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Article ; Online: Re-examining Dust Chemical Aging and Its Impacts on Earth's Climate.

Gaston, Cassandra J

2020 Volume 53, Issue 5, Page(s) 1005–1013

Abstract: The impact of atmospheric particulate matter (i.e., aerosols) on Earth's radiative balance has been and continues to be the leading source of uncertainty with respect to predictions of future temperature increases due to climate change. Mineral dust ... ...

Abstract	The impact of atmospheric particulate matter (i.e., aerosols) on Earth's radiative balance has been and continues to be the leading source of uncertainty with respect to predictions of future temperature increases due to climate change. Mineral dust particles transported from deserts and semiarid regions across the globe are a dominant contributor to the aerosol burden. Dust has many and diverse effects on Earth's climate: it directly scatters and/or absorbs incoming sunlight; it reacts with trace gases leading to impacts on the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere that affect both the lifetime of the greenhouse gas methane in addition to concentrations of tropospheric ozone-a greenhouse gas and criteria air pollutant; it influences the production as well as the lifetime and radiative properties of clouds; and it deposits nutrients to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that can stimulate primary production and facilitate the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1483291-4
ISSN	1520-4898 ; 0001-4842
ISSN (online)	1520-4898
ISSN	0001-4842
DOI	10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00102
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Sampling method comparison of enterococci aerosolization during continuous bubble bursting generation.

Sahwell, Peter J / Abdool-Ghany, Afeefa / Klaus, James / Gaston, Cassandra J / Solo-Gabriele, Helena M

FEMS microbiology letters

2022 Volume 368, Issue 21-24

Abstract: This study examined the water-to-air transfer and viability of the fecal indicator bacteria, enterococci, and compared capture performance of an impactor and aerosol filter. Results show that concentration of viable enterococci collected by the impactor ( ...

Abstract	This study examined the water-to-air transfer and viability of the fecal indicator bacteria, enterococci, and compared capture performance of an impactor and aerosol filter. Results show that concentration of viable enterococci collected by the impactor (70.1 colony-forming units [CFU]/L) was lower than that using the filter (171.2 CFU/L) at 95% significance. Between the impactor and filter, coefficients of variation equaled 13% and 14%, respectively. Hence, for the collection of aerosolized enterococci in a controlled environment, use of the aerosol filter yielded significantly higher recovery relative to impaction, though equally variable data were collected by both methods. This work confirms that viable enterococci transfer across a simulated air-sea interface and that aerosol filters perform well in capturing viable bacteria. Results from this study are relevant to studies that measure environmentally generated aerosols such as those that occur via wave breaking from sewage-contaminated waters.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; Bacteria ; Enterococcus
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	752343-9
ISSN	1574-6968 ; 0378-1097
ISSN (online)	1574-6968
ISSN	0378-1097
DOI	10.1093/femsle/fnac003
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Book ; Online: Diverging trends in aerosol sulfate and nitrate measured in the remote North Atlantic on Barbados are attributed to clean air policies, African smoke, and anthropogenic emissions

Gaston, Cassandra J. / Prospero, Joseph M. / Foley, Kristen / Pye, Havala O. T. / Custals, Lillian / Blades, Edmund / Sealy, Peter / Christie, James A.

eISSN:

2024

Abstract: Sulfate and nitrate aerosols degrade air quality, modulate radiative forcing and the hydrological cycle, and affect critical biogeochemical cycles, yet their global cycles are poorly understood. To address this issue, we examined trends in 21 years of ... ...

Abstract	Sulfate and nitrate aerosols degrade air quality, modulate radiative forcing and the hydrological cycle, and affect critical biogeochemical cycles, yet their global cycles are poorly understood. To address this issue, we examined trends in 21 years of aerosol measurements made at Ragged Point, Barbados—the easternmost promontory on the island located in the eastern Caribbean Basin. Though the site has historically been used to characterize African dust transport, here we focused on changes in nitrate and non-sea salt (nss) sulfate aerosol from 1990–2011. Nitrate aerosol concentrations are stable at 0.59 ug/m 3 ± 0.04 ug/m 3 . Elevated nitrate concentrations in the spring of 2010 as well as during the summer and fall of 2008 are due to transported biomass burning emissions from both northern and southern Africa to our site. In contrast, nss-sulfate decreased 30 % at a rate of 0.02 ug/m 3 /yr in the 1990s, which we attribute to air quality policies enacted in the U.S. and Europe. Starting in 2000, sulfate began to increase to pre-1990s levels of 0.90 ug/m 3 . We used the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations from the EPA’s Air QUAlity TimE Series (EQUATES) to better understand the changes in nss-sulfate after 2000. The model simulations estimate that increases in anthropogenic emissions, likely from Northern Africa, and increased oxidation efficiency of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) explain the increase in nss-sulfate observed in Barbados. Our results serve as an incentive to better constrain emissions from developing countries and their impact on aerosol burdens in remote regions.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-14
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Reacto-Diffusive Length of N2O5 in Aqueous Sulfate- and Chloride-Containing Aerosol Particles.

Gaston, Cassandra J / Thornton, Joel A

The journal of physical chemistry. A

2016 Volume 120, Issue 7, Page(s) 1039–1045

Abstract: Heterogeneous reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on aerosol particles impact air quality and climate, yet aspects of the relevant physical chemistry remain unresolved. One important consideration is the competing effects of diffusion and the rate ... ...

Abstract	Heterogeneous reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on aerosol particles impact air quality and climate, yet aspects of the relevant physical chemistry remain unresolved. One important consideration is the competing effects of diffusion and the rate of chemical reaction within the particle, which determines the length that N2O5 travels within a particle before reacting, referred to as the reacto-diffusive length (l). Large values of l imply a dependence of the reactive uptake efficiency of N2O5, i.e., γ(N2O5), on particle size. We present measurements of the size dependence of γ(N2O5) on aqueous sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium bisulfate particles. γ(N2O5) on ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate particles ranged from 0.016 ± 0.005 to 0.036 ± 0.001 as the surface-area-weighted particle radius increased from 39 to 127 nm, resulting in an estimated l of 32 ± 6 nm. In contrast, γ(N2O5) on sodium chloride particles was independent of particle size, suggesting a near-surface reaction dominated the uptake of N2O5. Differences in the reactivity of the N2O5 intermediate, NO2(+), with water and chloride can explain the observed dependencies. These results allow for parameterizations in atmospheric models to determine a more robust population mean value of γ(N2O5) that accounts for the distribution of particle sizes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-02-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1520-5215
ISSN (online)	1520-5215
DOI	10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11914
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Article: Impact of various air mass types on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations along coastal southeast Florida

Edwards, Eva-Lou / Corral, Andrea F / Dadashazar, Hossein / Barkley, Anne E / Gaston, Cassandra J / Zuidema, Paquita / Sorooshian, Armin

Atmospheric environment. 2021 June 01, v. 254

2021

Abstract: Coastal southeast Florida experiences a wide range of aerosol conditions, including African dust, biomass burning (BB) aerosols, as well as sea salt and other locally-emitted aerosols. These aerosols are important sources of cloud condensation nuclei ( ... ...

Abstract	Coastal southeast Florida experiences a wide range of aerosol conditions, including African dust, biomass burning (BB) aerosols, as well as sea salt and other locally-emitted aerosols. These aerosols are important sources of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which play an essential role in governing cloud radiative properties. As marine environments dominate the surface of Earth, CCN characteristics in coastal southeast Florida have broad implications for other regions with the added feature that this site is perturbed by both natural and anthropogenic emissions. This study investigates the influence of different air mass types on CCN concentrations at 0.2% (CCN₀.₂%) and 1.0% (CCN₁.₀%) supersaturation (SS) based on ground site measurements during selected months in 2013, 2017, and 2018. Average CCN₀.₂% and CCN₁.₀% concentrations were 373 ± 200 cm⁻³ and 584 ± 323 cm⁻³, respectively, for four selected days with minimal presence of African dust and BB (i.e., background days). CCN concentrations were not elevated on the four days with highest influence of African dust (289 ± 104 cm⁻³ [0.2% SS] and 591 ± 302 cm⁻³ [1.0% SS]), consistent with high dust mass concentrations comprised of coarse particles that are few in number. In contrast, CCN concentrations were substantially enhanced on the five days with the greatest impact from BB (1408 ± 976 cm⁻³ [0.2% SS] and 3337 ± 1252 cm⁻³ [1.0% SS]). Ratios of CCN₀.₂%:CCN₁.₀% were used to compare the hygroscopicity of the aerosols associated with African dust, BB, and background days. Average ratios were similar for days impacted by African dust and BB (0.54 ± 0.17 and 0.55 ± 0.17, respectively). A 29% higher average ratio was observed on background days (0.71 ± 0.14), owing in part to a strong presence of sea salt and reduced presence of more hydrophobic species such as those of a carbonaceous or mineral-dust nature. Finally, periods of heavy rainfall were shown to effectively decrease both CCN₀.₂% and CCN₁.₀% concentrations. However, the rate varied at which such concentrations increased after the rain. This work contributes knowledge on the nucleating ability of African dust and BB in a marine environment after varying periods of atmospheric transport (days to weeks). The results can be used to understand the hygroscopicity of these air mass types, predict how they may influence cloud properties, and provide a valuable model constraint when predicting CCN concentrations in comparable situations.
Keywords	aerosols ; air ; biomass ; dust ; hydrophobicity ; hygroscopicity ; marine environment ; rain ; Florida
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0601
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118371
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Coupling Sr-Nd-Hf Isotope Ratios and Elemental Analysis to Accurately Quantify North African Dust Contributions to PM

Das, Sourav / Miller, Brent V / Prospero, Joseph M / Gaston, Cassandra J / Royer, Haley M / Blades, Edmund / Sealy, Peter / Chellam, Shankararaman

Environmental science & technology

2022 Volume 56, Issue 12, Page(s) 7729–7740

Abstract: Tracking Saharan-Sahelian dust across the globe is essential to elucidate its effects on Earth's climate, radiation budget, hydrologic cycle, nutrient cycling, and also human health when it seasonally enters populated/industrialized regions of Africa, ... ...

Abstract	Tracking Saharan-Sahelian dust across the globe is essential to elucidate its effects on Earth's climate, radiation budget, hydrologic cycle, nutrient cycling, and also human health when it seasonally enters populated/industrialized regions of Africa, Europe, and North America. However, the elemental composition of mineral dust arising locally from construction activities and aeolian soil resuspension overlaps with African dust. Therefore, we derived a novel "isotope-resolved chemical mass balance" (IRCMB) method by employing radiogenic strontium, neodymium, and hafnium isotopes to accurately differentiate and quantitatively apportion collinear proximal and synoptic-scale crustal and anthropogenic mineral dust sources. IRCMB was applied to two air masses that transported African dust to Barbados and Texas to track particulate matter (PM) spikes at both locations. During Saharan-Sahelian intrusions, the radiogenic content of urban PM
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols/analysis ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Atmosphere ; Dust/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Hafnium/analysis ; Humans ; Isotopes ; Minerals ; Neodymium/analysis ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Soil ; Strontium ; Texas
Chemical Substances	Aerosols ; Air Pollutants ; Dust ; Isotopes ; Minerals ; Particulate Matter ; Soil ; Neodymium (2I87U3734A) ; Hafnium (X71938L1DO) ; Strontium (YZS2RPE8LE)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.2c01233
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Coupling Sr–Nd–Hf Isotope Ratios and Elemental Analysis to Accurately Quantify North African Dust Contributions to PM₂.₅ in a Complex Urban Atmosphere by Reducing Mineral Dust Collinearity

Das, Sourav / Miller, Brent V. / Prospero, Joseph M. / Gaston, Cassandra J. / Royer, Haley M. / Blades, Edmund / Sealy, Peter / Chellam, Shankararaman

Environmental science & technology. 2022 June 07, v. 56, no. 12

2022

Abstract: Tracking Saharan–Sahelian dust across the globe is essential to elucidate its effects on Earth’s climate, radiation budget, hydrologic cycle, nutrient cycling, and also human health when it seasonally enters populated/industrialized regions of Africa, ... ...

Abstract	Tracking Saharan–Sahelian dust across the globe is essential to elucidate its effects on Earth’s climate, radiation budget, hydrologic cycle, nutrient cycling, and also human health when it seasonally enters populated/industrialized regions of Africa, Europe, and North America. However, the elemental composition of mineral dust arising locally from construction activities and aeolian soil resuspension overlaps with African dust. Therefore, we derived a novel “isotope-resolved chemical mass balance” (IRCMB) method by employing radiogenic strontium, neodymium, and hafnium isotopes to accurately differentiate and quantitatively apportion collinear proximal and synoptic-scale crustal and anthropogenic mineral dust sources. IRCMB was applied to two air masses that transported African dust to Barbados and Texas to track particulate matter (PM) spikes at both locations. During Saharan–Sahelian intrusions, the radiogenic content of urban PM₂.₅ increased with respect to ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf but decreased in terms of ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, demonstrating the ability of these isotopes to sensitively track African dust intrusions even in complex metropolitan atmospheres. The principal aerosol strontium, neodymium, and hafnium end members were concrete dust and soil, soil and motor vehicles, and motor vehicles and North African dust, respectively. IRCMB separated and quantified local soil and distal crustal dust even when PM₂.₅ concentrations were low, opening a promising source apportionment avenue for urbanized/industrialized atmospheres.
Keywords	aerosols ; air ; climate ; dust ; elemental composition ; environmental science ; eolian soils ; hafnium ; human health ; hydrologic cycle ; industrialization ; neodymium ; particulates ; strontium ; technology ; urbanization ; Africa ; Barbados ; Europe ; Texas
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0607
Size	p. 7729-7740.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.2c01233
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The Role of Hydrates, Competing Chemical Constituents, and Surface Composition on ClNO

Royer, Haley M / Mitroo, Dhruv / Hayes, Sarah M / Haas, Savannah M / Pratt, Kerri A / Blackwelder, Patricia L / Gill, Thomas E / Gaston, Cassandra J

Environmental science & technology

2021 Volume 55, Issue 5, Page(s) 2869–2877

Abstract: Atomic chlorine ( ... ...

Abstract	Atomic chlorine (Cl
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; Air Pollution ; Chlorine ; Coal ; Dust
Chemical Substances	Aerosols ; Coal ; Dust ; Chlorine (4R7X1O2820)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.0c06067
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Article: Impact of various air mass types on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations along coastal southeast Florida.

Edwards, Eva-Lou / Corral, Andrea F / Dadashazar, Hossein / Barkley, Anne E / Gaston, Cassandra J / Zuidema, Paquita / Sorooshian, Armin

Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)

2021 Volume 254

Abstract	Coastal southeast Florida experiences a wide range of aerosol conditions, including African dust, biomass burning (BB) aerosols, as well as sea salt and other locally-emitted aerosols. These aerosols are important sources of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which play an essential role in governing cloud radiative properties. As marine environments dominate the surface of Earth, CCN characteristics in coastal southeast Florida have broad implications for other regions with the added feature that this site is perturbed by both natural and anthropogenic emissions. This study investigates the influence of different air mass types on CCN concentrations at 0.2% (CCN
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	1352-2310 ; 0004-6981
ISSN	1352-2310 ; 0004-6981
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118371
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Article: Tracking the changes of iron solubility and air pollutants traces as African dust transits the Atlantic in the Saharan dust outbreaks

Rodríguez, Sergio / Prospero, Joseph M / López-Darias, Jessica / García-Alvarez, María-Isabel / Zuidema, Paquita / Nava, Silvia / Lucarelli, Franco / Gaston, Cassandra J / Galindo, Luis / Sosa, Elisa

Atmospheric environment. 2021 Feb. 01, v. 246

2021

Abstract: We studied the solubility, in real sea water, of iron present in the African dust outbreaks that traverse the Atlantic. Based on measurements of soluble iron (sFe) and aerosol chemistry, we found iron solubilities within the range of 0.4–1.8% in Tenerife, ...

Abstract	We studied the solubility, in real sea water, of iron present in the African dust outbreaks that traverse the Atlantic. Based on measurements of soluble iron (sFe) and aerosol chemistry, we found iron solubilities within the range of 0.4–1.8% in Tenerife, 0.4–3.1% in Barbados and 1.6–12% in Miami. We apportioned the concentrations of sFe between the three sources and processes that we identified: (1) dust, (2) heavy fuel oil combustion emissions, associated with an excess of vanadium and nickel, and (3) atmospheric processing, which is influenced by acidic pollutants. We tracked the propagation of the dust-front of the African dust outbreaks across the Atlantic, which are associated with dust peak events at the impacting sites. During the westward transport across the Atlantic, the contribution to sFe from dust decreased (63%, 43% and 9% in Tenerife, Barbados and Miami, respectively), whereas the contribution due to atmospheric processing increased (26%, 45% and 74% in Tenerife, Barbados and Miami, respectively). In these Saharan-dust outbreaks, the concentrations of sFe due to heavy fuel oil combustion were significantly lower (mostly < 5 ng/m³) than those in the polluted marine atmosphere (10–200 ng/m³). The overall results are consistent with the idea that the mixing of dust with acid pollutants increases the solubility of iron during the African-dust outbreaks that traverse the Atlantic.
Keywords	aerosols ; air ; combustion ; dust ; environment ; fuel oils ; iron ; nickel ; seawater ; solubility ; vanadium ; Barbados
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0201
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118092
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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