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  1. Article ; Online: The rarer-sex effect.

    Gardner, Andy

    Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

    2023  Volume 378, Issue 1876, Page(s) 20210500

    Abstract: The study of sex allocation-that is, the investment of resources into male versus female reproductive effort-yields among the best quantitative evidence for Darwinian adaptation, and has long enjoyed a tight and productive interplay of theoretical and ... ...

    Abstract The study of sex allocation-that is, the investment of resources into male versus female reproductive effort-yields among the best quantitative evidence for Darwinian adaptation, and has long enjoyed a tight and productive interplay of theoretical and empirical research. The fitness consequences of an individual's sex allocation decisions depend crucially upon the sex allocation behaviour of others and, accordingly, sex allocation is readily conceptualized in terms of an evolutionary game. Here, I investigate the historical development of understanding of a fundamental driver of the evolution of sex allocation-the rarer-sex effect-from its inception in the writing of Charles Darwin in 1871 through to its explicit framing in terms of consanguinity and reproductive value by William D. Hamilton in 1972. I show that step-wise development of theory proceeded through refinements in the conceptualization of the strategy set, the payoff function and the unbeatable strategy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Half a century of evolutionary games: a synthesis of theory, application and future directions'.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Female ; Humans ; Reproduction ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Acclimatization ; Biological Evolution
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 208382-6
    ISSN 1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    ISSN (online) 1471-2970
    ISSN 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    DOI 10.1098/rstb.2021.0500
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: W. D. Hamilton and the golden sex ratio.

    Gardner, Andy

    Journal of theoretical biology

    2023  Volume 573, Page(s) 111599

    Abstract: In his famous two-part paper, published in Journal of Theoretical Biology in 1964, W. D. Hamilton predicted that natural selection acting in male-haploid populations favours a ratio of males to females that is in accordance with the golden ratio. This ... ...

    Abstract In his famous two-part paper, published in Journal of Theoretical Biology in 1964, W. D. Hamilton predicted that natural selection acting in male-haploid populations favours a ratio of males to females that is in accordance with the golden ratio. This prediction has found its way into the pages of one of the best-selling books of all time, Dan Brown's 2003 novel The da Vinci Code, and is therefore in the running for the most widely known quantitative result in the history of evolutionary biology. Unfortunately, this golden-ratio result is wrong, and was later corrected by Hamilton, who showed that natural selection actually favours an unbiased sex ratio in this setting. But it has been unclear exactly how Hamilton arrived at the golden-ratio result in the first place. Here I show that the solution to this puzzle is found in unpublished work held in the British Library's W. D. Hamilton Archive. Specifically, in addition to employing a faulty method for calculating relatedness, Hamilton had also employed a faulty method for calculating reproductive value, considering only genetic contributions to the next generation rather than to the distant future. Repeating both mistakes recovers his erroneous golden-ratio result.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Male ; Humans ; Sex Ratio ; Biological Evolution ; Haploidy ; Reproduction
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2972-5
    ISSN 1095-8541 ; 0022-5193
    ISSN (online) 1095-8541
    ISSN 0022-5193
    DOI 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111599
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: A geometric approach to the evolution of altruism.

    Gardner, Andy

    Journal of theoretical biology

    2023  Volume 576, Page(s) 111653

    Abstract: Fisher's geometric model provides a powerful tool for making predictions about key properties of Darwinian adaptation. Here, I apply the geometric model to predict differences between the evolution of altruistic versus nonsocial phenotypes. I recover ... ...

    Abstract Fisher's geometric model provides a powerful tool for making predictions about key properties of Darwinian adaptation. Here, I apply the geometric model to predict differences between the evolution of altruistic versus nonsocial phenotypes. I recover Kimura's prediction that probability of fixation is greater for mutations of intermediate size, but I find that the effect size that maximises probability of fixation is relatively small in the context of altruism and relatively large in the context of nonsocial phenotypes, and that the overall probability of fixation is lower for altruism and is higher for nonsocial phenotypes. Accordingly, the first selective substitution is expected to be smaller, and to take longer, in the context of the evolution of altruism. These results strengthen the justification for employing streamlined social evolutionary methodologies that assume adaptations are underpinned by many genes of small effect.
    MeSH term(s) Altruism ; Selection, Genetic ; Biological Evolution ; Mathematics ; Probability
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2972-5
    ISSN 1095-8541 ; 0022-5193
    ISSN (online) 1095-8541
    ISSN 0022-5193
    DOI 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111653
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  4. Article: Texas State Medical Association.

    Gardner, A B

    Texas medical journal (Austin, Tex.)

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 9, Page(s) 529

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 0892-8495
    ISSN 0892-8495
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  5. Article: Postmortem Appearances of an Old Lady, of 94 Years, Who Had Never Menstruated nor Borne Children.

    Gardner, A K

    Medical examiner (Philadelphia, Pa.)

    2023  Volume 11, Issue 121, Page(s) 50–51

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Price's equation made clear.

    Gardner, Andy

    Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

    2020  Volume 375, Issue 1797, Page(s) 20190361

    Abstract: Price's equation provides a very simple-and very general-encapsulation of evolutionary change. It forms the mathematical foundations of several topics in evolutionary biology, and has also been applied outwith evolutionary biology to a wide range of ... ...

    Abstract Price's equation provides a very simple-and very general-encapsulation of evolutionary change. It forms the mathematical foundations of several topics in evolutionary biology, and has also been applied outwith evolutionary biology to a wide range of other scientific disciplines. However, the equation's combination of simplicity and generality has led to a number of misapprehensions as to what it is saying and how it is supposed to be used. Here, I give a simple account of what Price's equation is, how it is derived, what it is saying and why this is useful. In particular, I suggest that Price's equation is useful not primarily as a predictor of evolutionary change but because it provides a general theory of selection. As an illustration, I discuss some of the insights Price's equation has brought to the study of social evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of the Price equation'.
    MeSH term(s) Biological Evolution ; Genetics, Population ; Models, Genetic ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 208382-6
    ISSN 1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    ISSN (online) 1471-2970
    ISSN 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    DOI 10.1098/rstb.2019.0361
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Autonomy lessons: Tips and tricks for building self-determination through the lens of a first time principal investigator.

    Keyes, Sarah-Ann / Gardner, Aimee

    Medical teacher

    2023  Volume 45, Issue 10, Page(s) 1129–1133

    Abstract: Early career faculty face many challenges, including establishing a career direction, building skills, balancing work and personal life demands, finding mentors, and establishing collegial relationships within their departments. Early career funding has ... ...

    Abstract Early career faculty face many challenges, including establishing a career direction, building skills, balancing work and personal life demands, finding mentors, and establishing collegial relationships within their departments. Early career funding has been shown to augment future success in academia; less is known about the impact of early career funding on the social, emotional, and professional identity aspects of work life. One theoretical perspective to examine this issue is self-determination theory, a broad psychological paradigm explaining motivation, well-being, and development. Self-determination theory is predicated on the idea that fulfillment of three basic needs leads to the achievement of integrated well-being. Optimizing autonomy (a sense of choice and control), competence (sense of mastery), and relatedness (a sense of belonging) accompanies greater motivation, productivity, and perceived success. The authors share how applying for and implementing an early career grant affected these three constructs. Early career funding manifested challenges and beneficial outcomes in relationship to each of the three psychological needs and led to important lessons that may be generally applicable to faculty across a wide range of disciplines. The authors offer broad principles as well as specific grant-related strategies for optimizing autonomy, competence, and relatedness while applying for and executing a grant.[Box: see text].
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Motivation ; Faculty ; Mentors ; Personal Autonomy ; Achievement
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 424426-6
    ISSN 1466-187X ; 0142-159X
    ISSN (online) 1466-187X
    ISSN 0142-159X
    DOI 10.1080/0142159X.2023.2192860
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Section on Theory and Practice of Medicine.

    Gardner, A B / Wooten, Joe S

    Texas medical journal (Austin, Tex.)

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 8, Page(s) 389

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 0892-8495
    ISSN 0892-8495
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  9. Article ; Online: A simulation test of the prediction that density-dependent dispersal promotes female-biased sex allocation in viscous populations.

    Chokechaipaisarn, Chedhawat / Gardner, Andy

    microPublication biology

    2023  Volume 2023

    Abstract: A classic result of sex-allocation theory is that the sex ratio is predicted to be invariant with respect to the rate of dispersal. However, a recent mathematical analysis has suggested that if individuals are able to adjust their probability of ... ...

    Abstract A classic result of sex-allocation theory is that the sex ratio is predicted to be invariant with respect to the rate of dispersal. However, a recent mathematical analysis has suggested that if individuals are able to adjust their probability of dispersal according to the local density of their neighbourhood, then a lower rate of dispersal will be associated with greater female-bias. Here, we perform a computer simulation test of this prediction. Our simulation data provide strong qualitative support for the prediction, and a Monte Carlo randomization test of significance allows us to reject the null hypothesis of the invariance relationship.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2578-9430
    ISSN (online) 2578-9430
    DOI 10.17912/micropub.biology.000821
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: The geometry of evolutionary conflict.

    Rautiala, Petri / Gardner, Andy

    Proceedings. Biological sciences

    2023  Volume 290, Issue 1992, Page(s) 20222423

    Abstract: Conflicts of interest abound not only in human affairs but also in the biological realm. Evolutionary conflict occurs over multiple scales of biological organization, from genetic outlawry within genomes, to sibling rivalry within nuclear families, to ... ...

    Abstract Conflicts of interest abound not only in human affairs but also in the biological realm. Evolutionary conflict occurs over multiple scales of biological organization, from genetic outlawry within genomes, to sibling rivalry within nuclear families, to collective-action disputes within societies. However, achieving a general understanding of the dynamics and consequences of evolutionary conflict remains an outstanding challenge. Here, we show that a development of R. A. Fisher's classic 'geometric model' of adaptation yields novel and surprising insights into the dynamics of evolutionary conflict and resulting maladaptation, including the discoveries that: (i) conflict can drive evolving traits arbitrarily far away from all parties' optima and, indeed, if all mutations are equally likely then contested traits are more often than not driven outwith the zone of actual conflict (hyper-maladaptation); (ii) evolutionary conflicts drive persistent maladaptation of orthogonal, non-contested traits (para-maladaptation); and (iii) modular design greatly ameliorates conflict-driven maladaptation, thereby facilitating major transitions in individuality.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Biological Evolution ; Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Mutation ; Genome ; Acclimatization
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209242-6
    ISSN 1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
    ISSN (online) 1471-2954
    ISSN 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
    DOI 10.1098/rspb.2022.2423
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