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  1. Book ; Online: Bog bodies : Face to face with the past

    Giles, Melanie

    2020  

    Keywords Prehistoric archaeology ; Landscape archaeology ; Environmental archaeology ; Museology & heritage studies ; bogs ; bog bodies ; mummies ; preserved remains ; sacrifice ; offerings ; execution ; violence ; museums ; conservation
    Size 1 electronic resource (328 pages)
    Publisher Manchester University Press
    Publishing place Manchester
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note English ; Open Access
    HBZ-ID HT021027607
    Database ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  2. Article ; Online: Challenges in the real world use of classification accuracy metrics: From recall and precision to the Matthews correlation coefficient.

    Foody, Giles M

    PloS one

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) e0291908

    Abstract: The accuracy of a classification is fundamental to its interpretation, use and ultimately decision making. Unfortunately, the apparent accuracy assessed can differ greatly from the true accuracy. Mis-estimation of classification accuracy metrics and ... ...

    Abstract The accuracy of a classification is fundamental to its interpretation, use and ultimately decision making. Unfortunately, the apparent accuracy assessed can differ greatly from the true accuracy. Mis-estimation of classification accuracy metrics and associated mis-interpretations are often due to variations in prevalence and the use of an imperfect reference standard. The fundamental issues underlying the problems associated with variations in prevalence and reference standard quality are revisited here for binary classifications with particular attention focused on the use of the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). A key attribute claimed of the MCC is that a high value can only be attained when the classification performed well on both classes in a binary classification. However, it is shown here that the apparent magnitude of a set of popular accuracy metrics used in fields such as computer science medicine and environmental science (Recall, Precision, Specificity, Negative Predictive Value, J, F1, likelihood ratios and MCC) and one key attribute (prevalence) were all influenced greatly by variations in prevalence and use of an imperfect reference standard. Simulations using realistic values for data quality in applications such as remote sensing showed each metric varied over the range of possible prevalence and at differing levels of reference standard quality. The direction and magnitude of accuracy metric mis-estimation were a function of prevalence and the size and nature of the imperfections in the reference standard. It was evident that the apparent MCC could be substantially under- or over-estimated. Additionally, a high apparent MCC arose from an unquestionably poor classification. As with some other metrics of accuracy, the utility of the MCC may be overstated and apparent values need to be interpreted with caution. Apparent accuracy and prevalence values can be mis-leading and calls for the issues to be recognised and addressed should be heeded.
    MeSH term(s) Sensitivity and Specificity ; Predictive Value of Tests
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0291908
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Challenges in the real world use of classification accuracy metrics

    Giles M Foody

    PLoS ONE, Vol 18, Iss 10, p e

    From recall and precision to the Matthews correlation coefficient.

    2023  Volume 0291908

    Abstract: The accuracy of a classification is fundamental to its interpretation, use and ultimately decision making. Unfortunately, the apparent accuracy assessed can differ greatly from the true accuracy. Mis-estimation of classification accuracy metrics and ... ...

    Abstract The accuracy of a classification is fundamental to its interpretation, use and ultimately decision making. Unfortunately, the apparent accuracy assessed can differ greatly from the true accuracy. Mis-estimation of classification accuracy metrics and associated mis-interpretations are often due to variations in prevalence and the use of an imperfect reference standard. The fundamental issues underlying the problems associated with variations in prevalence and reference standard quality are revisited here for binary classifications with particular attention focused on the use of the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). A key attribute claimed of the MCC is that a high value can only be attained when the classification performed well on both classes in a binary classification. However, it is shown here that the apparent magnitude of a set of popular accuracy metrics used in fields such as computer science medicine and environmental science (Recall, Precision, Specificity, Negative Predictive Value, J, F1, likelihood ratios and MCC) and one key attribute (prevalence) were all influenced greatly by variations in prevalence and use of an imperfect reference standard. Simulations using realistic values for data quality in applications such as remote sensing showed each metric varied over the range of possible prevalence and at differing levels of reference standard quality. The direction and magnitude of accuracy metric mis-estimation were a function of prevalence and the size and nature of the imperfections in the reference standard. It was evident that the apparent MCC could be substantially under- or over-estimated. Additionally, a high apparent MCC arose from an unquestionably poor classification. As with some other metrics of accuracy, the utility of the MCC may be overstated and apparent values need to be interpreted with caution. Apparent accuracy and prevalence values can be mis-leading and calls for the issues to be recognised and addressed should be heeded.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 333 ; 006
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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  4. Article ; Online: Global and Local Assessment of Image Classification Quality on an Overall and Per-Class Basis without Ground Reference Data

    Giles M. Foody

    Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 5380, p

    2022  Volume 5380

    Abstract: Ground reference data are typically required to evaluate the quality of a supervised image classification analysis used to produce a thematic map from remotely sensed data. Acquiring a suitable ground data set for a rigorous assessment of classification ... ...

    Abstract Ground reference data are typically required to evaluate the quality of a supervised image classification analysis used to produce a thematic map from remotely sensed data. Acquiring a suitable ground data set for a rigorous assessment of classification quality can be a major challenge. An alternative approach to quality assessment is to use a model-based method such as can be achieved with a latent class analysis. Previous research has shown that the latter can provide estimates of class areal extent for a non-site specific accuracy assessment and yield estimates of producer’s accuracy which are commonly used in site-specific accuracy assessment. Here, the potential for quality assessment via a latent class analysis is extended to show that an estimate of a complete confusion matrix can be predicted which allows a suite of standard accuracy measures to be generated to indicate global quality on an overall and per-class basis. In addition, information on classification uncertainty may be used to illustrate classification quality on a per-pixel basis and hence provide local information to highlight spatial variations in classification quality. Classifications of imagery from airborne and satellite-borne sensors were used to illustrate the potential of the latent class analysis with results compared against those arising from the use of a conventional ground data set.
    Keywords supervised classification ; accuracy ; uncertainty ; ground data ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 006
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article: Systemic Treatment-Decision Algorithms in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Clinical Complexities and Navigating for Improved Outcomes.

    Giles, Megan / Crabb, Simon J

    Research and reports in urology

    2023  Volume 15, Page(s) 321–331

    Abstract: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer has poor prognosis. If organ confined, it is potentially curable; however, across all prognostic groups, approximately half of patients will relapse. For patients with advanced disease, the median overall survival remains ... ...

    Abstract Muscle-invasive bladder cancer has poor prognosis. If organ confined, it is potentially curable; however, across all prognostic groups, approximately half of patients will relapse. For patients with advanced disease, the median overall survival remains under two years. Systemic treatment options are centered on the use of platinum-based combination chemotherapy, with the choice of cisplatin- or carboplatin-based regimens determined on the basis of criteria including performance status and renal function. PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint-directed immunotherapy has been established for use in advanced disease with modest overall improvements in survival outcomes. Based on current data, optimal utilization appears to be a switch maintenance strategy on completion of chemotherapy. In the curative setting, cisplatin-based chemotherapy provides modest improvements in cure rates in those fit to receive it. Data on the use of adjuvant immunotherapy are currently contradictory, with disease-free survival demonstrated for adjuvant nivolumab, but not atezolizumab, and no overall survival benefit has yet been confirmed. The Nectin-4 directed antibody drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin is an established treatment option for patients previously treated with both chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The emerging therapeutic targets under evaluation include Trop-2 with sacituzumab govitecan, fibroblast growth factor receptors, HER2, and DNA repair deficiency in biomarker-selected patients. The development of properly validated predictive biomarkers has proven challenging for this disease and should be a central priority in the future development of treatment options. This review summarizes the available systemic treatment options in both palliative and curative disease settings, and highlights the available evidence and current limitations for making treatment recommendations.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2649530-2
    ISSN 2253-2447
    ISSN 2253-2447
    DOI 10.2147/RRU.S386549
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: The effects of extreme heat on human health in tropical Africa.

    Kunda, Joshua Jonah / Gosling, Simon N / Foody, Giles M

    International journal of biometeorology

    2024  

    Abstract: This review examines high-quality research evidence that synthesises the effects of extreme heat on human health in tropical Africa. Web of Science (WoS) was used to identify research articles on the effects extreme heat, humidity, Wet-bulb Globe ... ...

    Abstract This review examines high-quality research evidence that synthesises the effects of extreme heat on human health in tropical Africa. Web of Science (WoS) was used to identify research articles on the effects extreme heat, humidity, Wet-bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), apparent temperature, wind, Heat Index, Humidex, Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), heatwave, high temperature and hot climate on human health, human comfort, heat stress, heat rashes, and heat-related morbidity and mortality. A total of 5, 735 articles were initially identified, which were reduced to 100 based on a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review discovered that temperatures up to 60°C have been recorded in the region and that extreme heat has many adverse effects on human health, such as worsening mental health in low-income adults, increasing the likelihood of miscarriage, and adverse effects on well-being and safety, psychological behaviour, efficiency, and social comfort of outdoor workers who spend long hours performing manual labour. Extreme heat raises the risk of death from heat-related disease, necessitating preventative measures such as adaptation methods to mitigate the adverse effects on vulnerable populations during hot weather. This study highlights the social inequalities in heat exposure and adverse health outcomes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 280324-0
    ISSN 1432-1254 ; 0020-7128
    ISSN (online) 1432-1254
    ISSN 0020-7128
    DOI 10.1007/s00484-024-02650-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 998: Show issues Location:
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
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  7. Article: Impacts of ignorance on the accuracy of image classification and thematic mapping

    Foody, Giles M

    Remote sensing of environment. 2021 June 15, v. 259

    2021  

    Abstract: Thematic maps are often derived from remotely sensed imagery via a supervised image classification analysis. The training and testing stages of a supervised image classification may proceed ignorant of the presence of some classes in the region to be ... ...

    Abstract Thematic maps are often derived from remotely sensed imagery via a supervised image classification analysis. The training and testing stages of a supervised image classification may proceed ignorant of the presence of some classes in the region to be mapped. This violates the assumption of an exhaustively defined set of classes that is often made in classification analyses. In such circumstances, the overall accuracy of a thematic map produced by the application of a trained classifier will be less than the accuracy of the classification of the test set by the same classifier. This situation arises because the cases of an untrained class can normally only be commissioned into the set of trained classes. Simple mathematical relationships between classification and map accuracy are shown for assessments of overall, user's and producer's accuracy. For example, it is shown that in a simple scenario the accuracy of a thematic map is less than that of a classification, scaling as a function of the abundance of the untrained class(es). Impacts on other estimates made from thematic maps, such as class areal extent, are also briefly discussed. When using a thematic map, care is needed in interpreting and using classification accuracy assessments as sometimes they may not reflect properties of the map well.
    Keywords environment ; image analysis ; remote sensing ; thematic maps
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-0615
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 431483-9
    ISSN 0034-4257
    ISSN 0034-4257
    DOI 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112367
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  8. Article: Explaining the unsuitability of the kappa coefficient in the assessment and comparison of the accuracy of thematic maps obtained by image classification

    Foody, Giles M

    Remote sensing of environment. 2020 Mar. 15, v. 239

    2020  

    Abstract: The kappa coefficient is not an index of accuracy, indeed it is not an index of overall agreement but one of agreement beyond chance. Chance agreement is, however, irrelevant in an accuracy assessment and is anyway inappropriately modelled in the ... ...

    Abstract The kappa coefficient is not an index of accuracy, indeed it is not an index of overall agreement but one of agreement beyond chance. Chance agreement is, however, irrelevant in an accuracy assessment and is anyway inappropriately modelled in the calculation of a kappa coefficient for typical remote sensing applications. The magnitude of a kappa coefficient is also difficult to interpret. Values that span the full range of widely used interpretation scales, indicating a level of agreement that equates to that estimated to arise from chance alone all the way through to almost perfect agreement, can be obtained from classifications that satisfy demanding accuracy targets (e.g. for a classification with overall accuracy of 95% the range of possible values of the kappa coefficient is −0.026 to 0.900). Comparisons of kappa coefficients are particularly challenging if the classes vary in their abundance (i.e. prevalence) as the magnitude of a kappa coefficient reflects not only agreement in labelling but also properties of the populations under study. It is shown that all of the arguments put forward for the use of the kappa coefficient in accuracy assessment are flawed and/or irrelevant as they apply equally to other, sometimes easier to calculate, measures of accuracy. Calls for the kappa coefficient to be abandoned from accuracy assessments should finally be heeded and researchers are encouraged to provide a set of simple measures and associated outputs such as estimates of per-class accuracy and the confusion matrix when assessing and comparing classification accuracy.
    Keywords image analysis ; mathematics ; remote sensing ; thematic maps
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-0315
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 431483-9
    ISSN 0034-4257
    ISSN 0034-4257
    DOI 10.1016/j.rse.2019.111630
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  9. Article ; Online: Effectiveness of HealthTracker for post-caesarean section surgical site infection surveillance: An intervention study.

    Ohr, Se Ok / Ball, Jean / Teber, Erdahl / Ferguson, John K / Petherbridge, Rachael / Giles, Michelle

    Nursing & health sciences

    2024  Volume 26, Issue 1, Page(s) e13108

    Abstract: This intervention study aimed to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of HealthTracker, a post-discharge surgical site infection surveillance system. Participants were 730 women birthing by caesarean section at a large hospital over a 6-month period. ...

    Abstract This intervention study aimed to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of HealthTracker, a post-discharge surgical site infection surveillance system. Participants were 730 women birthing by caesarean section at a large hospital over a 6-month period. Data were downloaded from clinical data systems and HealthTracker. Receiver operating characteristics were used to assess HealthTracker. Over a 6-month period, 382 women completed HealthTracker, with 83 scoring ≥6, indicating signs and symptoms of surgical site infection. Of this 83, 58 sought advice from health professionals, 29 returned to hospital, and 45 received antibiotics. A total of 20 infections from a total population of 730 were confirmed, with 14 out of 382 respondents confirmed via HealthTracker. Receiver operating characteristics identified HealthTracker as an excellent indicator of surgical site infection. HealthTracker is a feasible mHealth option for monitoring post-discharge surgical site infection post-caesarean section. In addition, by providing alerts, advising women to monitor their symptoms and seek treatment if necessary, HealthTracker has the potential to enhance self-efficacy for surgical wound monitoring at home.
    MeSH term(s) Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Surgical Wound Infection/etiology ; Surgical Wound Infection/diagnosis ; Surgical Wound Infection/epidemiology ; Cesarean Section/adverse effects ; Aftercare ; Patient Discharge ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-13
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2213282-X
    ISSN 1442-2018 ; 1441-0745
    ISSN (online) 1442-2018
    ISSN 1441-0745
    DOI 10.1111/nhs.13108
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    Zs.A 6245: Show issues Location:
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  10. Article ; Online: The pregnant traveller: An overview of general travel advice.

    Fernando, Melinda / L Giles, Michelle / Krishnaswamy, Sushena / Cole, Stephen

    The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology

    2023  Volume 63, Issue 5, Page(s) 638–642

    Abstract: Travel during pregnancy is common, but is associated with a number of risks and potential problems. There are many pregnancy-specific and destination-specific issues to be considered along with issues related to method of transport. Travel experiences ... ...

    Abstract Travel during pregnancy is common, but is associated with a number of risks and potential problems. There are many pregnancy-specific and destination-specific issues to be considered along with issues related to method of transport. Travel experiences should be made as safe as possible through evidence-based counselling via pregnancy healthcare providers prior to travel. This travelling in pregnancy article has been created to facilitate pregnancy healthcare providers in having these pre-travel discussions to optimise maternal and fetal wellbeing.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Fetus ; Prenatal Care ; Travel ; Vaccination
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-02
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 390815-x
    ISSN 1479-828X ; 0004-8666
    ISSN (online) 1479-828X
    ISSN 0004-8666
    DOI 10.1111/ajo.13686
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