Fastest mean (MV: Hypothesis: Goodness-of-fit would be higher for individualized compared with generalized RTF-velocity relationships and comparable for both execution equipment conditions (with or without straps), and the MV: Study ... ...

    Abstract Background: Fastest mean (MV
    Hypothesis: Goodness-of-fit would be higher for individualized compared with generalized RTF-velocity relationships and comparable for both execution equipment conditions (with or without straps), and the MV
    Study design: Cross-sectional study.
    Level of evidence: Level 3.
    Methods: After determining the PBP 1-repetition maximum (1RM), 20 resistance-trained male athletes performed 2 sessions randomly, with and without lifting straps, consisting of single sets to failure against the same load sequence (60% to 80% to 70% 1RM). Generalized (pooling data from all subjects) and individualized (separately for each subject using multiple-point or 2-point methods) RTF-velocity relationships were constructed.
    Results: Individualized RTF-velocity relationships were always stronger than generalized RFT-velocity relationships, but comparable with (MV
    Conclusion: The use of lifting straps during the Smith machine PBP exercise does not affect the goodness-of-fit of the RTF-velocity relationships or the velocity values associated with different RTFs. However, caution should be exercised when using different methods.
    Clinical relevance: The benefits of the RTF-velocity relationships can be extrapolated when using lifting straps, and the 2-point method can also be used as a quick and more fatigue-free procedure. Nevertheless, it is imperative for coaches to ensure that these relationships are reflective of fatigue experienced during training.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2508802-6
    ISSN 1941-0921 ; 1941-7381
    ISSN (online) 1941-0921
    ISSN 1941-7381
    DOI 10.1177/19417381241235163
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Hexagonal barbell deadlift one-repetition maximum estimation using velocity recordings.

    Janicijevic, Danica / Senturk, Deniz / Akyildiz, Zeki / Gu, Yaodong / García-Ramos, Amador

    International journal of sports medicine

    2024  

    Abstract: This study aimed to determine whether the optimal minimal velocity threshold (MVT) provides more precise estimates of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the hexagonal barbell deadlift (HBD) than the general and individual MVTs. The 1RM of 27 resistance- ... ...

    Abstract This study aimed to determine whether the optimal minimal velocity threshold (MVT) provides more precise estimates of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the hexagonal barbell deadlift (HBD) than the general and individual MVTs. The 1RM of 27 resistance-trained males were predicted using three types of MVT: (i) General MVT: averaged across subjects' velocity of the 1RM trial (0.25 m·s-1), (ii) individual MVT: velocity attained during the 1RM trial, and (iii) Optimal MVT: MVT that eliminated the differences between the actual and predicted 1RM. Two individual load-velocity relationships were modelled considering five (30-50-70-80%1RM) or six (30-50-70-80-90%1RM) loading conditions. Negligible differences (Effect size < 0.20), low absolute errors (< 5% of the actual 1RM), and extremely high correlations (r > 0.90) were observed between the actual and six predicted 1RMs. The only significant difference was the lower raw errors for the 90%1RM condition (0.60 ± 7.34 kg) compared to the 80%1RM condition (2.27 ± 7.54 kg; p = 0.013). These results suggest that the individual load-velocity relationship offers an accurate estimation of the HBD 1RM in resistance-trained males, and these estimates could maintain similar levels of precision across different types of MVT (general, individual, and optimal) and final tested loads (80%1RM and 90%1RM).
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-20
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603122-5
    ISSN 1439-3964 ; 0172-4622 ; 0943-917X
    ISSN (online) 1439-3964
    ISSN 0172-4622 ; 0943-917X
    DOI 10.1055/a-2330-3001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: The Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation During Concurrent Training on the Functional Capacities and Body Composition in Obese Men

    Zahabi, Ghadir / Ilic, Vladimir / García-Ramos, Amador / Cokorilo, Nebojsa

    Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU

    2024  

    Abstract: Background: Despite extensive research, the effects of L-carnitine supplementation in treating obesity are still unclear and equivocal. L-carnitine transports fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation and is marketed as a weight loss supplement. The ... ...

    Abstract Background: Despite extensive research, the effects of L-carnitine supplementation in treating obesity are still unclear and equivocal. L-carnitine transports fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation and is marketed as a weight loss supplement. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the efficacy of L-carnitine during concurrent training on the functional capacities and body composition in obese men.
    Methods: Thirty nonactive, obese males (age = 37.2 ± 1.5 years; body mass index = 33.8 ± 2.5 kg/m 2 ) participated in this research. The participants were randomly divided into three groups: experimental group 1 (EXP1)—concurrent training with L-carnitine supplementation; experimental group 2 (EXP2)—L-carnitine supplementation without training; and control group—without training or L-carnitine supplementation. Concurrent training was performed for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, with a training intensity ranging from 60 to 75% of the maximum heart rate reserve and one-repetition maximum. Both experimental groups were supplemented with 35 mg L-carnitine supplement per kilogram body weight. Various functional and body composition variables were collected at three time points (pre-test, mid-test, and post-test).
    Results: A number of variables were significantly improved in EXP1 after 4 and 8 weeks (systolic blood pressure, maximal oxygen consumption, weight, body mass index, and one-repetition maximum) and only after 8-weeks (diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, percentage of body fat, and fat-free mass). No significant changes were observed for EXP2 and the control group.
    Conclusion: L-carnitine supplementation, in conjunction with concurrent training, emerges as a highly effective approach for enhancing body composition and boosting functional capacities in obese adult men. Therefore, it is recommended that overweight male individuals integrate concurrent training into their regimen while taking L-carnitine.
    Keywords L-carnitine ; Exercise Training ; Body Composition ; one-repetition maximum
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-26
    Publisher Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
    Publishing place Stuttgart ; New York
    Document type Article
    ISSN 2582-4953 ; 2582-4287
    ISSN (online) 2582-4953
    ISSN 2582-4287
    DOI 10.1055/s-0044-1779724
    Database Thieme publisher's database

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  8. Article ; Online: Velocity-Based Resistance Training Monitoring: Influence of Lifting Straps, Reference Repetitions, and Variable Selection in Resistance-Trained Men.

    Jukic, Ivan / García-Ramos, Amador / Tufano, James J

    Sports health

    2022  Volume 15, Issue 3, Page(s) 333–341

    Abstract: Background: Using lifting straps during pulling exercises (such as deadlift) may increase absolute velocity performance. However, it remains unclear whether lifting straps could also reduce the degree of relative fatigue measured by velocity decline and ...

    Abstract Background: Using lifting straps during pulling exercises (such as deadlift) may increase absolute velocity performance. However, it remains unclear whether lifting straps could also reduce the degree of relative fatigue measured by velocity decline and maintenance in a training set.
    Hypothesis: There will be less mean velocity decline (MVD) and greater mean velocity maintenance (MVM) for deadlifts performed with (DLw) compared with without (DLn) lifting straps, and an underestimation of MVD and MVM when using the first compared with the fastest repetition as a reference repetition.
    Study design: Randomized cross over design.
    Level of evidence: Level 3.
    Methods: A total of 16 resistance-trained men performed a familiarization session, 2 1-repetition maximum [1RM] sessions (1 with and 1 without lifting straps), and 3 randomly applied experimental sessions consisting of 4 sets of 4 repetitions: (1) DLw against the 80% of DLn 1RM (DLwn), (2) DLn against the 80% of the DLn 1RM (DLnn), and (3) DLw against the 80% of the DLw 1RM (DLww). MVD and MVM were calculated using the first and the fastest repetition as the reference repetition.
    Results: MVD was significantly lower during DLwn and DLnn compared with DLww (
    Conclusion: Lifting straps were not effective at reducing MVD and increasing MVM when the same absolute loads were lifted. Furthermore, using the first repetition as the reference repetition underestimated MVD, and overestimated MVM.
    Clinical relevance: The fastest repetition should be used as the reference repetition to avoid inducing excessive fatigue when the first repetition is not the fastest.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Humans ; Resistance Training ; Muscle Strength ; Weight Lifting ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Fatigue
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2508802-6
    ISSN 1941-0921 ; 1941-7381
    ISSN (online) 1941-0921
    ISSN 1941-7381
    DOI 10.1177/19417381221095073
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: The Qatar 2022 World Cup warm-up: Football goal-scoring evolution in the last 14 FIFA World Cups (1966-2018).

    Mićović, Branimir / Leontijević, Bojan / Dopsaj, Milivoj / Janković, Aleksandar / Milanović, Zoran / Garcia Ramos, Amador

    Frontiers in psychology

    2023  Volume 13, Page(s) 954876

    Abstract: The aim of this study was to elucidate pattern of attacking actions leading up to goal scoring during the 14 FIFA World Cups from 1966 to 2018. The study analysed 1881 goals scored during a total of 732 matches. We employed observational methodology ... ...

    Abstract The aim of this study was to elucidate pattern of attacking actions leading up to goal scoring during the 14 FIFA World Cups from 1966 to 2018. The study analysed 1881 goals scored during a total of 732 matches. We employed observational methodology design. Before goal analysis began, it was developed the observing protocol in which data related to selected variables, by system of notation, was entered after reviewing each individual goal scoring action. The analysis of all video material was carried out independently by four experienced examiners (three of them are Ph.D in sports science and one is Ph.D. candidate in sports science with at least 7 years of coaching and experience as analyst in football). The inter-and intra-observer reliability presented good level of agreement. The kappa values ranged from 0.82 (goal scoring through open play) to 1.00 (action leading up to goal), showing a very high agreement for all performance variables. Interclass correlation was very high (ICC = 0.966, 95% upper and lower confidence intervals were between 0.933 and 1.00). A statistically significant trend (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-04
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2563826-9
    ISSN 1664-1078
    ISSN 1664-1078
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.954876
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Optimization of the Force-Velocity Relationship Obtained From the Bench-Press-Throw Exercise: An a Posteriori Multicenter Reliability Study.

    García-Ramos, Amador / Jaric, Slobodan

    International journal of sports physiology and performance

    2019  Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) 317–322

    Abstract: Purpose: An a posteriori multicenter reliability study was conducted to compare the reliability of the outcomes derived from the linear force-velocity (F-V) relationship (F-intercept [F: Method: Data from 63 healthy men derived from 3 studies were ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: An a posteriori multicenter reliability study was conducted to compare the reliability of the outcomes derived from the linear force-velocity (F-V) relationship (F-intercept [F
    Method: Data from 63 healthy men derived from 3 studies were analyzed. The F-V relationship obtained from the bench-press-throw exercise was determined in 2 separate sessions using 3 different combinations of loads: 2-point method (20-70% of 1-repetition maximum [1RM]), 4-load multiple-point method (30-40-50-60% of 1RM), and 6-load multiple-point method (20-30-40-50-60-70% of 1RM). Reliability was assessed through the coefficient of variation (CV), whereas a CV
    Results: The 2-point method provided the outcomes of the F-V relationship with greater reliability than the 4-load multiple-point method (F
    Conclusion: The distance between experimental points is more important for obtaining a reproducible F-V relationship than the number of experimental points; therefore, the 2-point method could be recommended for a quicker assessment of the F-V relationship.
    MeSH term(s) Biomechanical Phenomena ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Resistance Training/methods ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
    ISSN 1555-0273
    ISSN (online) 1555-0273
    DOI 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0457
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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