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Article: Evaluation of Extended Storage of Swine Complete Feed for Inactivation of Viral Contamination and Effect on Nutritional, Microbiological, and Toxicological Profiles.

Gebhardt, Jordan T / Dee, Scott A / Little, Erin / Scales, Brittney N / Kern, Doug R

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2024 Volume 14, Issue 3

Abstract: The extended storage of feed ingredients has been suggested as a method to mitigate the risk of pathogen transmission through contaminated ingredients. To validate the approach of extended storage of complete swine feed for the inactivation of swine ... ...

Abstract	The extended storage of feed ingredients has been suggested as a method to mitigate the risk of pathogen transmission through contaminated ingredients. To validate the approach of extended storage of complete swine feed for the inactivation of swine viruses, an experiment was conducted wherein swine feed was inoculated with 10 mL of 1 × 10
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani14030393
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Postmanufacturing techniques for mitigation of viral pathogens in porcine-derived feed ingredients: a review.

Harrison, Olivia L / Paulk, Chad B / Woodworth, Jason C / Gebhardt, Jordan T / Jones, Cassandra K

Translational animal science

2024 Volume 8, Page(s) txae009

Abstract: African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious virus known to cause substantial mortality and morbidity in pigs. The transmissibility and severity of disease within pigs, as well as the potentially resultant catastrophic trade ramifications, ... ...

Abstract	African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious virus known to cause substantial mortality and morbidity in pigs. The transmissibility and severity of disease within pigs, as well as the potentially resultant catastrophic trade ramifications, warrant its status as a foreign animal disease of substantial concern to the United States. The ASFV virus can survive for extended periods of time outside its host, and its greatest concentration is often observed in blood and organs, products that are frequently used as raw materials to manufacture porcine-derived ingredients fed to animals in the United States. Unlike ruminant-based proteins that cannot be fed to ruminant animals, it is permissible to feed porcine-derived ingredients to pigs in the United States. However, the increased threat of ASFV entry into the United States and our evolving understanding of viral transmission by feedstuffs warrant further investigation into this practice. The objectives of this review are to describe the current knowledge of ASFV survival in raw materials used to produce porcine-based ingredients, identify priorities for future research, and summarize potential options for managing risk until additional knowledge can be gained. While limited data is available for ASFV-specific mitigation, the temperatures used in both spray-drying and rendering have proven to effectively reduce viral concentrations of multiple swine viruses below detectable limits. However, some of these procedures may not eliminate the risk of recontamination, which necessitates the need for additional prevention or mitigation measures. Most published research in this area relies on direct inoculation of raw ingredient, not the finished porcine-derived ingredient. Currently, three published studies report ASFV mitigation in either thermally processed conditions (>40 °C) or ingredient quarantine (<40 °C). Virus inactivation, or the reduction of viral concentrations below detectable levels, was observed in the thermally processed study and one of the two ingredient quarantine studies. In conclusion, there is little knowledge to eliminate the risk of recontamination in porcine-derived ingredients; therefore, future research should aim to support and validate the currently available literature for the continued and safe production of porcine-derived ingredients in the event of a foreign animal disease outbreak.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2573-2102
ISSN (online)	2573-2102
DOI	10.1093/tas/txae009
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Article ; Online: Summary of methodology used in enterotoxigenic

Dahmer, Payton L / DeRouchey, Joel M / Gebhardt, Jordan T / Paulk, Chad B / Jones, Cassandra K

Translational animal science

2023 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) txad083

Abstract: Postweaning diarrhea in pigs is often caused by the F4 or F18 strains of ... ...

Abstract	Postweaning diarrhea in pigs is often caused by the F4 or F18 strains of enterotoxigenic
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2573-2102
ISSN (online)	2573-2102
DOI	10.1093/tas/txad083
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Article ; Online: A review of soybean processing byproducts and their use in swine and poultry diets.

Gaffield, Katelyn N / Goodband, Robert D / DeRouchey, Joel M / Tokach, Mike D / Woodworth, Jason C / Denny, Gordon / Gebhardt, Jordan T

Translational animal science

2024 Volume 8, Page(s) txae063

Abstract: Due to its importance in animal feed, soybean meal has been extensively studied to optimize its use in livestock diets. Despite extensive research, the industry has not fully characterized specific areas of soybean processing such as the inclusion of ... ...

Abstract	Due to its importance in animal feed, soybean meal has been extensively studied to optimize its use in livestock diets. Despite extensive research, the industry has not fully characterized specific areas of soybean processing such as the inclusion of soybean byproducts added back to soybean meal during processing. Soybean processing byproducts can encompass a large variety of materials including weeds and foreign material, soybean hulls, gums, soapstocks, lecithins, spent bleaching clays, and deodorizer distillates. Despite the potential for being added back to soybean meal when a crushing plant is integrated with an oil refinery, there is currently limited information on the composition of many of these soybean processing byproducts and their subsequent effects on soybean meal quality and animal performance. Therefore, there may be opportunities for a new area of research focused on soybean processing byproducts and their optimal use within the livestock feed industry. This review summarizes the current information on soybean byproducts with a focus on identifying the areas with the greatest potential for future research in swine and poultry nutrition.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2573-2102
ISSN (online)	2573-2102
DOI	10.1093/tas/txae063
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Article ; Online: Technical note: utilization of various allotment strategies to evaluate variation and replications required to detect statistical significance in nursery pig research.

Jenkins, Abigail K / Bromm, Jenna J / Gebhardt, Jordan T / Woodworth, Jason C / Goodband, Robert D / Tokach, Mike D / DeRouchey, Joel M

Journal of animal science

2024 Volume 102

Abstract: A total of 720 barrows (line 200 × 400, DNA genetics) were used in two 42-d nursery trials (initially 6.20 ± 0.12 kg and 5.63 ± 0.16 kg, respectively) to evaluate strategies for allotting pigs to pens in randomized controlled trials. At placement, the ... ...

Abstract	A total of 720 barrows (line 200 × 400, DNA genetics) were used in two 42-d nursery trials (initially 6.20 ± 0.12 kg and 5.63 ± 0.16 kg, respectively) to evaluate strategies for allotting pigs to pens in randomized controlled trials. At placement, the population was split into three cohorts with similar average weight and standard deviation and randomly assigned to one of the three allotment strategies. Strategy 1 (random) utilized a simple randomization strategy with each pig randomized to pens independent of all other pigs. Strategy 2 (body weight [BW] distribution) sorted each pig within the cohort into one of the five BW groups. One pig from each weight group was then randomly assigned to a pen such that distribution of BW within pen was uniform across pens. Strategy 3 (BW grouping) sorted pigs within the cohort into 3 BW categories: light, medium, and heavy. Within each BW category, pigs were randomized to pen to create pens of pigs from each BW category. Within each experiment, there were 72 pens with five pigs per pen and 24 pens per allotment strategy. For all strategies, once pigs were allotted to pens, pens were allotted to one of the two treatments for a concurrent trial. In experiment 1, environmental enrichment using ropes tied near the pan of the feeder was compared to a control with no enrichment. In experiment 2, treatment diets consisted of basal levels of Zn and Cu from the trace mineral premix for the duration of the study (110 and 17 mg/kg, respectively; control), or diets (supplemented control) with carbadox (50 g/ton; Mecadox, Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ) fed in phase 1 (days 0 to 22) and 2 (days 22 to 43), pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu (2,414 mg/kg Zn from ZnO; 168 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4) fed in phase 1, and only pharmacological levels of Cu (168 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4) fed in phase 2. These treatment designs were used to determine the impact on coefficient of variation (CV) and to estimate the number of replications required to find significant treatment differences based on allotment strategy. There were no meaningful allotment strategy × treatment interactions for either study. For between-pen CV, pigs allotted using BW distribution and BW grouping strategies had the lowest CV at allotment and final weight in both trials. For overall average daily gain in experiments 1 and 2 in experiment 2, the BW distribution strategy required the fewest replications to detect differences in performance. However, there is no meaningful difference between allotment strategies in replications required to detect significant differences for gain:feed ratio.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Male ; Swine ; Animal Husbandry/methods ; Random Allocation ; Body Weight ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Diet/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skae088
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Article ; Online: Developing a gateway program for importing non-animal origin ingredients from regions with African swine fever virus.

Harrison, Olivia L / Gebhardt, Jordan T / Paulk, Chad B / Woodworth, Jason C / Jones, Cassandra K

Transboundary and emerging diseases

2022 Volume 69, Issue 5, Page(s) e1407–e1416

Abstract: The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) categorizes the risk of African swine fever virus (ASFV) entry into the United States through non-animal origin feed ingredients as 'negligible to moderate, with high uncertainty'. Both Canada and Australia have ... ...

Abstract	The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) categorizes the risk of African swine fever virus (ASFV) entry into the United States through non-animal origin feed ingredients as 'negligible to moderate, with high uncertainty'. Both Canada and Australia have implemented policies that are suggested to reduce the risk of ASFV entry through feed ingredients, but the United States has not because of scientific limitations that have been addressed by recent publications. As regulators and industry consider a potential pathway forward, the objective of this manuscript is to describe a process to determine if a voluntary or regulatory import policy is warranted by the United States. Initially, the volume and types of non-animal origin feed ingredients imported from countries with ASFV were quantified and assigned a level of risk (high risk: unprocessed grains and oilseeds, moderate risk: soybean co-products (meals, oil, and oilcake), and low risk: amino acids, vitamins, and other synthetically produced products from countries that have ASFV). In 2020, moderate- and high-risk ingredients from ASFV-positive countries represented 3.1% of all ingredients imported into the United States. Policies from Canada and Australia were evaluated for practicality of implementation by US government officials. Industry representatives from both countries consistently stated their policies would not be feasible in the United States due to the differences in cost and complexity of the swine and feed industries. Overall, unprocessed, or high-risk, ingredients from ASFV-positive countries represent a low percentage of imported ingredients into the United States; however, cautionary procedures may still be warranted given industry demand.
MeSH term(s)	African Swine Fever/epidemiology ; African Swine Fever/prevention & control ; African Swine Fever Virus ; Amino Acids ; Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; United States ; Vitamins
Chemical Substances	Amino Acids ; Vitamins
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-23
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2414822-2
ISSN	1865-1682 ; 1865-1674
ISSN (online)	1865-1682
ISSN	1865-1674
DOI	10.1111/tbed.14473
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Article: Effects of Various Feed Additives on Finishing Pig Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics: A Review.

Rao, Zhong-Xing / Tokach, Mike D / Woodworth, Jason C / DeRouchey, Joel M / Goodband, Robert D / Gebhardt, Jordan T

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2023 Volume 13, Issue 2

Abstract: Feed additives have shown benefits throughout the literature in improving grow−finish pigs’ growth performance and carcass characteristics. However, the results have not been well summarized. Therefore, this review summarizes the available research (402 ... ...

Abstract	Feed additives have shown benefits throughout the literature in improving grow−finish pigs’ growth performance and carcass characteristics. However, the results have not been well summarized. Therefore, this review summarizes the available research (402 articles) on 14 feed additive categories fed to grow−finish pigs. The categories were acidifiers, betaine, Cr, conjugated linoleic acids, Cu, direct-fed microbials, carbohydrases, proteases, phytases, multi-enzymes, essential oils, L-carnitine, yeasts, and Zn. Qualified articles were collected and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria from online databases. The percentage difference for each response variable between the treatment and control group was calculated and summarized. Most results were positive for each feed additive; however, the magnitude of improvement varied, and most were not statistically significant. For ADG, DFM, Cu, L-carnitine, and multi-enzymes showed relatively large positive effects (>2.1% improvement) across a reasonable number of articles. Acidifiers, betaine, CLA, multi-enzymes, DFM, L-carnitine, and yeasts showed relatively large positive effects (>2.5% improvement) on improving G:F. Moreover, except for betaine, Cr, CLA, and L-carnitine, most feed additives showed little and non-significant effects on BF thickness (<1.7% improvement). This review provides a descriptive analysis for commonly used feed additives in the hope of better understanding feed additives’ effects on grow−finish pigs.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani13020200
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Article ; Online: Effect of added calcium carbonate without and with benzoic acid on weanling pig growth performance, fecal dry matter, and blood Ca and P concentrations.

Warner, Alan J / DeRouchey, Joel M / Tokach, Mike D / Woodworth, Jason C / Goodband, Robert D / Gebhardt, Jordan T

Translational animal science

2023 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) txad055

Abstract: The objective of these studies was to determine the effects of increasing levels of calcium carbonate ( ... ...

Abstract	The objective of these studies was to determine the effects of increasing levels of calcium carbonate (CaCO
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2573-2102
ISSN (online)	2573-2102
DOI	10.1093/tas/txad055
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Article ; Online: Industry survey of added vitamins and trace minerals in U.S. swine diets.

Faccin, Jamil E G / Tokach, Mike D / Goodband, Robert D / DeRouchey, Joel M / Woodworth, Jason C / Gebhardt, Jordan T

Translational animal science

2023 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) txad035

Abstract: From November 2021 to February 2022, 37 swine nutritionists representing 29 production systems and 8 nutrition supplier companies in the United States were surveyed about added vitamin and trace mineral concentrations in swine diets. Respondents were ... ...

Abstract	From November 2021 to February 2022, 37 swine nutritionists representing 29 production systems and 8 nutrition supplier companies in the United States were surveyed about added vitamin and trace mineral concentrations in swine diets. Respondents were asked to provide vitamin premix and trace mineral concentrations, inclusion rates, and weight ranges associated with feeding phases. Survey participants represented 4.38 million sows, or 72% of the U.S. industry. Data were compiled into three nursery phases (phase 1, weaning to 7 kg; phase 2, 7 to 11 kg; and phase 3, 11 to 23 kg), three finishing phases (23 to 55 kg; 55 to 100 kg; 100 kg to market), gilt development, gestation, lactation, and boar. Within each dietary phase, the vitamins and trace minerals of interest included: vitamins A, D, E, and K, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B12, choline, vitamin C, carnitine, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, zinc, cobalt, and chromium. Descriptive statistics used included: average, weighted average (determined by the total number of sows represented), median, minimum, maximum, 25th percentile (lowest quartile), and 75th percentile (highest quartile). In addition, all average supplementation rates for vitamins and trace minerals within each phase of production were compared to the requirement estimates reported in the NRC (2012). Nutritionists generally supplemented vitamins and trace minerals well above the NRC (2012) requirement estimates. However, great variation among respondents was observed in all vitamins and trace minerals, particularly in the fat-soluble vitamins. Also, the use of alternative sources of vitamin D [25(OH)D
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2573-2102
ISSN (online)	2573-2102
DOI	10.1093/tas/txad035
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Article ; Online: Effect of different sow lactation feeder types and drip cooling on sow bodyweight, litter performance, and feeder cleaning criteria.

Rao, Zhong-Xing / Coble, Kyle F / Tokach, Mike D / Woodworth, Jason C / DeRouchey, Joel M / D Goodband, Robert / Gebhardt, Jordan T

Translational animal science

2023 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) txad040

Abstract: A total of 600 sows (line 3; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to evaluate the effect of different lactation feeder types and drip cooling on sow farrowing performance and litter growth performance during the summer. For the feeder evaluation, the trial ...

Abstract	A total of 600 sows (line 3; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to evaluate the effect of different lactation feeder types and drip cooling on sow farrowing performance and litter growth performance during the summer. For the feeder evaluation, the trial was conducted in two sequential groups with 300 sows per group. Five 60-farrowing-stall rooms with tunnel ventilation were used for each group. On approximately days 110 to 112 of gestation, sows were blocked by body condition score (BCS), parity, and offspring sire (lines 2 or 3 sires; PIC), then randomly allotted to one of three feeder types: 1) PVC tube feeder, 2) Rotecna feeder (Rotecna), or 3) SowMax feeder (Hog Slat). The three feeder types were placed in one of three stalls with the same sequence from the front to the end of all rooms to balance for environmental effects. For drip cooling evaluation, the trial was conducted during the 2nd group of 300 sows. Drippers were blocked in three of every six farrowing stalls to balance feeder type and environmental effects. After farrowing, sows had ad libitum access to feed. For litter performance data, only pigs from sows bred to line 2 sires were recorded. Line 3 sire pigs were not included in litter performance data, but sows of these pigs were included in sow body weight (BW) and feed disappearance data. After weaning, feeder cleaning time was recorded on a subsample of 67 feeders (19, 23, and 25 for PVC tube, Rotecna, and SowMax, respectively). There was no evidence of difference (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2573-2102
ISSN (online)	2573-2102
DOI	10.1093/tas/txad040
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