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Article: Improved Regional Scale Dynamic Evapotranspiration Estimation Under Changing Vegetation and Climate

Giles‐Hansen, Krysta / Wei, Xiaohua

Water resources research. 2021 Aug., v. 57, no. 8

2021

Abstract: Vegetation change can significantly alter evapotranspiration (ET), an important component of the terrestrial water balance, and consequently influences other hydrological processes. With no direct measurement techniques available at large spatial scales, ...

Abstract	Vegetation change can significantly alter evapotranspiration (ET), an important component of the terrestrial water balance, and consequently influences other hydrological processes. With no direct measurement techniques available at large spatial scales, the accurate estimation of ET under changing forest landscapes and climate is challenging. In this study, we used an improved method based on Fuh's equation (a functional form of the Budyko framework) to investigate ET responses to cumulative forest disturbance and climate in the snow‐dominated interior of British Columbia, Canada. First, we divided the study region into three distinct climate groups, and then related the watershed parameter m in Fuh's equation to vegetation change (represented by cumulative equivalent clearcut area (CECA)) and watershed properties, with independent calibration and validation watersheds. The validated relationships were used to examine regional ET variations (∼380,000 km²). Our results showed that ET in moderate climates had the highest sensitivity to CECA, characterized by wetness index between 1 and 2 (the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration). ET in dry climates (wetness index <1) was also significantly related to CECA, but with reduced sensitivity compared to the moderate climates. Wetter climates (wetness index >2) did not show a significant relationship with CECA, suggesting an insensitivity of ET to forest change. Simulations under future climate and vegetation disturbance scenarios demonstrated that ET would be further decreased in most of the study region. Forest management should consider reducing disturbance in the dry to moderate climate areas to mitigate negative impacts on hydrological processes and functions.
Keywords	clearcutting ; equations ; evapotranspiration ; forest damage ; forest management ; forests ; research ; water ; watersheds ; British Columbia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-08
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	5564-5
ISSN	1944-7973 ; 0043-1397
ISSN (online)	1944-7973
ISSN	0043-1397
DOI	10.1029/2021WR029832
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Dramatic increase in water use efficiency with cumulative forest disturbance at the large forested watershed scale.

Giles-Hansen, Krysta / Wei, Xiaohua / Hou, Yiping

Carbon balance and management

2021 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 6

Abstract: Background: Forest disturbance induced changes in the coupling of forest carbon and water have important implications for ecosystem functioning and sustainable forest management. However, this is rarely investigated at the large watershed scale with ... ...

Abstract	Background: Forest disturbance induced changes in the coupling of forest carbon and water have important implications for ecosystem functioning and sustainable forest management. However, this is rarely investigated at the large watershed scale with cumulative forest disturbance. We used a combination of techniques including modeling, statistical analysis, and machine learning to investigate the effects of cumulative forest disturbance on water use efficiency (WUE, a proxy for carbon and water coupling) in the 19,200 km Results: Surprisingly, with the dramatic forest disturbance increase from 2000 to 2016 which was mainly due to MPB, watershed-level carbon stocks and sequestration showed an insignificant reduction. This resilience was mainly due to landscape-level carbon dynamics that saw a balance between a variety of disturbance rates and types, an accumulation of older stand types, and fast growing young regenerated forests. Watershed-level carbon sequestration capacity was sustained, measured by Net Primary Production (NPP). A concurrent significant decrease in annual evapotranspiration (ET), led to a 19% increase in WUE (defined as the ratio of NPP to ET), which is contrary to common findings after disturbance at the forest stand-level. During this period of high disturbance, ET was the dominant driver of the WUE increase. Conclusions: We conclude that disturbance-driven forest dynamics and the appropriate scale must be considered when investigating carbon and water relationship. In contrast to the stand-level trade-off relationship between carbon and water, forested watersheds may be managed to maintain timber, carbon and water resources across large landscapes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1750-0680
ISSN	1750-0680
DOI	10.1186/s13021-021-00169-4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Cumulative forest disturbances decrease runoff in two boreal forested watersheds of the northern interior of British Columbia, Canada

Hou, Yiping / Wei, Xiaohua / Vore, Margot / Déry, Stephen J. / Pypker, Tom / Giles-Hansen, Krysta

Journal of hydrology. 2022 Feb., v. 605

2022

Abstract: In relatively large, forested watersheds, different types of forest disturbances such as timber harvesting, wildfire, and insect infestation often cumulatively and interactively affect runoff. There is a general lack of studies examining cumulative ... ...

Abstract	In relatively large, forested watersheds, different types of forest disturbances such as timber harvesting, wildfire, and insect infestation often cumulatively and interactively affect runoff. There is a general lack of studies examining cumulative hydrological impacts caused by different types of forest disturbance, particularly in boreal forested watersheds. In this study, we evaluated the impacts of cumulative forest disturbances (timber harvesting, mountain pine beetle (MPB) infestation, and wildfire) on annual runoff in two large, forested watersheds situated in the boreal northern interior of British Columbia (BC), Canada. The study period was divided into the reference period of 1981 to 2003 and the disturbance period of 2004 to 2018. Time series analysis (cross-correlation) was used to determine the statistical relationship between cumulative forest disturbances and annual runoff, while two quantification methods including the modified double mass curve (MDMC) and a sensitivity-based technique were applied to separate the effects of cumulative forest disturbances and climate variability to annual runoff. Surprisingly, our results contradict the well-accepted conclusion that annual runoff increases with forest disturbances. We found that cumulative forest disturbances overall decreased annual runoff in the study watersheds, with varied reductions depending on severities of dominated disturbance types and post-disturbance forest dynamics. Our results also revealed that both cumulative forest disturbance and climate variability played an additive role in decreasing annual runoff during the entire disturbance period. These results provide valuable implications for supporting water management in boreal forested watersheds in the context of the warming climate.
Keywords	Dendroctonus ponderosae ; climate ; forest damage ; forest dynamics ; forests ; insect infestations ; runoff ; time series analysis ; water management ; wildfires ; British Columbia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-02
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1473173-3
ISSN	1879-2707 ; 0022-1694
ISSN (online)	1879-2707
ISSN	0022-1694
DOI	10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127362
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The forest mitigation-adaptation nexus: Economic benefits of novel planting regimes

Dymond, Caren Christine / Giles-Hansen, Krysta / Asante, Patrick

Forest policy and economics. 2020 Apr., v. 113

2020

Abstract: Previous studies have examined the economic trade-offs of climate change mitigation in forestry. However, most have not explicitly accounted for the impact of climate change on productivity or the value of carbon sequestration when considering the higher ...

Abstract	Previous studies have examined the economic trade-offs of climate change mitigation in forestry. However, most have not explicitly accounted for the impact of climate change on productivity or the value of carbon sequestration when considering the higher costs of adaptive planting. Here we build on previous studies from north-western Canada, using the Woodstock optimization model to assess the economic trade-offs of the standard and two adaptive planting regimes under historical climate and a severe climate change scenario. We considered planting and harvesting costs and revenue from timber and carbon sequestration over 100 years. The analyses were done at a forest level using a continuous production process to identify the best combination of stand-level management to achieve multiple objectives, because that is consistent with strategic decision-making on public land in North America. Our results showed there are potential negative risks from climate change to: harvest volumes, net present value, growing stock, and ecosystem carbon sinks. Despite increased regeneration costs, we found some risk mitigation through adaptive planting, with the greatest benefits through diversification which had higher net present value, growing stock and ecosystem carbon than historic climate with standard stocking. This was a result of planting more valuable species, higher growth rates in mixed stands, and adaption of novel species to new climates. Adaptation through novel planting regimes is a cost-effective forest management strategy that can potentially offset some negative impacts of climate change.
Keywords	carbon ; carbon sequestration ; carbon sinks ; climate ; climate change ; cost effectiveness ; decision making ; ecosystems ; financial economics ; forest management ; forests ; harvesting ; income ; mixed stands ; models ; planting ; public lands ; risk ; risk reduction ; Canada
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-04
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	1389-9341
DOI	10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102124
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The Cumulative Effects of Forest Disturbance and Climate Variability on Streamflow in the Deadman River Watershed

Giles-Hansen, Krysta / Li, Qiang / Wei, Xiaohua

Forests. 2019 Feb. 22, v. 10, no. 2

2019

Abstract: Climatic variability and cumulative forest cover change are the two dominant factors affecting hydrological variability in forested watersheds. Separating the relative effects of each factor on streamflow is gaining increasing attention. This study adds ... ...

Abstract	Climatic variability and cumulative forest cover change are the two dominant factors affecting hydrological variability in forested watersheds. Separating the relative effects of each factor on streamflow is gaining increasing attention. This study adds to the body of literature by quantifying the relative contributions of those two drivers to the changes in annual mean flow, low flow, and high flow in a large forested snow dominated watershed, the Deadman River watershed (878 km2) in the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. Over the study period of 1962 to 2012, the cumulative effects of forest disturbance significantly affected the annual mean streamflow. The effects became statistically significant in 1989 at the cumulative forest disturbance level of 12.4% of the watershed area. The modified double mass curve and sensitivity-based methods consistently revealed that forest disturbance and climate variability both increased annual mean streamflow during the disturbance period (1989–2012), with an average increment of 14 mm and 6 mm, respectively. The paired-year approach was used to further investigate the relative contributions to low and high flows. Our analysis showed that low and high flow increased significantly by 19% and 58%, respectively over the disturbance period (p < 0.05). We conclude that forest disturbance and climate variability have significantly increased annual mean flow, low flow and high flow over the last 50 years in a cumulative and additive manner in the Deadman River watershed.
Keywords	climate ; forest damage ; forested watersheds ; forests ; rivers ; snow ; stream flow ; British Columbia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0222
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2527081-3
ISSN	1999-4907
ISSN	1999-4907
DOI	10.3390/f10020196
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Forest harvesting and hydrology in boreal Forests: Under an increased and cumulative disturbance context

Wei, Xiaohua / Giles-Hansen, Krysta / Spencer, Sheena A. / Ge, Xiaowen / Onuchin, Alexander / Li, Qiang / Burenina, Tamara / Ilintsev, Aleksey / Hou, Yiping

Forest Ecology and Management. 2022 Oct., v. 522 p.120468-

2022

Abstract: Boreal forests cover about one-third of the global forested area and are under rapid alteration due to increased natural and human-induced forest disturbance, which have important impacts on forest carbon cycling, hydrology, biodiversity, and many other ... ...

Abstract	Boreal forests cover about one-third of the global forested area and are under rapid alteration due to increased natural and human-induced forest disturbance, which have important impacts on forest carbon cycling, hydrology, biodiversity, and many other ecological characteristics, processes, and functions. In this review, we focus on how forest harvesting affects hydrological processes in boreal forests within the context of increased and cumulative forest disturbance across various spatial scales. At the stand level, harvesting affects snow processes (i.e., snow interception, snow water equivalent, ablation, and snowmelt), decreases evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE), and has negative impacts on soil dynamics (i.e., infiltration and soil moisture). These hydrological changes at the stand level can be counteractive or additive, cumulatively leading to more varied effects at larger spatial scales. In small watersheds, spring freshets (or high flows) are consistently increased following harvesting, while annual streamflow is often increased but some contradictory results are found in Siberia, Russia. These varied responses are likely dependent upon differences in energy budgets, climate, post-disturbance vegetation trajectories, and their dynamic interactions over space and time. For larger watersheds and regions, cumulative forest disturbance interacts with climate, leading to more complicated and varied hydrological responses. Forest management implications and future research topics are also suggested.
Keywords	Siberia ; administrative management ; biodiversity ; carbon ; climate ; energy ; evapotranspiration ; forest damage ; forest ecology ; forest management ; forests ; snow ; snowmelt ; soil water ; space and time ; spring ; stream flow ; water use efficiency ; Boreal Forests ; Forest Harvesting ; Cumulative Forest Disturbance ; Hydrological Effects ; Stand Level ; Small Watersheds ; Large Watersheds
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-10
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120468
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Book ; Online: Topography significantly influencing low flows in snow-dominated watersheds

Li, Qiang / Wei, Xiaohua / Yang, Xin / Giles-Hansen, Krysta / Zhang, Mingfang / Liu, Wenfei

eISSN: 1607-7938

2019

Abstract: Watershed topography plays an important role in determining the spatial heterogeneity of ecological, geomorphological, and hydrological processes. Few studies have quantified the role of topography in various flow variables. In this study, 28 watersheds ... ...

Abstract	Watershed topography plays an important role in determining the spatial heterogeneity of ecological, geomorphological, and hydrological processes. Few studies have quantified the role of topography in various flow variables. In this study, 28 watersheds with snow-dominated hydrological regimes were selected with daily flow records from 1989 to 1996. These watersheds are located in the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada, and range in size from 2.6 to 1780 km 2 . For each watershed, 22 topographic indices (TIs) were derived, including those commonly used in hydrology and other environmental fields. Flow variables include annual mean flow ( Q mean ) , Q 10 % , Q 25 % , Q 50 % , Q 75 % , Q 90 % , and annual minimum flow ( Q min ) , where Q x % is defined as the daily flow that occurred each year at a given percentage ( x ). Factor analysis (FA) was first adopted to exclude some redundant or repetitive TIs. Then, multiple linear regression models were employed to quantify the relative contributions of TIs to each flow variable in each year. Our results show that topography plays a more important role in low flows (flow magnitudes ≤ Q 75 % ) than high flows. However, the effects of TIs on different flow magnitudes are not consistent. Our analysis also determined five significant TIs: perimeter, slope length factor, surface area, openness, and terrain characterization index. These can be used to compare watersheds when low flow assessments are conducted, specifically in snow-dominated regions with the watershed size less than several thousand square kilometres.
Subject code	333 ; 511
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-15
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Topography significantly influencing low flows in snow-dominated watersheds

Li, Qiang / Wei, Xiaohua / Yang, Xin / Giles-Hansen, Krysta / Zhang, Mingfang / Liu, Wenfei

eISSN: 1607-7938

2017

Abstract: Watershed topography plays an important role in determining the spatial heterogeneity of ecological, geomorphological, and hydrological processes. Few studies have quantified the role of topography on various flow variables. In this study, 28 watersheds ... ...

Abstract	Watershed topography plays an important role in determining the spatial heterogeneity of ecological, geomorphological, and hydrological processes. Few studies have quantified the role of topography on various flow variables. In this study, 28 watersheds with snow-dominated hydrological regimes were selected with daily flow records from 1989 to 1996. The watersheds are located in the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada and range in size from 2.6 to 1,780 km 2 . For each watershed, 22 topographic indices (TIs) were derived, including those commonly used in hydrology and other environmental fields. Flow variables include annual mean flow (Q mean ), Q 10% , Q 25% , Q 50% , Q 75% , Q 90% , and annual minimum flow (Q min ), where Q x% is defined as flows that at the percentage (x) occurred in any given year. Factor analysis (FA) was first adopted to exclude some redundant or repetitive TIs. Then, stepwise regression models were employed to quantify the relative contributions of TIs to each flow variable in each year. Our results show that topography plays a more important role in low flows than high flows. However, the effects of TIs on flow variables are not consistent. Our analysis also determines five significant TIs including perimeter, surface area, openness, terrain characterization index, and slope length factor, which can be used to compare watersheds when low flow assessments are conducted, especially in snow-dominated regions.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10-10
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Vegetation cover-another dominant factor in determining global water resources in forested regions.

Wei, Xiaohua / Li, Qiang / Zhang, Mingfang / Giles-Hansen, Krysta / Liu, Wenfei / Fan, Houbao / Wang, Yi / Zhou, Guoyi / Piao, Shilong / Liu, Shirong

Global change biology

2017 Volume 24, Issue 2, Page(s) 786–795

Abstract: Forested catchments provide critically important water resources. Due to dramatic global forest change over the past decades, the importance of including forest or vegetation change in the assessment of water resources under climate change has been ... ...

Abstract	Forested catchments provide critically important water resources. Due to dramatic global forest change over the past decades, the importance of including forest or vegetation change in the assessment of water resources under climate change has been highly recognized by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); however, this importance has not yet been examined quantitatively across the globe. Here, we used four remote sensing-based indices to represent changes in vegetation cover in forest-dominated regions, and then applied them to widely used models: the Fuh model and the Choudhury-Yang model to assess relative contributions of vegetation and climate change to annual runoff variations from 2000 to 2011 in forested landscape (forest coverage >30%) across the globe. Our simulations show that the global average variation in annual runoff due to change in vegetation cover is 30.7% ± 22.5% with the rest attributed to climate change. Large annual runoff variation in response to vegetation change is found in tropical and boreal forests due to greater forest losses. Our simulations also demonstrate both offsetting and additive effects of vegetation cover and climate in determining water resource change. We conclude that vegetation cover change must be included in any global models for assessing global water resource change under climate change in forest-dominant areas.
MeSH term(s)	Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forests ; Taiga ; Water Resources
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.13983
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Hydrological recovery in two large forested watersheds of southeastern China

Liu, Wenfei / Wei, Xiaohua / Li, Qiang / Fan, Houbao / Duan, Honglang / Wu, Jianping / Giles-Hansen, Krysta / Zhang, Hao

eISSN: 1607-7938

the importance of watershed properties in determining hydrological responses to reforestation

2016

Abstract: Understanding hydrological responses to reforestation is an important subject in watershed management, particularly in large forested watersheds ( > 1000 km 2 ). In this study, we selected two large forested watersheds (Pingjiang and Xiangshui) located ... ...

Abstract	Understanding hydrological responses to reforestation is an important subject in watershed management, particularly in large forested watersheds ( > 1000 km 2 ). In this study, we selected two large forested watersheds (Pingjiang and Xiangshui) located in the upper reach of the Poyang Lake watershed, southeastern China (with an area of 3261.4 and 1458 km 2 , respectively), along with long-term data on climate and hydrology (1954–2006) to assess the effects of large-scale reforestation on streamflow. Both watersheds have similar climate and experienced comparable and dramatic forest changes during the past decades, but with different watershed properties (e.g., the topography is much steeper in Xiangshui than in Pingjiang), which provides us with a unique opportunity to compare the differences in hydrological recovery in two contrasted watersheds. Streamflow at different percentiles (e.g., 5, 10, 50 and 95 %) were compared using a combination of statistical analysis with a year-wise method for each watershed. The results showed that forest recovery had no significant effects on median flows ( Q 50<mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/> % ) in both watersheds. However, reforestation significantly reduced high flows in Pingjiang, but had limited influence in Xiangshui. Similarly, reforestation had significant and positive effects on low flows ( Q 95<mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/> % ) in Pingjiang, while it did not significantly change low flows in Xiangshui. Thus, hydrological recovery is limited and slower in the steeper Xiangshui watershed, highlighting that watershed properties are also important for determining hydrological responses to reforestation. This finding has important implications for designing reforestation and watershed management strategies in the context of hydrological recovery.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-01
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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