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Article ; Online: Assessment of Oral Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours among University Students in the Asir Region—Saudi Arabia

Geetha Kandasamy / Tahani Almeleebia

Healthcare, Vol 11, Iss 23, p

A Cross-Sectional Study

2023 Volume 3100

Abstract: Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours (KAB) of health and non-health-related students at university concerning oral health. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study with a 3-month duration ... ...

Abstract	Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours (KAB) of health and non-health-related students at university concerning oral health. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study with a 3-month duration in 2023 was conducted amongst King Khalid University (KKU) students. This study used a self-administered, anonymous web-based survey with a simple random sampling strategy as part of its cross-sectional design. The questionnaire had four sections totalling 26 questions to evaluate KAB. A chi-square test was used to evaluate significant differences between categories. Results: Of the 845 respondents who completed the survey, 43.78% were health-related students, while 56.21% were non-health-related students. The completed responses included bacteria causing gingival problems (60.81% vs. 36%), fizzy soft drinks adversely affecting teeth (67.83% vs. 40%), tobacco chewing or smoking possibly causing oral cancer (68.37% vs. 44%), white patches or dental plaque on teeth (61.89% vs. 41.47%), brushing teeth twice a day to improve oral health (81.62% vs. 42.52%), keeping teeth clean (64.86% vs. 41.68%), improper brushing leading to gum disease (70% vs. 40.63%), brushing with fluoridated toothpaste to prevent tooth decay (63% vs. 40%), bleeding gums denoting gum infection (26.98% vs. 21.30%), the importance of teeth similar to any body part (61.62% vs. 37.89%), prioritising teeth as other parts of the body (61.05% vs. 36.21%), brushing teeth twice daily (55.67% vs. 37.05%), and routine dental check-ups (55.40% vs. 14.10%) for health and non-health-related students, respectively ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current study demonstrated less oral health KAB in non-health-related students than in health-related students. Nonetheless, healthcare students provided erroneous information regarding oral health. Therefore, we urge the appropriate authorities to offer health and non-health-related students the best oral health promotion programmes and services, ...
Keywords	knowledge ; attitude ; behaviour ; students ; health ; non-health ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	796 ; 360
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A Prospective Study on Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Clinical Profile and Polysomnographic Variables

Geetha Kandasamy / Tahani Almeleebia

Journal of Personalized Medicine, Vol 13, Iss 919, p

2023 Volume 919

Abstract: Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurring episodes of pharyngeal collapse, which can partially or completely block airflow during sleep and cause cardiorespiratory and neurological imbalances. Therefore, the purpose of this ... ...

Abstract	Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurring episodes of pharyngeal collapse, which can partially or completely block airflow during sleep and cause cardiorespiratory and neurological imbalances. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess OSA and the relationship between AHI and polysomnographic characteristics in OSA patients. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted at the Department of Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine for two years. All 216 participants underwent polysomnography, and 175 of them were reported to have OSA (AHI ≥ 5), while 41 of them did not (AHI < 5). ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test were performed. Results: In terms of the study population’s average AHI, Group 1 had 1.69 ± 1.34, mild OSA had 11.79 ± 3.55, moderate OSA had 22.12 ± 4.34, and severe OSA was found to have 59.16 ± 22.15 events/hour. The study group’s average age was 53.77 ± 7.19 out of 175 OSA patients. According to AHI, the BMI for mild OSA was 31.66 ± 8.32 kg/m 2 , for moderate OSA, it was 30.52 ± 3.99 kg/m 2 , and for severe OSA, it was 34.35 ± 8.22 kg/m 2 . The average number of oxygen desaturation events and snoring duration were 25.20 ± 18.63 and 24.61 ± 28.53 min, respectively. BMI ( r = 0.249, p < 0.001), average oxygen saturation ( r = −0.387, p < 0.000), oxygen desaturation ( r = 0.661, p < 0.000), snoring time ( r = 0.231, p < 0.002), and the number of snores ( r = 0.383, p < 0.001) were the polysomnographic variables that showed significant correlations with AHI in the study group. Conclusions: In this study, a substantial prevalence of obesity and a high OSA frequency were found in men. Our research showed that individuals with obstructive sleep apnea experience nocturnal desaturations. Polysomnography is the primary test for early detection of this treatable condition.
Keywords	sleep apnea ; polysomnography ; apnea hypopnea index ; excessive daytime sleepiness ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Young Adults in Saudi Arabia

Dalia Almaghaslah / Abdulrhman Alsayari / Geetha Kandasamy / Rajalakshimi Vasudevan

Vaccines, Vol 9, Iss 330, p

A Cross-Sectional Web-Based Study

2021 Volume 330

Abstract: Ending the COVID-19 pandemic requires achieving herd immunity, either by previous infection or by vaccination. However, concerns about the COVID-19 vaccine are growing around the globe. The current study was conducted to investigate young the adult ... ...

Abstract	Ending the COVID-19 pandemic requires achieving herd immunity, either by previous infection or by vaccination. However, concerns about the COVID-19 vaccine are growing around the globe. The current study was conducted to investigate young the adult population’s hesitancy towards the vaccine. The study used a prospective cross-sectional design. Data was collected using an online self-administered questionnaire. A total of 862 Saudi adults participated. Information was gathered on the participants’ perspectives towards the severity and susceptibility of the COVID-19 infection, reasons for their hesitancy to receive the vaccine, perceived benefits, and reasons for action. Just under a quarter (19.6%) of respondents had previously tested positive for COVID-19. A small minority of the participants had already received the vaccine (2.1%), while 20.3% had registered in the Sehaty app (application) to receive the vaccine. Just under half of them (48%) will take the vaccine when mass vaccination is achieved and approximately the same number (46.7%) will only take it if it is made mandatory. Vaccine reluctance is highly prevalent among the general public in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. While many are aware of a high likelihood of getting the infection, the efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccine were reported as barriers to vaccination.
Keywords	vaccination hesitancy ; Saudi Arbia ; COVID-19 ; vaccine reluctance ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: “Value of 3D Stir Gated MRI Sequence in Cardiac and Chest Imaging with 3T MRI”

GEETHA KANDASAMY / S BABU PETER / R BHARATHI PRIYA

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp TC06-TC

Initial Experiences

2019 Volume 09

Abstract: Introduction: Cross-sectional imaging has been increasingly used in recent years for cardiac and chest evaluation as multiplanar imaging gives excellent image characterization. Multiplanar imaging with excellent soft tissue contrast without radiation ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Cross-sectional imaging has been increasingly used in recent years for cardiac and chest evaluation as multiplanar imaging gives excellent image characterization. Multiplanar imaging with excellent soft tissue contrast without radiation risks in MRI signifies its major role in cardiac and chest imaging. Aim: To evaluate the value of 3-Dimensional T2-Weighted Short Inversion Time Inversion Recovery (3D-T2-STIR) gated sequence in cardiac and chest MR imaging. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in which 41 adult patients who came for chest and cardiac MRI were included. All our patients were imaged on a 3-T clinical scanner and obtained T2-weighted SPACE STIR gated sequence in addition to routine sequences. The image qualities of 3D-T2-SPACE STIR sequences were compared with routine MRI sequences and were scored by two experienced radiologist in blinded fashion as good, fair and poor. Scan time consumption of 3D-T2-SPACE STIR sequences and routine MRI sequences were also done. Results: A 3D T2 SPACE STIR sequences demonstrated comparable image quality in all patients. The level of agreement between the two radiologists on the image qualities of 3DT2-SPACE STIR sequences was excellent. In patients with renal failure and pregnant patients where contrast studies and CT is contraindicated 3D SPACE STIR T2 imaging adds value in diagnosing pulmonary thromboembolism, congenital heart disease, bronchiectasis and consolidation with very less sequence acquisition time, ranging from 1 to 3 minutes. Conclusion: A 3D SPACE STIR MRI sequence is a useful adjunct in cardiac and chest imaging especially in renal failure and pregnant patients where contrast is contraindicated and also time conserving in these patients.
Keywords	3-dimensional ; cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ; chest magnetic resonance imaging ; short-tau inversion recovery ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: An evaluation of knee osteoarthritis pain in the general community-Asir region, Saudi Arabia.

Geetha Kandasamy / Dalia Almaghaslah / Mona Almanasef / Tahani Almeleebia / Rajalakshimi Vasudevan / Ayesha Siddiqua / Eman Shorog / Asma M Alshahrani / Kousalya Prabahar / Vinoth Prabhu Veeramani / Palanisamy Amirthalingam / Saleh F Alqifari / Vasudevan Mani / Lingala Kalyan Viswanath Reddy

PLoS ONE, Vol 19, Iss 1, p e

2024 Volume 0296313

Abstract: Background Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most common conditions resulting in disability, particularly in the elderly population. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular disease and the leading cause of chronic disability in the ... ...

Abstract	Background Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most common conditions resulting in disability, particularly in the elderly population. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular disease and the leading cause of chronic disability in the developed world. Objective This study was carried out to evaluate knee pain in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. An analytical cross-sectional survey design was adopted in the Asir region from April 2023 to August 2023 to assess the knee pain of the adult population using an anonymous online questionnaire. Results Of 1234, 332 were men (26.90) and 902 were women (73.09). WOMAC index score category 55.34% (n = 683) of the subjects had a low risk (score <60), 28.68% (n = 354) had a moderate risk (score 60-80), and 15.96% (n = 197) had a high risk (score ≥81) for KOA. According to clinical criteria, 79.33% (n = 979) of the study subjects had OA. Age group, gender 2.17 (1. 67-2.82) [OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.67-2.82), family history of OA [OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.37-0.62], diabetes [OR 2.78; 95% CI 2.17-3.56], hypertension [OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.26-0.45] were significantly associated with the percentage of the WOMAC index score using the Chi-square test analysis (P<0.05). Therefore, the WOMAC index showed higher diagnostic precision with a statistically significant association [OR 9.31 CI 6.90-12.81] with a P< 0.0001. Conclusion KOA is more common in older, obese people who have reached the age of 50 in the Asir region, and it is more prevalent in women. Alarms the need for appropriate awareness programs for better disease prevention and health outcomes for the benefit of the community through general public health programs.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: An evaluation of knee osteoarthritis pain in the general community—Asir region, Saudi Arabia

Geetha Kandasamy / Dalia Almaghaslah / Mona Almanasef / Tahani Almeleebia / Rajalakshimi Vasudevan / Ayesha Siddiqua / Eman Shorog / Asma M. Alshahrani / Kousalya Prabahar / Vinoth Prabhu Veeramani / Palanisamy Amirthalingam / Saleh F. Alqifari / Vasudevan Mani / Lingala Kalyan Viswanath Reddy

PLoS ONE, Vol 19, Iss

2024 Volume 1

Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Potentials of the Chewing Stick, Salvadora persica

Rajalakshimi Vasudevan / Geetha Kandasamy / Afaf Aldahish / Mona Almanasef / Moteb Khobrani / Eman Shorog / Kousalya Prabahar / Enas Mohammed Alsawaq / Shadma Wahab / M. Yasmin Begum / Premalatha Paulsamy

Journal of Tropical Medicine, Vol

2023 Volume 2023

Abstract: Purpose and Objectives. The quest for psychoactive plants possessing therapeutic potential has evolved emerging interest. Salvadora persica (Sp), belonging to the Salvadoraceae family, known as miswak, is a medicinal plant; most of its published research ...

Abstract	Purpose and Objectives. The quest for psychoactive plants possessing therapeutic potential has evolved emerging interest. Salvadora persica (Sp), belonging to the Salvadoraceae family, known as miswak, is a medicinal plant; most of its published research is on oral health, with promising antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activity. However, given its widespread use, only few studies are associated with its potential neuropharmacological effect. Therefore, this study aims to assess the possible anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of Salvadora persica using animal models. Materials and Methods. Salvadora persica stem bark was extracted with two different solvents, i.e., ethyl acetate and water, and preliminary phytochemical screening was performed. Two behavioral models were used: an elevated plus maze test (EPM) and the light and dark model test for anxiolytic parameters, and a forced swim test (FST) for antidepressant effects. Healthy mice weighing 18−40 gms were treated orally in four groups (n = 6), i.e., negative control treated with normal saline and positive control with 1 mg/kg diazepam (EPM) and 30 mg/kg fluoxetine (FST), and the test groups were treated with 500 mg/kg of aqueous and ethyl acetate Sp extract. The number of entries and duration spent in the open arm for 5 minutes were the parameters for evaluating the anxiolytic activity (EPM). Duration of immobility was measured for 5 min in the FST model. Results. In EPM, both the Sp extracts significantly (p < 0.005) increased the number of entries and the time spent in the open arms and was much similar to those of diazepam. Similarly, these extracts and fluoxetine significantly (p < 0.005) decreased the immobility time in FST. Conclusion. The results suggest the therapeutic potential of Salvadora persica an alternative in the management of comorbid anxiety and depression.
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Hindawi Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Development and In Vitro Characterization of Antibiotic-Loaded Nanocarriers for Dental Delivery

Mohammed Ghazwani / Rajalakshimi Vasudevan / Geetha Kandasamy / Umme Hani / Gaddam Niharika / Manusri Naredla / Praveen Devanandan / Ranadheer Chowdary Puvvada / Abdulrahman A. Almehizia / Abdulrahim R. Hakami / Rajeshri Dhurke

Molecules, Vol 28, Iss 2914, p

2023 Volume 2914

Abstract: The aim of this research work was to formulate and evaluate ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-loaded nanocarriers for treating dental infections and bone regeneration. Periodontal infection is associated with inflammation, soft tissue destruction, and bone ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this research work was to formulate and evaluate ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-loaded nanocarriers for treating dental infections and bone regeneration. Periodontal infection is associated with inflammation, soft tissue destruction, and bone loss. The objective of the study was to extract β tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) from coral beach sand using the hydrothermal conversion method and load these nanocarriers with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. The developed drug-loaded nanocarriers were evaluated for various parameters. In vitro drug-loading studies showed the highest drug loading of 71% for F1 with a drug: carrier ratio compared to plain ciprofloxacin hydrochloride gel. β-TCP and nanocarriers were evaluated for powder characteristics and the results were found to have excellent and fair flowability. In vitro drug release studies conducted over a period of 5 days confirmed the percentage drug release of 96% at the end of 120 h. Nanocarriers were found to be effective against S. aureus and E. coli showing statistically significant antibacterial activity at (* p < 0.05) significant level as compared to plain ciprofloxacin hydrochloride gel. The particle size of β-TCP and nanocarriers was found to be 2 µm. Fourier transform infra-red studies showed good compatibility between the drug and the excipients. Differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed the amorphous nature of the nanocarriers as evident from the peak shift. It is obvious from the XRD studies that the phase intensity was reduced, which demonstrates a decrease in crystallinity. Nanocarriers released the drug in a controlled manner, hence may prove to be a better option to treat dental caries as compared to conventional treatments.
Keywords	nanocarriers ; β tricalcium phosphate ; periodontitis ; ciprofloxacin hydrochloride ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Study of Formulation and Process Variables for Optimization of Piroxicam Nanosuspension Using 3 2 Factorial Design to Improve Solubility and In Vitro Bioavailability

Yahya Alhamhoom / Sandip M. Honmane / Umme Hani / Riyaz Ali M. Osmani / Geetha Kandasamy / Rajalakshimi Vasudevan / Sharanya Paramshetti / Ravindra R. Dudhal / Namrata K. Kengar / Manoj S. Charde

Polymers, Vol 15, Iss 483, p

2023 Volume 483

Abstract: Piroxicam is a Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class II drug having poor aqueous solubility and a short half-life. The rationale behind the present research was to develop a Piroxicam nanosuspension to enhance the solubility and thereby the ...

Abstract	Piroxicam is a Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class II drug having poor aqueous solubility and a short half-life. The rationale behind the present research was to develop a Piroxicam nanosuspension to enhance the solubility and thereby the in vitro bioavailability of the drug. Piroxicam nanosuspension (PRX NS) was prepared by an anti-solvent precipitation technique and optimized using a full-factorial design. Herein, the nanosuspension was prepared using polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 ® and Poloxamer 188 ® as a stabilizer to improve the solubility and in vitro bioavailability of the drug. Nine formulations were prepared based on 3 2 full-factorial experimental designs to study the effect of the formulation variables such as concentration of poloxamer 188 (%) (X 1 ) and stirring speed (rpm) (X 2 ) as a process variable on the response of particle size (nm) and solubility (µg/mL). The prepared NS was characterized by phase solubility, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and percent drug release. DSC and XRPD analysis of freeze-dried NS formulation showed conversion of PRX into a less crystalline form. NS formulations showed a reduction in the size from 443 nm to 228 nm with −22.5 to −30.5 mV zeta potential and % drug entrapment of 89.76 ± 0.76. TEM analysis confirmed the size reduction at the nano level. The solubility was increased from 44 μg/mL to 87 μg/mL by altering the independent variables. The solubility of PRX NS in water was augmented by 14- to 15-fold (87.28 μg/mL) than pure PRX (6.6 μg/mL). The optimized formulation (NS9) at drug-to-stabilizer concentration exhibited a greater drug release of approximately 96.07% after 120 min as compared to the other NS formulations and pure PRX (36.78%). Thus, all these results revealed that the prepared NS formulations have improved the solubility and in vitro dissolution ...
Keywords	polymers ; nanosuspension ; solubility ; bioavailability ; anti-solvent precipitation ; in vitro drug dissolution ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Formulation of Intranasal Mucoadhesive Thermotriggered In Situ Gel Containing Mirtazapine as an Antidepressant Drug

Mohammed Ghazwani / Rajalakshimi Vasudevan / Geetha Kandasamy / Naredla. Manusri / Praveen Devanandan / Ranadheer Chowdary Puvvada / Vinoth Prabhu Veeramani / Premalatha Paulsamy / Krishnaraju Venkatesan / Kumarappan Chidmabaram / Rajeshri Dhurke

Gels, Vol 9, Iss 457, p

2023 Volume 457

Abstract: The purpose of the present work was to develop nanoemulsion-based formulations of mirtazapine for intranasal delivery using a spray actuator to target the brain for treating depression. Research on the solubility of medications in different oils, ... ...

Abstract	The purpose of the present work was to develop nanoemulsion-based formulations of mirtazapine for intranasal delivery using a spray actuator to target the brain for treating depression. Research on the solubility of medications in different oils, surfactants, co-surfactants, and solvents has been done. Using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, the various ratios of the surfactant and co-surfactant mix were computed. Thermotriggered nanoemulsion was formulated using different concentrations of poloxamer 407 (i.e., 15%, 15.5%, 16%, 16.5% up to 22%). Similarly, mucoadhesive nanoemulsion using 0.1% Carbopol and water-based plain nanoemulsions were also prepared for comparative assessment. The developed nanoemulsions were analyzed for physicochemical properties, i.e., physical appearance, pH, viscosity, and drug content. Drug-excipient incompatibility was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectral (FTIR) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In vitro drug diffusion studies were conducted for optimized formulations. Among the three formulations, RD1 showed the highest percentage of drug release. Ex vivo drug diffusion studies were conducted on freshly excised sheep nasal mucosa with Franz diffusion cell simulated nasal fluid (SNF) for all three formulations up to 6 h, and the thermotriggered nanoemulsion (RD1) showed 71.42% drug release with 42.64 nm particle size and a poly dispersity index of 0.354. The zeta potential was found to be −6.58. Based on the above data, it was concluded that thermotriggered nanoemulsion (RD1) has great potential to be used as an intranasal gel for treating depression in patients. It can offer great benefits by reducing dosing frequency and improving bioavailability of mirtazapine by direct nose-to-brain delivery.
Keywords	intranasal ; thermosensitive gels ; mirtazapine ; nose to brain delivery ; nanoemulsions ; antidepressant ; Science ; Q ; Chemistry ; QD1-999 ; Inorganic chemistry ; QD146-197 ; General. Including alchemy ; QD1-65
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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