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Article ; Online: Re: Re: Surviving clinical errors in practice.

Gartrell, B / White, B

2021 Volume 69, Issue 3, Page(s) 190–191

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Medical Errors/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	415642-0
ISSN	1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
ISSN (online)	1176-0710
ISSN	0048-0169
DOI	10.1080/00480169.2021.1887691
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Article ; Online: Morphological characterisation of a novel

Jolly, M J / Gartrell, B / Adlington, B

New Zealand veterinary journal

2022 Volume 70, Issue 5, Page(s) 273–278

Abstract: Aims: A novel : Methods: Faeces were collected from South Island takahē in managed populations across two geographic locations within New Zealand, linked by extensive bird translocation. Faecal flotations were performed and oocysts collected were ... ...

Abstract	Aims: A novel Methods: Faeces were collected from South Island takahē in managed populations across two geographic locations within New Zealand, linked by extensive bird translocation. Faecal flotations were performed and oocysts collected were sporulated in sterile water at 25°C for 5 days. Morphometric measurements including length:width (L:W) ratios of oocysts and sporocysts were made of 65 oocysts using light microscopy under oil immersion. A retrospective histological review of archived post-mortem material from takahē was performed. Results: Oocysts were ovoid (mean L:W 1.2 (SD 0.1)) with mean dimensions of 18.0 (SD 0.8) × 15.2 (SD 0.7) μm, and walls 0.9 (SD 0.1) μm thick at the equator. A micropyle was absent and the oocyst residuum was present as a granular spherical mass. Four sporocysts were present and were elongate ovoid in shape (mean L:W ratio 1.5), with mean dimensions of 9.7 (SD 1.1) × 6.3 (SD 0.7) μm and each containing two sporozoites with anterior and posterior refractile bodies. This morphological description is distinct from other Conclusions: A novel Clinical relevance: Conservation of the endangered South Island takahē is reliant on human management of populations under varying degrees of captive management. An understanding of diseases affecting this host, including parasites and their identification as unique to the takahē or introduced from interactions with other hosts, is essential to the maintenance of overall bird health and informs management decisions in this recovery programme.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Birds ; Coccidiosis/epidemiology ; Coccidiosis/veterinary ; Eimeria ; Feces/parasitology ; Humans ; Oocysts ; Parasites ; Retrospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	415642-0
ISSN	1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
ISSN (online)	1176-0710
ISSN	0048-0169
DOI	10.1080/00480169.2022.2079570
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Article ; Online: The risks and consequences of a high pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Gartrell, B D / Jolly, M J / Hunter, S A

New Zealand veterinary journal

2024 Volume 72, Issue 2, Page(s) 63–65

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology ; Virulence ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Chickens
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	415642-0
ISSN	1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
ISSN (online)	1176-0710
ISSN	0048-0169
DOI	10.1080/00480169.2023.2294915
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Article ; Online: Presence and shedding of

Soon, X Q / Gartrell, B / Gedye, K

New Zealand veterinary journal

2021 Volume 69, Issue 4, Page(s) 240–246

Abstract: Aims: To determine the frequency of : Methods: Conjunctival-choanal-cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy captive wild mallards (: Results: Of the captive waterfowl, 39/114 (34%) mallards and 6/10 (60%) paradise shelducks were ... ...

Abstract	Aims: To determine the frequency of Methods: Conjunctival-choanal-cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy captive wild mallards ( Results: Of the captive waterfowl, 39/114 (34%) mallards and 6/10 (60%) paradise shelducks were positive for Conclusions: Based on qPCR-HRM analysis, a high proportion of wild mallards were infected with Clinical relevance: These results indicate that mallards are a reservoir of
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology ; Chlamydophila psittaci/genetics ; Ducks ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Psittacosis/epidemiology ; Psittacosis/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	415642-0
ISSN	1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
ISSN (online)	1176-0710
ISSN	0048-0169
DOI	10.1080/00480169.2021.1915212
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Article ; Online: Surviving clinical errors in practice.

Gartrell, Brett / White, Bridey

New Zealand veterinary journal

2021 Volume 69, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–4

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Clinical Competence ; Europe ; Humans ; Interprofessional Relations ; Medical Errors/statistics & numerical data ; Medical Errors/veterinary ; Medicine ; Veterinary Medicine
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	415642-0
ISSN	1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
ISSN (online)	1176-0710
ISSN	0048-0169
DOI	10.1080/00480169.2021.1840740
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Article ; Online: Blood lead concentration in an urban parrot: Nestling Kaka (Nestor meridionalis) demonstrate evidence of exposure to lead via eggs and parental feeding.

Sriram, Aditi / Roe, Wendi / Gartrell, Brett

The Science of the total environment

2022 Volume 845, Page(s) 157357

Abstract: Lead is a persistent, highly toxic heavy metal known to affect physiological function and survival in birds. Nestlings are particularly at risk as exposure during critical stages of development can result in life-long deficits. Urban environments are ... ...

Abstract	Lead is a persistent, highly toxic heavy metal known to affect physiological function and survival in birds. Nestlings are particularly at risk as exposure during critical stages of development can result in life-long deficits. Urban environments are increasingly associated with high levels of contamination and lead exposure at the urban-wildlife interface can have significant population health effects on wildlife. Wellington has an established population of Kaka (Nestor meridionalis) and provides the ideal opportunity to study the risks of lead exposure in an urban context. We sampled 139 nestlings over two breeding seasons (2015/16 and 2016/17) and examined concentrations of lead in blood samples. Nestlings were subjected to a clinical and neurological examination. Lead concentrations of egg shells were measured to evaluate maternal transfer of lead to nestlings. Overall, 36.7 % of nestlings showed evidence of lead exposure based on blood lead concentrations, ranging from <3.3μg/dL to 42.9μg/dL, with no detectable clinical signs of toxicity. The pattern of exposure in the majority of nestlings is indicative of exposure from hatch via eggshells and also direct parental feeding of lead following hatch. Lead concentrations in this cohort of Kaka have the potential to contribute to morbidity and mortality in this species. The lack of measurable neurological or physiological deficits associated with lead exposure is suggestive of an innate tolerance to these concentrations of lead in this population. However, the well-described subclinical and persistent effects of lead suggests a need for continued monitoring of this toxicant and its effects on Kaka behaviour and neurodevelopment.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Eggs ; Humans ; Lead/toxicity ; Parrots ; Seasons
Chemical Substances	Lead (2P299V784P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157357
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Article: Morphological characterisation of a novel Eimeria sp. parasite in South Island takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri)

Jolly, MJ / Gartrell, B / Adlington, B

New Zealand veterinary journal. 2022 Sept. 03, v. 70, no. 5

2022

Abstract: A novel Eimeria sp. is described from the endangered South Island takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri). Faeces were collected from South Island takahē in managed populations across two geographic locations within New Zealand, linked by extensive bird ... ...

Abstract	A novel Eimeria sp. is described from the endangered South Island takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri). Faeces were collected from South Island takahē in managed populations across two geographic locations within New Zealand, linked by extensive bird translocation. Faecal flotations were performed and oocysts collected were sporulated in sterile water at 25°C for 5 days. Morphometric measurements including length:width (L:W) ratios of oocysts and sporocysts were made of 65 oocysts using light microscopy under oil immersion. A retrospective histological review of archived post-mortem material from takahē was performed. Oocysts were ovoid (mean L:W 1.2 (SD 0.1)) with mean dimensions of 18.0 (SD 0.8) × 15.2 (SD 0.7) μm, and walls 0.9 (SD 0.1) μm thick at the equator. A micropyle was absent and the oocyst residuum was present as a granular spherical mass. Four sporocysts were present and were elongate ovoid in shape (mean L:W ratio 1.5), with mean dimensions of 9.7 (SD 1.1) × 6.3 (SD 0.7) μm and each containing two sporozoites with anterior and posterior refractile bodies. This morphological description is distinct from other Eimeria spp. described in hosts of the family Rallidae. The retrospective review of tissue was hindered by the poor quality of the preserved gut tissue, but coccidial organisms were able to be identified in the caudal ileum and caecum of a single bird. A novel Eimeria sp. was identified in the faeces of takahē. We propose this species be named Eimeria takahe. Conservation of the endangered South Island takahē is reliant on human management of populations under varying degrees of captive management. An understanding of diseases affecting this host, including parasites and their identification as unique to the takahē or introduced from interactions with other hosts, is essential to the maintenance of overall bird health and informs management decisions in this recovery programme.Abbreviations: L:W: Length:width
Keywords	Eimeria ; Rallidae ; birds ; cecum ; feces ; histology ; humans ; ileum ; light microscopy ; morphometry ; oils ; oocysts ; parasites ; sporozoites ; New Zealand
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0903
Size	p. 273-278.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	415642-0
ISSN	1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
ISSN (online)	1176-0710
ISSN	0048-0169
DOI	10.1080/00480169.2022.2079570
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Article ; Online: A retrospective study of native wild birds and reptiles admitted to three New Zealand wildlife hospitals due to predation by cats

Gartrell, BD / Jolly, M / Tissink, K / Argilla, LS / Esam, F

New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 2023 Mar. 04, v. 71, no. 2 p.86-91

2023

Abstract: To investigate the types of wildlife affected and outcomes of hospitalisation for native wild birds and reptiles admitted to three wildlife hospitals in New Zealand following predation by cats. We reviewed hospital records of three wildlife hospitals ( ... ...

Abstract	To investigate the types of wildlife affected and outcomes of hospitalisation for native wild birds and reptiles admitted to three wildlife hospitals in New Zealand following predation by cats. We reviewed hospital records of three wildlife hospitals (Wildbase Hospital (WBH) in Palmerston North; The Wildlife Hospital – Dunedin (DWH); and The Nest Te Kōhanga (TNTK) in Wellington) for cases of native species with a submission history or diagnosis of predation by cats over the period 2006–2022. Frequency analysis and cross-tabulation of the data were carried out using the factors wildlife hospital, animal order, species, and case outcome. Native wildlife (n = 639) presented following predation by cats to the three wildlife hospitals comprised 598 (93.6%) birds from 31 species and 41 (6.4%) reptiles from eight species. The mortality rate of these patients combined was 61.8% (395/639), with the other 38.2% (244/639) being released from hospital to rehabilitation facilities, released to the wild, or, for a small number, put into permanent captive placements. The most common species of birds admitted due to predation by cats were tūī (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae; n = 173), silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis; n = 142), sacred kingfishers (Todiramphus sanctus; n = 100) and kererū (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae; n = 70). There was an overall trend to increasing numbers of wildlife admitted for predation by cats over the period of this review, but the different operating periods of the three hospitals should be considered. Each of the three hospitals saw a different mix of species, with Wellington's TNTK seeing the widest diversity of species affected. Predation by cats was a common cause of native birds and reptiles being admitted to all three wildlife hospitals and a diversity of urban and rural wildlife were affected. Predation by cats causes significant mortality in wildlife patients admitted to wildlife hospitals despite best current treatment. Cat management strategies in Aotearoa New Zealand should consider the welfare and health of wildlife.
Keywords	Todiramphus ; Zosterops ; animals ; hospitals ; indigenous species ; mortality ; nests ; predation ; retrospective studies ; species diversity ; wildlife ; New Zealand ; Animal welfare ; cat management ; predator ; urban wildlife ; birds ; reptiles
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0304
Size	p. 86-91.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	415642-0
ISSN	1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
ISSN (online)	1176-0710
ISSN	0048-0169
DOI	10.1080/00480169.2022.2152889
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Article ; Online: Health impacts of poor water quality on an endangered shorebird breeding programme in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Gartrell, B D / Hunter, S / Collen, R / Jolly, M / McInnes, K / Richardson, A / Reed, C / Ward, R / Pita, A

New Zealand veterinary journal

2024 Volume 72, Issue 2, Page(s) 103–111

Abstract: Case history: Two clusters of mortality among endangered tūturuatu/tchūriwat'/shore plover (: Clinical findings: In 2016, four chicks were noted to become weak, have increased vocalisations and closed eyes prior to death. The remaining chicks were ... ...

Abstract	Case history: Two clusters of mortality among endangered tūturuatu/tchūriwat'/shore plover ( Clinical findings: In 2016, four chicks were noted to become weak, have increased vocalisations and closed eyes prior to death. The remaining chicks were treated for 5 days with amoxycillin/clavulanate orally twice daily. Water containers and brooders were cleaned and disinfected with chlorhexidine. No further mortality was seen.In the 2022 cluster, three adult breeding birds died acutely and five others showed inappetence, weight loss and diarrhoea approximately 10 days after heavy rains flooded the local river. The five birds were treated with amoxycillin/clavulanate orally twice daily and oral fluids for 5 days. Two birds died and three survived. No breeding occurred in the aviaries in the following season. Pathological findings: In 2016, the chicks showed pulmonary changes ranging from congestion and oedema to heterophilic inflammation consistent with septicaemia.In 2022, the adult birds showed proliferation of bacteria in the distal small intestine associated with mucosal ulceration and heterophilic infiltration. Acid-fast staining of the caecal contents in one bird showed organisms consistent with Laboratory findings: Aerobic bacterial cultures of the lung and liver of two affected chicks carried out in 2016 showed heavy growth of Clinical relevance: Fluctuations in water quality associated with mammalian faecal bacteria can adversely affect bird health and impact on captive rearing of endangered wildlife.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cryptosporidiosis ; Water Quality ; New Zealand ; Cryptosporidium ; Chickens ; Amoxicillin ; Clavulanic Acid ; Mammals
Chemical Substances	Amoxicillin (804826J2HU) ; Clavulanic Acid (23521W1S24)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	415642-0
ISSN	1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
ISSN (online)	1176-0710
ISSN	0048-0169
DOI	10.1080/00480169.2023.2263425
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Article ; Online: Lead concentrations in the blood and eggs of backyard laying hens.

Cowie, E / Gartrell, B D

New Zealand veterinary journal

2019 Volume 67, Issue 2, Page(s) 86–92

Abstract: Aims: To investigate the prevalence of lead exposure in hens and eggs from backyard poultry in a sample of Auckland households, the relationship between concentrations of lead in the blood of the hens and in the shells and yolks of eggs from the same ... ...

Abstract	Aims: To investigate the prevalence of lead exposure in hens and eggs from backyard poultry in a sample of Auckland households, the relationship between concentrations of lead in the blood of the hens and in the shells and yolks of eggs from the same household, and to examine associations with measures of hen health, environment and husbandry factors. Methods: Thirty households participated in the study from August to November 2016, each providing one adult hen for sampling, an egg from the household if available, and completing a questionnaire on hen husbandry. Concentrations of lead in blood were determined using a portable lead analyser. Eggs were analysed for concentrations of lead in the yolk and shell using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after biological digestion with a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid. Results: Twenty three of 30 hens (77%) showed evidence of lead exposure, with median concentrations of lead in blood of 0.77 (min <0.16, max 8.02) μmol/L. All eggs showed evidence of lead exposure, with concentrations of lead in the yolk ranging from 0.003-1.07 mg/kg, and concentrations of lead in the eggshell ranging from <0.1-0.82 mg/kg. A positive correlation existed between concentrations of lead in the blood of a hen and concentrations of lead in egg yolk from the same hen (R Conclusions and clinical relevance: There was a high prevalence of lead exposure in this sample of Auckland backyard chickens, with the majority of hens being sub-clinically affected. Associations were found between concentrations of lead in the blood of the hens, and properties with homes built before 1941 and clad in weatherboard. Concentrations of lead in over half the egg yolks sampled were at levels sufficient to warrant human health concern. The assessment of concentrations of lead in backyard poultry and eggs intended for human consumption is recommended to protect human and bird health.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Chickens/blood ; Chickens/metabolism ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Egg Shell/chemistry ; Egg Yolk/chemistry ; Eggs/analysis ; Female ; Housing, Animal ; Lead/analysis ; Lead/blood
Chemical Substances	Lead (2P299V784P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	415642-0
ISSN	1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
ISSN (online)	1176-0710
ISSN	0048-0169
DOI	10.1080/00480169.2018.1561340
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