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Article ; Online: Diel niche variation in mammalian declines in the Anthropocene.

Cox, Daniel T C / Gardner, Alexandra S / Gaston, Kevin J

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 1031

Abstract: Biodiversity is being eroded worldwide. Many human pressures are most forcefully exerted or have greatest effect during a particular period of the day. Therefore when species are physically active (their diel niche) may influence their risk of population ...

Abstract	Biodiversity is being eroded worldwide. Many human pressures are most forcefully exerted or have greatest effect during a particular period of the day. Therefore when species are physically active (their diel niche) may influence their risk of population decline. We grouped 5032 terrestrial extant mammals by their dominant activity pattern (nocturnal, crepuscular, cathemeral and diurnal), and determine variation in population decline across diel niches. We find an increased risk of population decline in diurnal (52.1% of species), compared to nocturnal (40.1% of species), crepuscular (39.1% of species) and cathemeral (43.0% of species) species, associated with the larger proportion of diurnal mammals that are primates. Those species with declining populations whose activity predominantly coincides with that of humans (cathemeral, diurnal) face an increased number of anthropogenic threats than those principally active at night, with diurnal species more likely to be declining from harvesting. Across much of the land surface habitat loss is the predominant driver of population decline, however, harvesting is a greater threat to day-active species in sub-Saharan Africa and mainland tropical Asia, associated with declines in megafauna and arboreal foragers. Deepening understanding of diel variation in anthropogenic pressures and resulting population declines will help target conservation actions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Mammals ; Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Asia
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-28104-2
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Article: Anthropogenic changes to the nighttime environment.

Gaston, Kevin J / Gardner, Alexandra S / Cox, Daniel T C

Bioscience

2023 Volume 73, Issue 4, Page(s) 280–290

Abstract: How the relative impacts of anthropogenic pressures on the natural environment vary between different taxonomic groups, habitats, and geographic regions is increasingly well established. By contrast, the times of day at which those pressures are most ... ...

Abstract	How the relative impacts of anthropogenic pressures on the natural environment vary between different taxonomic groups, habitats, and geographic regions is increasingly well established. By contrast, the times of day at which those pressures are most forcefully exerted or have greatest influence are not well understood. The impact on the nighttime environment bears particular scrutiny, given that for practical reasons (e.g., researchers themselves belong to a diurnal species), most studies on the impacts of anthropogenic pressures are conducted during the daytime on organisms that are predominantly day active or in ways that do not differentiate between daytime and nighttime. In the present article, we synthesize the current state of knowledge of impacts of anthropogenic pressures on the nighttime environment, highlighting key findings and examples. The evidence available suggests that the nighttime environment is under intense stress across increasing areas of the world, especially from nighttime pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of resources.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	280313-6
ISSN	0006-3568
ISSN	0006-3568
DOI	10.1093/biosci/biad017
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Article ; Online: Global and regional erosion of mammalian functional diversity across the diel cycle.

Cox, Daniel T C / Gardner, Alexandra S / Gaston, Kevin J

Science advances

2022 Volume 8, Issue 32, Page(s) eabn6008

Abstract: Biodiversity is declining worldwide. When species are physically active (i.e., their diel niche) may influence their risk of becoming functionally extinct. It may also affect how species losses affect ecosystems. For 5033 terrestrial mammals, we predict ... ...

Abstract	Biodiversity is declining worldwide. When species are physically active (i.e., their diel niche) may influence their risk of becoming functionally extinct. It may also affect how species losses affect ecosystems. For 5033 terrestrial mammals, we predict future changes to diel global and local functional diversity through a gradient of progressive functional extinction scenarios of threatened species. Across scenarios, diurnal species were at greater risk of becoming functionally extinct than nocturnal, crepuscular, and cathemeral species, resulting in deep functional losses in global diurnal trait space. Redundancy (species with similar roles) will buffer global nocturnal functional diversity; however, across the land surface, losses will mostly occur among functionally dispersed species (species with distinct roles). Functional extinctions will constrict boundaries of cathemeral trait space as megaherbivores, and arboreal foragers are lost. Variation in the erosion of functional diversity across the daily cycle will likely profoundly affect the partitioning of ecosystem functioning between night and day.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.abn6008
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Article ; Online: Global variation in unique and redundant mammal functional diversity across the daily cycle

Cox, Daniel T. C. / Baker, David J. / Gardner, Alexandra S. / Gaston, Kevin J.

Journal of Biogeography. 2023 Apr., v. 50, no. 4 p.629-640

2023

Abstract: AIM: Organisms primarily influence ecosystems through their functional traits when they are physically active. Following the nocturnal bottleneck, the expansion of mammals into the daytime expanded mammalian functional diversity (FD), however there is ... ...

Abstract	AIM: Organisms primarily influence ecosystems through their functional traits when they are physically active. Following the nocturnal bottleneck, the expansion of mammals into the daytime expanded mammalian functional diversity (FD), however there is also notable overlap in trait space across diel niches leading to redundant FD. We explore how the unique and redundant contribution of each diel niche varies spatially and in relation to natural variation in light and temperature. LOCATION: Global. TAXON: Extant mammals. METHODS: Based on five major functional traits (body mass, litter size, diet breadth, foraging strata, habitat breadth) for 5033 extant terrestrial mammals, we determine biogeographical variation in nocturnal, crepuscular, cathemeral and diurnal FD. We calculate the proportion of mammalian FD that is unique to each diel niche, and the proportion that is redundant across the daily cycle. RESULTS: The diversification of mammals into the daytime resulted in the creation of new FD (28.5% of FD is not nocturnal; Lower Quartile 17.3%; Upper Quartile 38.2%). Most of this expansion occurred at higher latitudes where uniquely cathemeral FD dominates (>55°N, 41.1% of mammalian FD; Lower Quartile 33.3%, Upper Quartile 53.6%), associated with fewer hours of biologically useful moonlight and daylight. Where there are more hours of biologically useful daylight, unique diurnal FD is common. However, more than half of non‐nocturnal FD is redundant, increasing ecosystem stability as different species carry out similar functions at different times of day, and suggesting that many mammals have not diversified far from their nocturnal ancestors. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Over much of the land surface more than a half of FD only occurs at night, underscoring the importance of nocturnal mammals for ecosystems. Understanding diel variation in FD not only informs on community structure and ecosystem function but also on ecosystem functional persistence in the Anthropocene, with pressures at night being particularly concerning.
Keywords	Anthropocene epoch ; biogeography ; body weight ; community structure ; ecological balance ; ecological function ; ecosystems ; foraging ; functional diversity ; geographical distribution ; habitats ; litter size ; mammals ; solar radiation ; temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-04
Size	p. 629-640.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	188963-1
ISSN	0305-0270
ISSN	0305-0270
DOI	10.1111/jbi.14564
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The relationship between the body and air temperature in a terrestrial ectotherm.

Gardner, Alexandra S / Maclean, Ilya M D / Rodríguez-Muñoz, Rolando / Hopwood, Paul E / Mills, Kali / Wotherspoon, Ross / Tregenza, Tom

Ecology and evolution

2024 Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) e11019

Abstract: Ectotherms make up the majority of terrestrial biodiversity, so it is important to understand their potential responses to climate change. Often, models aiming to achieve this understanding correlate species distributions with ambient air temperature. ... ...

Abstract	Ectotherms make up the majority of terrestrial biodiversity, so it is important to understand their potential responses to climate change. Often, models aiming to achieve this understanding correlate species distributions with ambient air temperature. However, this assumes a constant relationship between the air temperature and body temperature, which determines an ectotherm's thermal performance. To test this assumption, we develop and validate a method for retrospective estimation of ectotherm body temperature using heat exchange equations. We apply the model to predict the body temperature of wild field crickets (
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.11019
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Article ; Online: Wilderness areas under threat from global redistribution of agriculture.

Gardner, Alexandra S / Trew, Brittany T / Maclean, Ilya M D / Sharma, Manmohan D / Gaston, Kevin J

Current biology : CB

2023 Volume 33, Issue 21, Page(s) 4721–4726.e2

Abstract: Agriculture expansion is already the primary cause of terrestrial biodiversity loss ... ...

Abstract	Agriculture expansion is already the primary cause of terrestrial biodiversity loss globally
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Wilderness ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Biodiversity ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.013
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Article: Accounting for inter‐annual variability alters long‐term estimates of climate suitability

Gardner, Alexandra S. / Gaston, Kevin J. / Maclean, Ilya M. D.

Journal of biogeography. 2021 Aug., v. 48, no. 8

2021

Abstract: AIM: Species respond to environmental conditions and so reliable assessments of climate suitability are important for predicting how climate change could alter their distributions. Long‐term average climate data are often used to evaluate the climate ... ...

Abstract	AIM: Species respond to environmental conditions and so reliable assessments of climate suitability are important for predicting how climate change could alter their distributions. Long‐term average climate data are often used to evaluate the climate suitability of an area, but in these aggregated climate datasets, inter‐annual variability is lost. Due to non‐linearity in species’ biological responses to climate, estimates of long‐term climate suitability from average climate data may be biased and so differ from estimates derived from the average annual suitability over the same period (average response). We investigate the extent to which such differences manifest in a regional assessment of climate suitability for 255 plant species across two 17‐year time periods. LOCATION: Cornwall in South‐West England provides a case study. TAXON: Plantae. METHODS: We run a simple mechanistic climate suitability model and derive quantitative estimates of climate suitability for 1984–2000 and 2001–2017. For each period, we run the model using climate data representing average monthly values for that period. We then run the model for each year using monthly climate data for that year and average the annual suitability scores across each period (average response). We compare estimates of climate suitability from these two approaches. RESULTS: Average climate data gave higher estimates of suitability than the average response, suggesting bias against years of poor suitability in temporally aggregated climate datasets. Differences between suitability estimates were larger in areas of high climate variability and correlated with species’ environmental requirements, being larger for species with small thermal niches and narrow ranges of precipitation tolerance. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating inter‐annual variability into climate suitability assessments or understanding the extent to which average climate data might obscure this variance will be important to predict reliably the impacts of climate change on species distributions and should be considered when using mechanistic species distribution models.
Keywords	Plantae ; biogeography ; case studies ; climate ; climate change ; data collection ; geographical distribution ; meteorological data ; models ; variance ; England
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-08
Size	p. 1960-1971.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	188963-1
ISSN	0305-0270
ISSN	0305-0270
DOI	10.1111/jbi.14125
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Global variation in diurnal asymmetry in temperature, cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation and its association with leaf area index

Cox, Daniel T. C / Maclean, Ilya M. D / Gardner, Alexandra S / Gaston, Kevin J

Global change biology. 2020 Dec., v. 26, no. 12

2020

Abstract: The impacts of the changing climate on the biological world vary across latitudes, habitats and spatial scales. By contrast, the time of day at which these changes are occurring has received relatively little attention. As biologically significant ... ...

Abstract	The impacts of the changing climate on the biological world vary across latitudes, habitats and spatial scales. By contrast, the time of day at which these changes are occurring has received relatively little attention. As biologically significant organismal activities often occur at particular times of day, any asymmetry in the rate of change between the daytime and night‐time will skew the climatic pressures placed on them, and this could have profound impacts on the natural world. Here we determine global spatial variation in the difference in the mean annual rate at which near‐surface daytime maximum and night‐time minimum temperatures and mean daytime and mean night‐time cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation have changed over land. For the years 1983–2017, we derived hourly climate data and assigned each hour as occurring during daylight or darkness. In regions that showed warming asymmetry of >0.5°C (equivalent to mean surface temperature warming during the 20th century) we investigated corresponding changes in cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation. We then examined the proportional change in leaf area index (LAI) as one potential biological response to diel warming asymmetry. We demonstrate that where night‐time temperatures increased by >0.5°C more than daytime temperatures, cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation increased. Conversely, where daytime temperatures increased by >0.5°C more than night‐time temperatures, cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation decreased. Driven primarily by increased cloud cover resulting in a dampening of daytime temperatures, over twice the area of land has experienced night‐time warming by >0.25°C more than daytime warming, and has become wetter, with important consequences for plant phenology and species interactions. Conversely, greater daytime relative to night‐time warming is associated with hotter, drier conditions, increasing species vulnerability to heat stress and water budgets. This was demonstrated by a divergent response of LAI to warming asymmetry.
Keywords	Biological Sciences ; asymmetry ; climate ; cloud cover ; heat stress ; leaf area index ; meteorological data ; phenology ; solar radiation ; specific humidity ; surface temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-12
Size	p. 7099-7111.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.15336
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A new system to classify global climate zones based on plant physiology and using high temporal resolution climate data

Gardner, Alexandra S / Maclean, Ilya M. D / Gaston, Kevin J

Journal of biogeography. 2020 Oct., v. 47, no. 10

2020

Abstract: AIM: Climate classification systems (CCSs) can be used to predict how species’ distributions might be altered by climate change and to increase the reliability of these estimates is an important goal in biogeographical research. We produce an objective, ... ...

Abstract	AIM: Climate classification systems (CCSs) can be used to predict how species’ distributions might be altered by climate change and to increase the reliability of these estimates is an important goal in biogeographical research. We produce an objective, global climate classification system (CCS) at high temporal resolution based on plant physiology as a robust way to predict how climate change may impact terrestrial biomes. LOCATION: Global TAXON: Plantae METHODS: We construct ten climate variables that capture the physiological processes that determine plant distributions and use cluster analysis to present a new global CCS which accounts for variation in these aspects of climate. We use Kappa statistics to compare the distribution of climate zones in a five‐ and six‐cluster CCS constructed using the physiology variables to the popular Köppen‐Geiger and Köppen‐Trewartha CCSs, respectively, and find good correlation in both cases. RESULTS: Our CCS highlights ten climate zones for plants. We show that clustering of the physiologically relevant variables reproduces known, present‐day patterns of vegetation but also indicates important areas where zone assignment in our physiological CCSs is different to that of the Köppen systems. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The existing Köppen CCSs do not entirely reflect the physiological processes that determine plant distributions. Predictions of climate‐driven changes in plant distributions may thus be unreliable in areas where zone assignment by clustering of physiologically relevant variables is different to that of the Köppen systems. Both the physiological relevance and temporal resolution of climate variables used to construct CCSs should be considered in order to predict reliably how climate change may alter plant distributions and to support an appropriate global response to conserve plant biodiversity for the future.
Keywords	Plantae ; biodiversity ; biogeography ; climate change ; climate classification ; cluster analysis ; geographical distribution ; meteorological data ; plant physiology ; vegetation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-10
Size	p. 2091-2101.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	188963-1
ISSN	0305-0270
ISSN	0305-0270
DOI	10.1111/jbi.13927
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Article ; Online: Global patterns of climate change impacts on desert bird communities.

Ma, Liang / Conradie, Shannon R / Crawford, Christopher L / Gardner, Alexandra S / Kearney, Michael R / Maclean, Ilya M D / McKechnie, Andrew E / Mi, Chun-Rong / Senior, Rebecca A / Wilcove, David S

Nature communications

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 211

Abstract: The world's warm deserts are predicted to experience disproportionately large temperature increases due to climate change, yet the impacts on global desert biodiversity remain poorly understood. Because species in warm deserts live close to their ... ...

Abstract	The world's warm deserts are predicted to experience disproportionately large temperature increases due to climate change, yet the impacts on global desert biodiversity remain poorly understood. Because species in warm deserts live close to their physiological limits, additional warming may induce local extinctions. Here, we combine climate change projections with biophysical models and species distributions to predict physiological impacts of climate change on desert birds globally. Our results show heterogeneous impacts between and within warm deserts. Moreover, spatial patterns of physiological impacts do not simply mirror air temperature changes. Climate change refugia, defined as warm desert areas with high avian diversity and low predicted physiological impacts, are predicted to persist in varying extents in different desert realms. Only a small proportion (<20%) of refugia fall within existing protected areas. Our analysis highlights the need to increase protection of refugial areas within the world's warm deserts to protect species from climate change.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Climate Change ; Birds/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Temperature ; Ecosystem ; Desert Climate
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-023-35814-8
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