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  1. Article ; Online: Blueing green water from forests as strategy to cope with climate change in water scarce regions: The case of the Catalan river basin District.

    Garcia, Xavier / Estrada, Laia / Saló, Joan / Acuña, Vicenç

    Journal of environmental management

    2024  Volume 353, Page(s) 120249

    Abstract: Water scarcity in Mediterranean basins is a critical concern exacerbated by climate change and afforestation of abandoned lands. This study addresses the impact of forest management on water availability, specifically blue water, at a regional scale. ... ...

    Abstract Water scarcity in Mediterranean basins is a critical concern exacerbated by climate change and afforestation of abandoned lands. This study addresses the impact of forest management on water availability, specifically blue water, at a regional scale. Utilizing the SWAT + model, we assess water yield increases resulting from various forest thinning scenarios (light, moderate, heavy) and compare benefits to costs. Our approach incorporates site-specific marginal values of water yield, accounting for urban water supply abstractions. The findings reveal the efficacy of hydrological-oriented forest management in alleviating water scarcity. Thinning intensity positively correlates with water yield, with coniferous forests exhibiting the greatest response and deciduous forests the least. Emphasizing blue water enhancement as a significant co-benefit in forest management planning, our study underscores the economic advantages. Particularly valuable in certain areas, this approach can offset a substantial portion of associated costs. Spatially explicit results enable optimal resource allocation, facilitating efficient planning and prioritization of intervention areas for successful hydrological-oriented strategies. In conclusion, our study not only highlights the economic benefits of forest management in enhancing water availability but also offers actionable insights for sustainable and effective hydrological-oriented planning amid escalating water scarcity.
    MeSH term(s) Climate Change ; Rivers ; Water ; Water Insecurity ; Forests ; Ecosystem
    Chemical Substances Water (059QF0KO0R)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 184882-3
    ISSN 1095-8630 ; 0301-4797
    ISSN (online) 1095-8630
    ISSN 0301-4797
    DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120249
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  2. Book ; Online: Using natural language prompts for machine translation

    Garcia, Xavier / Firat, Orhan

    2022  

    Abstract: We explore the use of natural language prompts for controlling various aspects of the outputs generated by machine translation models. We demonstrate that natural language prompts allow us to influence properties like formality or specific dialect of the ...

    Abstract We explore the use of natural language prompts for controlling various aspects of the outputs generated by machine translation models. We demonstrate that natural language prompts allow us to influence properties like formality or specific dialect of the output. We show that using language names to control the output language of multilingual translation models enables positive transfer for unseen language pairs. This unlocks the ability to translate into languages not seen during fine-tuning by using their English names. We investigate how scale, number of pre-training steps, number of languages in fine-tuning, and language similarity affect this phenomenon.
    Keywords Computer Science - Computation and Language
    Publishing date 2022-02-23
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article: Non-conventional resources for the coming drought: the development of rainwater harvesting systems in a Mediterranean suburban area

    Saurí, David / Garcia, Xavier

    Water international. 2020 Feb. 17, v. 45, no. 2

    2020  

    Abstract: The city of Sant Cugat del Vallès (Spain) has made mandatory the installation of rainwater harvesting systems in new housing units with large gardens but also has provided subsidies to households to build these systems on a voluntary basis. We conducted ... ...

    Abstract The city of Sant Cugat del Vallès (Spain) has made mandatory the installation of rainwater harvesting systems in new housing units with large gardens but also has provided subsidies to households to build these systems on a voluntary basis. We conducted a survey of households in both groups (mandatory and voluntary) to explore the effectiveness of these different types of policies. We see many similarities between the two groups, especially concerning satisfaction with the systems, and with their perceived environmental and economic benefits. The main difference was the preferred size of rainwater tanks.
    Keywords drought ; financial economics ; gardens ; households ; issues and policy ; rain ; subsidies ; suburban areas ; surveys ; tanks ; water harvesting ; Spain
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-0217
    Size p. 125-141.
    Publishing place Routledge
    Document type Article
    ISSN 1941-1707
    DOI 10.1080/02508060.2020.1725957
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  4. Book ; Online: Interactive-Chain-Prompting

    Pilault, Jonathan / Garcia, Xavier / Bražinskas, Arthur / Firat, Orhan

    Ambiguity Resolution for Crosslingual Conditional Generation with Interaction

    2023  

    Abstract: Crosslingual conditional generation (e.g., machine translation) has long enjoyed the benefits of scaling. Nonetheless, there are still issues that scale alone may not overcome. A source query in one language, for instance, may yield several translation ... ...

    Abstract Crosslingual conditional generation (e.g., machine translation) has long enjoyed the benefits of scaling. Nonetheless, there are still issues that scale alone may not overcome. A source query in one language, for instance, may yield several translation options in another language without any extra context. Only one translation could be acceptable however, depending on the translator's preferences and goals. Choosing the incorrect option might significantly affect translation usefulness and quality. We propose a novel method interactive-chain prompting -- a series of question, answering and generation intermediate steps between a Translator model and a User model -- that reduces translations into a list of subproblems addressing ambiguities and then resolving such subproblems before producing the final text to be translated. To check ambiguity resolution capabilities and evaluate translation quality, we create a dataset exhibiting different linguistic phenomena which leads to ambiguities at inference for four languages. To encourage further exploration in this direction, we release all datasets. We note that interactive-chain prompting, using eight interactions as exemplars, consistently surpasses prompt-based methods with direct access to background information to resolve ambiguities.
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Computation and Language
    Subject code 410
    Publishing date 2023-01-24
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Book ; Online: Cross-Lingual Supervision improves Large Language Models Pre-training

    Schioppa, Andrea / Garcia, Xavier / Firat, Orhan

    2023  

    Abstract: The recent rapid progress in pre-training Large Language Models has relied on using self-supervised language modeling objectives like next token prediction or span corruption. On the other hand, Machine Translation Systems are mostly trained using cross- ... ...

    Abstract The recent rapid progress in pre-training Large Language Models has relied on using self-supervised language modeling objectives like next token prediction or span corruption. On the other hand, Machine Translation Systems are mostly trained using cross-lingual supervision that requires aligned data between source and target languages. We demonstrate that pre-training Large Language Models on a mixture of a self-supervised Language Modeling objective and the supervised Machine Translation objective, therefore including cross-lingual parallel data during pre-training, yields models with better in-context learning abilities. As pre-training is a very resource-intensive process and a grid search on the best mixing ratio between the two objectives is prohibitively expensive, we propose a simple yet effective strategy to learn it during pre-training.
    Keywords Computer Science - Computation and Language ; Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2023-05-19
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article: ALTAI Tool for Assessing AI-Based Technologies: Lessons Learned and Recommendations from SHAPES Pilots.

    Rajamäki, Jyri / Gioulekas, Fotios / Rocha, Pedro Alfonso Lebre / Garcia, Xavier Del Toro / Ofem, Paulinus / Tyni, Jaakko

    Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)

    2023  Volume 11, Issue 10

    Abstract: Across European countries, the SHAPES Project is piloting AI-based technologies that could improve healthcare delivery for older people over 60 years old. This article aims to present a study developed inside the SHAPES Project to find a theoretical ... ...

    Abstract Across European countries, the SHAPES Project is piloting AI-based technologies that could improve healthcare delivery for older people over 60 years old. This article aims to present a study developed inside the SHAPES Project to find a theoretical framework focused on AI-assisted technology in healthcare for older people living in the home, to assess the SHAPES AI-based technologies using the ALTAI tool, and to derive ethical recommendations regarding AI-based technologies for ageing and healthcare. The study has highlighted concerns and reservations about AI-based technologies, namely dealing with living at home, mobility, accessibility, data exchange procedures in cross-board cases, interoperability, and security. A list of recommendations is built not only for the healthcare sector, but also for other pilot studies.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-17
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2721009-1
    ISSN 2227-9032
    ISSN 2227-9032
    DOI 10.3390/healthcare11101454
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  7. Book ; Online: Scaling Laws for Multilingual Neural Machine Translation

    Fernandes, Patrick / Ghorbani, Behrooz / Garcia, Xavier / Freitag, Markus / Firat, Orhan

    2023  

    Abstract: In this work, we provide a large-scale empirical study of the scaling properties of multilingual neural machine translation models. We examine how increases in the model size affect the model performance and investigate the role of the training mixture ... ...

    Abstract In this work, we provide a large-scale empirical study of the scaling properties of multilingual neural machine translation models. We examine how increases in the model size affect the model performance and investigate the role of the training mixture composition on the scaling behavior. We find that changing the weightings of the individual language pairs in the training mixture only affect the multiplicative factor of the scaling law. In particular, we observe that multilingual models trained using different mixing rates all exhibit the same scaling exponent. Through a novel joint scaling law formulation, we compute the effective number of parameters allocated to each language pair and examine the role of language similarity in the scaling behavior of our models. We find little evidence that language similarity has any impact. In contrast, the direction of the multilinguality plays a significant role, with models translating from multiple languages into English having a larger number of effective parameters per task than their reversed counterparts. Finally, we leverage our observations to predict the performance of multilingual models trained with any language weighting at any scale, significantly reducing efforts required for language balancing in large multilingual models. Our findings apply to both in-domain and out-of-domain test sets and to multiple evaluation metrics, such as ChrF and BLEURT.

    Comment: 19 pages, 20 figures
    Keywords Computer Science - Computation and Language ; Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 410
    Publishing date 2023-02-19
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article: Tap Water, Bottled Water or In-Home Water Treatment Systems: Insights on Household Perceptions and Choices

    March, Hug / Garcia, Xavier / Domene, Elena / Sauri, David

    Water. 2020 May 06, v. 12, no. 5

    2020  

    Abstract: This article addresses household strategies for coping with perceived tap water quality issues. By using a household survey (n = 581) in Catalonia (Spain) and three models, this article analyses the drivers and motivations behind the installation of in- ... ...

    Abstract This article addresses household strategies for coping with perceived tap water quality issues. By using a household survey (n = 581) in Catalonia (Spain) and three models, this article analyses the drivers and motivations behind the installation of in-home water treatment systems, and the use of bottled water for drinking and cooking. The main explanatory factors of the higher consumption of bottled water were the perception of poor tap water quality, the lack of in-home treatment systems, and the presence of children at home. Income did not appear as a significant variable explaining the use of bottled water, unlike in other studies. The presence of in-home treatment systems is related to factors, such as perceived bad water quality, larger households, and single-family housing. Income and housing tenure appeared as explanatory variables only when considering systems requiring some kind of installation: lower incomes or renting a multi-family house reduce the probability of having an in-home water treatment that required installation because of important investments and operating costs, and the space needed in the housing units. In-house water treatment systems may become a solid alternative to bottled water when tap water raises problematic perceptions related to bad taste, odor, or lime presence.
    Keywords bottled water ; household surveys ; income ; odors ; probability ; tap water ; taste ; water ; water quality ; water treatment ; Spain
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-0506
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-light
    ZDB-ID 2521238-2
    ISSN 2073-4441
    ISSN 2073-4441
    DOI 10.3390/w12051310
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  9. Article: Spatial inequality and its relationship with local food environments: The case of Barcelona

    Garcia, Xavier / Domene, Elena / Garcia-Sierra, Marta

    Applied geography. 2020 Feb., v. 115

    2020  

    Abstract: Unhealthy dietary habits are affecting negatively the health status of citizens throughout the world. Reversing unequal local food environments, in terms of physical accessibility to food stores with healthy items, can be an effective way to mitigate the ...

    Abstract Unhealthy dietary habits are affecting negatively the health status of citizens throughout the world. Reversing unequal local food environments, in terms of physical accessibility to food stores with healthy items, can be an effective way to mitigate the poor eating habits of the population and contribute to the sustainability of agri-food systems. The main objective of this study is to explore the characteristics of local food environments in the city of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), and to analyse the existence of sociodemographic inequalities in the access to food stores with or without supply of organic products. Based on an official database of commercial premises and on additional information, 7983 food stores have been identified and classified, 471 (5.9%) of which supply organic food. Spearman's Rho correlation and Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) analyses are applied to investigate the global and local relationships between food access and two sociodemographic variables, namely Household Income Index and percentage of non-Spanish inhabitants. Results demonstrate that, even though total food access and organic food access are positively influenced by the socioeconomic level of the neighbourhoods, this is not the case in some areas of the city, where other factors might be more influential. Our findings emphasise the importance of local food environments in shaping health, and the need to promote its equality across different socioeconomically segregated areas to counterbalance negative effects on the health of vulnerable populations.
    Keywords at-risk population ; databases ; eating habits ; health status ; household income ; organic foods ; socioeconomic status ; Spain
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-02
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0143-6228
    DOI 10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102140
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  10. Article: The value of rehabilitating urban rivers

    Garcia, Xavier

    Journal of environmental economics and policy Vol. 3, No. 3 , p. 323-339

    the Yarqon River (Israel)

    2014  Volume 3, Issue 3, Page(s) 323–339

    Author's details Xavier Garcia
    Keywords river rehabilitation ; ecosystem services ; aesthetic appreciation ; hedonic pricing method
    Language English
    Size Kt.
    Publisher Routledge
    Publishing place Abingdon
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2659466-3
    ISSN 2160-6544
    Database ECONomics Information System

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