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  1. Article: Mutational basis of serum cross-neutralization profiles elicited by infection or vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 variants.

    Wagh, Kshitij / Shen, Xiaoying / Theiler, James / Girard, Bethany / Marshall, Jean-Claude / Montefiori, David C / Korber, Bette

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: A series of SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged during the pandemic under selection for neutralization resistance. Convalescent and vaccinated sera show consistently different cross-neutralization profiles depending on infecting or vaccine variants. To ... ...

    Abstract A series of SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged during the pandemic under selection for neutralization resistance. Convalescent and vaccinated sera show consistently different cross-neutralization profiles depending on infecting or vaccine variants. To understand the basis of this heterogeneity, we modeled serum cross-neutralization titers for 165 sera after infection or vaccination with historically prominent lineages tested against 18 variant pseudoviruses. Cross-neutralization profiles were well captured by models incorporating autologous neutralizing titers and combinations of specific shared and differing mutations between the infecting/vaccine variants and pseudoviruses. Infecting/vaccine variant-specific models identified mutations that significantly impacted cross-neutralization and quantified their relative contributions. Unified models that explained cross-neutralization profiles across all infecting and vaccine variants provided accurate predictions of holdout neutralization data comprising untested variants as infecting or vaccine variants, and as test pseudoviruses. Finally, comparative modeling of 2-dose versus 3-dose mRNA-1273 vaccine data revealed that the third dose overcame key resistance mutations to improve neutralization breadth.
    Highlights: Modeled SARS-CoV-2 cross-neutralization using mutations at key sitesIdentified resistance mutations and quantified relative impactAccurately predicted holdout variant and convalescent/vaccine sera neutralizationShowed that the third dose of mRNA-1273 vaccination overcomes resistance mutations.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.08.13.553144
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Safety and Immunogenicity of an mRNA-Based hMPV/PIV3 Combination Vaccine in Seropositive Children.

    Schnyder Ghamloush, Sabine / Essink, Brandon / Hu, Bo / Kalidindi, Shiva / Morsy, Louie / Egwuenu-Dumbuya, Chioma / Kapoor, Archana / Girard, Bethany / Dhar, Rakesh / Lackey, Rebecca / Snape, Matthew D / Shaw, Christine A

    Pediatrics

    2024  

    Abstract: Objectives: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) are common respiratory illnesses in children. The safety and immunogenicity of an investigational mRNA-based vaccine, mRNA-1653, encoding membrane-anchored fusion proteins of ...

    Abstract Objectives: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) are common respiratory illnesses in children. The safety and immunogenicity of an investigational mRNA-based vaccine, mRNA-1653, encoding membrane-anchored fusion proteins of hMPV and PIV3, was evaluated in hMPV/PIV3-seropositive children.
    Methods: In this phase 1b randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study, hMPV/PIV3-seropositive children were enrolled sequentially into 2 dose levels of mRNA-1653 administered 2 months apart; children aged 12 to 36 months were randomized (1:1) to receive 10-μg of mRNA-1653 or placebo and children aged 12 to 59 months were randomized (3:1) to receive 30-μg of mRNA-1653 or placebo.
    Results: Overall, 27 participants aged 18 to 55 months were randomized; 15 participants received 10-μg of mRNA-1653 (n = 8) or placebo (n = 7), whereas 12 participants received 30-μg of mRNA-1653 (n = 9) or placebo (n = 3). mRNA-1653 was well-tolerated at both dose levels. The only reported solicited local adverse reaction was tenderness at injection site; solicited systemic adverse reactions included grade 1 or 2 chills, irritability, loss of appetite, and sleepiness. A single 10-μg or 30-μg mRNA-1653 injection increased hMPV and PIV3 neutralizing antibody titers (geometric mean fold-rise ratio over baseline: hMPV-A = 2.9-6.1; hMPV-B = 6.2-13.2; PIV3 = 2.8-3.0) and preF and postF binding antibody concentrations (geometric mean fold-rise ratio: hMPV preF = 5.3-6.1; postF = 4.6-6.5 and PIV3 preF = 13.9-14.2; postF = 11.0-12.1); a second injection did not further increase antibody levels in these seropositive children. Binding antibody responses were generally preF biased.
    Conclusions: mRNA-1653 was well-tolerated and boosted hMPV and PIV3 antibody levels in seropositive children aged 12 to 59 months, supporting the continued development of mRNA-1653 or its components for the prevention of hMPV and PIV3.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207677-9
    ISSN 1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
    ISSN (online) 1098-4275
    ISSN 0031-4005
    DOI 10.1542/peds.2023-064748
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Safety and Immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

    Figueroa, Amparo L / Azzi, Jamil R / Eghtesad, Bijan / Priddy, Frances / Stolman, Dina / Siangphoe, Uma / Leony Lasso, Iliana / deWindt, Elizabeth / Girard, Bethany / Zhou, Honghong / Miller, Jacqueline M / Das, Rituparna

    The Journal of infectious diseases

    2024  

    Abstract: Background: Immunosuppressed individuals, including solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), are at high risk for severe COVID-19.: Methods: This open-label, phase 3b trial evaluated mRNA-1273 in 137 adult kidney and 77 liver SOTRs and 20 ... ...

    Abstract Background: Immunosuppressed individuals, including solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), are at high risk for severe COVID-19.
    Methods: This open-label, phase 3b trial evaluated mRNA-1273 in 137 adult kidney and 77 liver SOTRs and 20 immunocompetent participants. In Part A, SOTRs received three 100-µg doses of mRNA-1273; immunocompetent participants received 2 doses. In Part B, an additional 100-µg dose was offered ≥4 months post-primary series. Here, we report interim trial results.
    Results: mRNA-1273 was well-tolerated in SOTRs. Four serious adverse events were considered vaccine-related by the investigator in 3 SOTRs with pre-existing comorbidities. No vaccine-related biopsy-proven organ rejection events or deaths were reported. mRNA-1273 elicited modest neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses after dose 2 and improved responses after dose 3 in SOTRs. Post-dose 3 responses among liver SOTRs were comparable to post-dose 2 responses in immunocompetent participants. Post-additional dose responses were increased in SOTRs regardless of the primary series vaccination. In liver SOTRs, post-additional dose responses were ∼3-fold higher versus post-dose 2 but were lower than immunocompetent participant responses. Most kidney SOTRs received multiple immunosuppressants and had reduced antibody responses versus liver SOTRs.
    Conclusions: mRNA-1273 (100 µg) was well-tolerated and dose 3 and the additional dose improved antibody responses among SOTRs.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3019-3
    ISSN 1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
    ISSN (online) 1537-6613
    ISSN 0022-1899
    DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiae140
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  4. Article ; Online: Negative Immune Checkpoint Protein, VISTA, Regulates the CD4

    Gray, Chyna C / Biron-Girard, Bethany / Wakeley, Michelle E / Chung, Chun-Shiang / Chen, Yaping / Quiles-Ramirez, Yael / Tolbert, Jessica D / Ayala, Alfred

    Frontiers in immunology

    2022  Volume 13, Page(s) 861670

    Abstract: Sepsis is a systemic immune response to infection that is responsible for ~35% of in-hospital deaths and over 24 billion dollars in annual treatment costs. Strategic targeting of non-redundant negative immune checkpoint protein pathways can cater ... ...

    Abstract Sepsis is a systemic immune response to infection that is responsible for ~35% of in-hospital deaths and over 24 billion dollars in annual treatment costs. Strategic targeting of non-redundant negative immune checkpoint protein pathways can cater therapeutics to the individual septic patient and improve prognosis. B7-CD28 superfamily member V-domain Immunoglobulin Suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA) is an ideal candidate for strategic targeting in sepsis. We hypothesized that immune checkpoint regulator, VISTA, controls T-regulatory cells (T
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Proteins ; Inflammation ; Mice ; Sepsis ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Immune Checkpoint Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-24
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861670
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  5. Article ; Online: Interim safety and immunogenicity of COVID-19 omicron BA.1 variant-containing vaccine in children in the USA: an open-label non-randomised phase 3 trial.

    Dixit, Avika / Bennett, Richard / Ali, Kashif / Griffin, Carl / Clifford, Robert A / Turner, Mark / Poston, Rosanne / Hautzinger, Kelly / Yeakey, Anne / Girard, Bethany / Zhou, Wen / Deng, Weiping / Zhou, Honghong / Schnyder Ghamloush, Sabine / Kuter, Barbara J / Slobod, Karen / Miller, Jacqueline M / Priddy, Frances / Das, Rituparna

    The Lancet. Infectious diseases

    2024  

    Abstract: Background: Variant-containing mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 to broaden protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants are recommended based on findings in adults. We report interim safety and immunogenicity of an omicron BA.1 variant-containing (mRNA-1273.214) ... ...

    Abstract Background: Variant-containing mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 to broaden protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants are recommended based on findings in adults. We report interim safety and immunogenicity of an omicron BA.1 variant-containing (mRNA-1273.214) primary vaccination series and booster dose in paediatric populations.
    Methods: This open-label, two-part, non-randomised phase 3 trial enrolled participants aged 6 months to 5 years at 24 US study sites. Eligible participants were generally healthy or had stable chronic conditions, without known SARS-CoV-2 infection in the previous 90 days. Individuals who were acutely ill or febrile 1 day before or at the screening visit or those who previously received other COVID-19 vaccines (except mRNA-1273 for part 2) were excluded. In part 1, SARS-CoV-2-vaccine-naive participants received two-dose mRNA-1273.214 (25 μg; omicron BA.1 and ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 mRNA) primary series. In part 2, participants who previously completed the two-dose mRNA-1273 (25 μg) primary series in KidCOVE (NCT04796896) received a mRNA-1273.214 (10 μg) booster dose. Primary study outcomes were safety and reactogenicity of the mRNA-1273.214 primary series (part 1) or booster dose (part 2) as well as the inferred effectiveness of mRNA-1273.214 based on immune responses against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) and omicron BA.1 variant at 28 days post-primary series (part 1) or post-booster dose (part 2). The safety set included participants who received at least one dose of the study vaccine; the immunogenicity set included those who provided immunogenicity samples. Interim safety and immunogenicity are summarised in this analysis as of the data cutoff date (Dec 5, 2022). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05436834.
    Findings: Between June 21, 2022, and Dec 5, 2022, 179 participants received one or more doses of mRNA-1273.214 primary series (part 1) and 539 received a mRNA-1273.214 booster dose (part 2). The safety profile within 28 days after either dose of the mRNA-1273.214 primary series and the booster dose was consistent with that of the mRNA-1273 primary series in this age group, with no new safety concerns or vaccine-related serious adverse events observed. At 28 days after primary series dose 2 and the booster dose, both mRNA-1273.214 primary series (day 57, including all participants with or without evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline) and booster (day 29, including participants without evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline) elicited responses that were superior against omicron-BA.1 (geometric mean ratio part 1: 25·4 [95% CI 20·1-32·1] and part 2: 12·5 [11·0-14·3]) and non-inferior against D614G (part 1: 0·8 [0·7-1·0] and part 2: 3·1 [2·8-3·5]), compared with neutralising antibody responses induced by the mRNA-1273 primary series (in a historical comparator group).
    Interpretation: mRNA-1273.214 was immunogenic against BA.1 and D614G in children aged 6 months to 5 years, with a comparable safety profile to mRNA-1273, when given as a two-dose primary series or a booster dose. These results are aligned with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for the use of variant-containing vaccines for continued protection against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.
    Funding: Moderna.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2061641-7
    ISSN 1474-4457 ; 1473-3099
    ISSN (online) 1474-4457
    ISSN 1473-3099
    DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00101-4
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  6. Article ; Online: Profiling antibody epitopes induced by mRNA-1273 vaccination and boosters.

    Girard, Bethany / Baum-Jones, Elisabeth / Best, Rebecca L / Campbell, Thomas W / Coupart, Jack / Dangerfield, Kyla / Dhal, Abhilash / Jhatro, Michael / Martinez, Brian / Reifert, Jack / Shon, John / Zhang, Minlu / Waitz, Rebecca / Chalkias, Spyros / Edwards, Darin K / Maglinao, Maha / Paris, Robert / Pajon, Rolando

    Frontiers in immunology

    2024  Volume 15, Page(s) 1285278

    Abstract: Background: Characterizing the antibody epitope profiles of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 can aid in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the antibody-mediated immune responses elicited by these vaccines.: Methods: This ... ...

    Abstract Background: Characterizing the antibody epitope profiles of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 can aid in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the antibody-mediated immune responses elicited by these vaccines.
    Methods: This study investigated the distinct antibody epitopes toward the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein targeted after a two-dose primary series of mRNA-1273 followed by a booster dose of mRNA-1273 or a variant-updated vaccine among serum samples from clinical trial adult participants.
    Results: Multiple S-specific epitopes were targeted after primary vaccination; while signal decreased over time, a booster dose after >6 months largely revived waning antibody signals. Epitope identity also changed after booster vaccination in some subjects, with four new S-specific epitopes detected with stronger signals after boosting than with primary vaccination. Notably, the strength of antibody responses after booster vaccination differed by the exact vaccine formulation, with variant-updated mRNA-1273.211 and mRNA-1273.617.2 booster formulations inducing significantly stronger S-specific signals than a mRNA-1273 booster.
    Conclusion: Overall, these results identify key S-specific epitopes targeted by antibodies induced by mRNA-1273 primary and variant-updated booster vaccination.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Antibodies ; Vaccination ; Epitopes ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; mRNA Vaccines
    Chemical Substances 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 (EPK39PL4R4) ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Antibodies ; Epitopes ; RNA, Messenger ; mRNA Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-18
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1285278
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  7. Article ; Online: Interim report of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 XBB-containing vaccines.

    Chalkias, Spyros / McGhee, Nichole / Whatley, Jordan L / Essink, Brandon / Brosz, Adam / Tomassini, Joanne E / Girard, Bethany / Edwards, Darin K / Wu, Kai / Nasir, Arshan / Lee, Diana / Avena, Laura E / Feng, Jing / Deng, Weiping / Montefiori, David C / Baden, Lindsey R / Miller, Jacqueline M / Das, Rituparna

    The Journal of infectious diseases

    2024  

    Abstract: Background: Monovalent Omicron XBB.1.5-containing vaccines were approved for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 2023-2024 immunizations.: Methods: This ongoing, open-label, phase 2/3 study evaluated mRNA-1273.815-monovalent (50-µg Omicron XBB.1.5- ... ...

    Abstract Background: Monovalent Omicron XBB.1.5-containing vaccines were approved for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 2023-2024 immunizations.
    Methods: This ongoing, open-label, phase 2/3 study evaluated mRNA-1273.815-monovalent (50-µg Omicron XBB.1.5-spike mRNA) and mRNA-1273.231-bivalent (25-µg each Omicron XBB.1.5- and BA.4/BA.5-spike mRNAs))vaccines, administered as 5th doses to adults who previously received a primary series, a 3rd dose of an original mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, and a 4th dose of an Omicron BA.4/BA.5 bivalent vaccine. Interim safety and immunogenicity results 29 days post-vaccination are reported.
    Results: Participants (randomized 1:1) received 50-µg mRNA-1273.815(n=50) or mRNA-1273.231(n=51); median (interquartile range) months from the prior BA.4/BA.5-bivalent dose were 8.2 (8.1-8.3) and 8.3 (8.1-8.4), respectively. Neutralizing antibody (nAb) increased from pre-booster levels against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants tested. Day 29 nAb fold-increases from pre-booster levels were numerically higher against XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, EG.5.1, BA.2.86, and JN.1 than BA.4/BA.5, BQ.1.1 and D614G. The monovalent vaccine also cross-neutralized FL.1.5.1, EG.5.1, BA.2.86, HK.3.1, HV.1 and JN.1 variants in a participant (n=20) subset, 15 days post-vaccination. Reactogenicity was similar to previously reported mRNA-1273 original and bivalent vaccines.
    Conclusions: XBB.1.5-containing mRNA-1273 vaccines elicit robust, diverse nAb responses against more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants including JN.1, supporting the XBB.1.5-spike sequence selection for the 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccine update.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3019-3
    ISSN 1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
    ISSN (online) 1537-6613
    ISSN 0022-1899
    DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiae067
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  8. Article ; Online: Mutational basis of serum cross-neutralization profiles elicited by infection or vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 variants

    Wagh, Kshitij / Shen, Xiaoying / Theiler, James / Girard, Bethany / Marshall, Jean-Claude / Montefiori, David / Korber, Bette

    bioRxiv

    Abstract: A series of SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged during the pandemic under selection for neutralization resistance. Convalescent and vaccinated sera show consistently different cross-neutralization profiles depending on infecting or vaccine variants. To ... ...

    Abstract A series of SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged during the pandemic under selection for neutralization resistance. Convalescent and vaccinated sera show consistently different cross-neutralization profiles depending on infecting or vaccine variants. To understand the basis of this heterogeneity, we modeled serum cross-neutralization titers for 165 sera after infection or vaccination with historically prominent lineages tested against 18 variant pseudoviruses. Cross-neutralization profiles were well captured by models incorporating autologous neutralizing titers and combinations of specific shared and differing mutations between the infecting/vaccine variants and pseudoviruses. Infecting/vaccine variant-specific models identified mutations that significantly impacted cross-neutralization and quantified their relative contributions. Unified models that explained cross-neutralization profiles across all infecting and vaccine variants provided accurate predictions of holdout neutralization data comprising untested variants as infecting or vaccine variants, and as test pseudoviruses. Finally, comparative modeling of 2-dose versus 3-dose mRNA-1273 vaccine data revealed that the third dose overcame key resistance mutations to improve neutralization breadth.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-14
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2023.08.13.553144
    Database COVID19

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  9. Article: mRNA-1273 Vaccine-elicited Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in Adolescents and Children.

    Girard, Bethany / Tomassini, Joanne E / Deng, Weiping / Maglinao, Maha / Zhou, Honghong / Figueroa, Amparo / Ghamloush, Sabine Schnyder / Montefiori, David C / Das, Rituparna / Pajon, Rolando

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2022  

    Abstract: Background: The highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant is a global concern. This study assessed the neutralization activity of two-dose regimens of mRNA-1273 vaccination against Omicron in ... ...

    Abstract Background: The highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant is a global concern. This study assessed the neutralization activity of two-dose regimens of mRNA-1273 vaccination against Omicron in adults, adolescents and children.
    Methods: Neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant was evaluated in serum samples from adults (≥18 years) in the phase 3, Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) and from adolescents (12-17 years) in the TeenCOVE trials following a two-dose regimen of 100 μg mRNA-1273 and from children (6-<12 years) in the KidCOVE trial administered two doses of 50 μg mRNA-1273. Neutralizing antibody geometric mean ID
    Results: At 4 weeks following a second dose of mRNA-1273 (100 μg), the GMT was reduced 28.8-fold compared with D614G in adults (≥18 years). In adolescents (12-17 years), the GMT was 11.8-fold lower than D614G, 4 weeks after a second dose of mRNA-1273 (100 μg), and compared with adults, were 1.5- and 3.8-fold higher for D614G and the Omicron variant, respectively. In children (6-<12 years), 4 weeks post-second dose of 50 μg mRNA-1273, Omicron GMTs were reduced 22.1-fold versus D614G and were 2.0-fold higher for D614G and 2.5-fold higher for Omicron compared with adults.
    Conclusions: A two-dose regimen of 100 μg mRNA-1273 in adolescents and of 50 μg in children elicited neutralization responses against the Omicron variant that were reduced compared with the wild-type D614G, and numerically higher than those in adults.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2022.01.24.22269666
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  10. Article ; Online: Neutralization of Omicron Subvariant BA.2.75 after Bivalent Vaccination.

    Chalkias, Spyros / Feng, Jing / Chen, Xing / Zhou, Honghong / Marshall, Jean-Claude / Girard, Bethany / Tomassini, Joanne E / Kuter, Barbara J / Montefiori, David C / Das, Rituparna

    The New England journal of medicine

    2022  Volume 387, Issue 23, Page(s) 2194–2196

    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 207154-x
    ISSN 1533-4406 ; 0028-4793
    ISSN (online) 1533-4406
    ISSN 0028-4793
    DOI 10.1056/NEJMc2212772
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