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Article ; Online: Gabapentin

Federica Di Cesare / Viviana Negro / Giuliano Ravasio / Roberto Villa / Susanna Draghi / Petra Cagnardi

Animals, Vol 13, Iss 2045, p

Clinical Use and Pharmacokinetics in Dogs, Cats, and Horses

2023 Volume 2045

Abstract: Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug, which presents an established clinical efficacy in human patients for the management of refractory partial seizures, secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and for the control of chronic neuropathic pain. ... ...

Abstract	Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug, which presents an established clinical efficacy in human patients for the management of refractory partial seizures, secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and for the control of chronic neuropathic pain. Gabapentin was synthesized as a structural analogue of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, with GABA-mimetic effects, able to cross the blood–brain barrier. In veterinary medicine, is extra-label used in combination with other treatments to control seizures when other drugs are no longer effective or become toxic or for neuropathic pain treatment and anxiety. This review aimed to clarify gabapentin use and pharmacokinetic aspects to promote conscious use in dogs, cats, and horses. In dogs, gabapentin was beneficial in the treatment of epilepsy, as well as chronic, neuropathic, and post-operative pain, as well as anxiety. In cats, it showed efficacy in post-ovariohysterectomy-related pain and in anxiety management. In horses, gabapentin has been administered as an analgesic for chronic pain management. In conclusion, when used in combination with other drugs, gabapentin can be considered an interesting therapeutic option for the treatment of neuropathic diseases and analgesia in postoperative and chronic pain. However, despite its beneficial use in different clinical settings, further trials and pharmacokinetic studies are needed for the definition of an effective dosage regimen through proper pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic correlation in dogs, cats, and horses.
Keywords	chronic pain ; clinical use ; idiopathic epilepsy ; neuropathic pain ; pharmacokinetics ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Comparison of intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine or ropivacaine irrigation for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing major abdominal surgeries.

Federica Alessandra Brioschi / Giuliano Ravasio / Francesco Ferrari / Martina Amari / Federica Di Cesare / Martina Valentini Visentin / Vanessa Rabbogliatti

PLoS ONE, Vol 18, Iss 4, p e

2023 Volume 0284379

Abstract: This study compared the postoperative analgesic efficacy of intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine versus ropivacaine in dogs undergoing major abdominal surgeries. Dogs randomly received intraperitoneal lidocaine irrigation (4 mg kg-1, diluted to 5 ml ... ...

Abstract	This study compared the postoperative analgesic efficacy of intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine versus ropivacaine in dogs undergoing major abdominal surgeries. Dogs randomly received intraperitoneal lidocaine irrigation (4 mg kg-1, diluted to 5 ml kg-1, L group), ropivacaine (4 mg kg-1, diluted to 5 ml kg-1, R group) or 0.9% saline (5 ml kg-1, C group). Prior to skin closure, dogs received incisional lidocaine 2 mg kg-1 (group L), incisional ropivacaine 2 mg kg-1 (group R) or incisional saline 0.2 ml kg-1 (group C). Pain was assessed at different time points up to 24 hours after extubation, using the Short Form-Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale and VAS Scale. In group C, postoperative pain scores were significantly higher than in groups L and R from T0.5 to T6 (p < 0.05). In R group, postoperative pain scores were significantly lower than in groups L and C from T12 to T24 (p < 0.05). Rescue analgesia was administered to 5/11 dogs in L group, 1/10 dogs in R group and 8/10 dogs in C group. Groups L and R experienced a significantly lower postoperative pain during the first 6 hours after extubation, compared with group C. Ropivacaine provided lower postoperative pain scores than lidocaine and saline up to 24 hours after extubation. According to the obtained results, ropivacaine seemed to provide better and longer lasting postoperative analgesia compared with lidocaine. Therefore, intraperitoneal and incisional administration of ropivacaine in dogs undergoing major abdominal surgeries is recommended.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Comparison of intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine or ropivacaine irrigation for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing major abdominal surgeries

Federica Alessandra Brioschi / Giuliano Ravasio / Francesco Ferrari / Martina Amari / Federica Di Cesare / Martina Valentini Visentin / Vanessa Rabbogliatti

PLoS ONE, Vol 18, Iss

2023 Volume 4

Abstract	This study compared the postoperative analgesic efficacy of intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine versus ropivacaine in dogs undergoing major abdominal surgeries. Dogs randomly received intraperitoneal lidocaine irrigation (4 mg kg-1, diluted to 5 ml kg-1, L group), ropivacaine (4 mg kg-1, diluted to 5 ml kg-1, R group) or 0.9% saline (5 ml kg-1, C group). Prior to skin closure, dogs received incisional lidocaine 2 mg kg-1 (group L), incisional ropivacaine 2 mg kg-1 (group R) or incisional saline 0.2 ml kg-1 (group C). Pain was assessed at different time points up to 24 hours after extubation, using the Short Form-Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale and VAS Scale. In group C, postoperative pain scores were significantly higher than in groups L and R from T0.5 to T6 (p < 0.05). In R group, postoperative pain scores were significantly lower than in groups L and C from T12 to T24 (p < 0.05). Rescue analgesia was administered to 5/11 dogs in L group, 1/10 dogs in R group and 8/10 dogs in C group. Groups L and R experienced a significantly lower postoperative pain during the first 6 hours after extubation, compared with group C. Ropivacaine provided lower postoperative pain scores than lidocaine and saline up to 24 hours after extubation. According to the obtained results, ropivacaine seemed to provide better and longer lasting postoperative analgesia compared with lidocaine. Therefore, intraperitoneal and incisional administration of ropivacaine in dogs undergoing major abdominal surgeries is recommended.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in anaesthetized horses following repeated subcutaneous administration and intravenous constant rate infusion

Federica Di Cesare / Vanessa Rabbogliatti / Susanna Draghi / Martina Amari / Federica Alessandra Brioschi / Roberto Villa / Giuliano Ravasio / Petra Cagnardi

BMC Veterinary Research, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract Background The inclusion of dexmedetomidine (DEX) within a balanced general anaesthesia protocol is effective in improving the clinical outcome and recovery quality of anaesthesia in horses. This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background The inclusion of dexmedetomidine (DEX) within a balanced general anaesthesia protocol is effective in improving the clinical outcome and recovery quality of anaesthesia in horses. This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of DEX following repeated subcutaneous (SC) administration at 2 µg/kg every 60 min till the end of the procedure in comparison to intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) at 1 µg/kg/h in anaesthetized horses undergoing diagnostic procedures up to the end of the diagnostic procedure. Results In the CRI and SC groups DEX maximum concentrations (Cmax) were 0.83 ± 0.27 ng/mL and 1.14 ± 0.71 ng/mL, respectively, reached at a time (Tmax) of 57.0 ± 13.4 min and 105.5 ± 29.9 min. Mean residence time to the last measurable concentration (MRTlast) was 11.7 ± 6.2 and 55.8 ± 19.7 min for the CRI group and SC groups, respectively. The apparent elimination half-life was 18.0 ± 10.0 min in the CRI group and 94.8 ± 69.8 min for the SC group, whereas the area under the curve (AUC0-last) resulted 67.7 ± 29.3 and 83.2 ± 60.5 min*ng/mL for CRI and SC group, respectively. Clearance was 16.26 ± 8.07 mL/min/kg for the CRI group. No signs of adverse effects were recorded in both groups. Conclusions The pharmacokinetic profile of DEX following repeated SC administration in anaesthetized horses was comparable to intravenous CRI administration during the intranaesthetic period and beneficial during the recovery phase from general anaesthesia. The SC route could be considered as an alternative to CRI for improving the recovery quality of equine patients undergoing general anaesthesia.
Keywords	Balanced anaesthesia ; Constant rate infusion ; Dexmedetomidine ; Equine patient ; Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ; Pharmacokinetics ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Arterial pCO2 prediction using saphenous pCO2 in healthy mechanically ventilated dogs

Sara Ghilardi / Davide Gamba / Anna Maria Zanaboni / Paola G. Brambilla / Antonio Casarrubea / Pauline Drummer / Martina Balsamino / Dario Ghezzi / Cristina Ricci / Danilo Caristi / Claudio M. Bussadori / Giuliano Ravasio

Frontiers in Animal Science, Vol

2024 Volume 4

Abstract: IntroductionArterial blood gas analysis is the gold standard for the assessment of oxygenation, ventilation, and metabolic status in dogs; however, its execution is difficult and painful. Therefore, venous blood gas analysis is used in its replacement ... ...

Abstract	IntroductionArterial blood gas analysis is the gold standard for the assessment of oxygenation, ventilation, and metabolic status in dogs; however, its execution is difficult and painful. Therefore, venous blood gas analysis is used in its replacement for the assessment of the metabolic status, but it is not clear whether it can be used to assess respiratory function, too. This study aimed at: 1) comparing jugular and saphenous pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) with the correspondent arterial pH and pCO2 (paCO2) in healthy dogs during general anesthesia; 2) clarifying whether the arterial-venous relationship is better expressed in jugular or saphenous blood samples; 3) mathematically transforming venous pCO2 (pvCO2) and evaluating whether the calculated values more accurately agree with paCO2.MethodsNinety dogs were included and randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 - arterial vs jugular; Group 2 - arterial vs saphenous; Group 3 - arterial vs jugular vs saphenous blood gases. Each group counted 30 dogs. Pearson correlations were calculated. Bland-Altman plots were generated to describe the agreement between venous and arterial values; clinical limits for pH and pCO2 set by the authors were, respectively, ± 0.1 and ± 2.5 mmHg. Univariate linear regression was applied for predicting paCO2 from pvCO2.ResultsSaphenous samples showed strong positive correlations with arterial samples for both pCO2 and pH. Pearson ρ values were stronger for pH than for pCO2. Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between venous and arterial pH, and poor agreement between pvCO2 and paCO2 for both jugular and saphenous samples. Results suggested that saphenous pvCO2 is preferable with respect to jugular as predictor of paCO2. The transformation of saphenous pvCO2 through univariate linear regression produced a model for predicting paCO2; a Bland-Altman plot assessed the transformed pvCO2 agreement with paCO2.DiscussionIn healthy, anesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs, variations of pH between venous and ...
Keywords	arterial blood gas ; venous blood gas ; respiratory function ; metabolic status ; dogs ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Hematological and Biochemical Reference Values in Healthy Captive Tigers ( Panthera tigris )

Daniela Proverbio / Roberta Perego / Luciana Baggiani / Giuliano Ravasio / Daniela Giambellini / Eva Spada

Animals, Vol 11, Iss 3440, p

2021 Volume 3440

Abstract: The tiger ( Panthera tigris ) is an endangered species. The health of individuals is important and any data on hematological and biochemical blood values can provide valuable information; when combined with physical assessment. This data assists in both ... ...

Abstract	The tiger ( Panthera tigris ) is an endangered species. The health of individuals is important and any data on hematological and biochemical blood values can provide valuable information; when combined with physical assessment. This data assists in both the diagnosis of disease and some conservation strategies. The behavior of wild tigers makes it is extremely difficult to obtain biological samples from free-living subjects, therefore, data collected from captive tigers is highly valuable. The aim of this study was to provide additional information for the values of hematological and serum biochemical parameters in healthy captive tigers. Blood samples were collected from 22 clinically healthy tigers ( Panthera tigris) . The following parameters were analyzed: glucose, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP) and red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and red cell indices; such as mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell Hb (MCH), mean cell Hb concentration (MCHC), platelet (PLT) and white blood cells (WBCs). The mean hematological values in our tiger population were not significantly different when compared with the same parameters in the previously studied tiger population. The mean values of RBCs and PLT were statistically significantly higher and the mean values of Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and WBC were lower than the mean values obtained in previous studies on the Amur tiger. Further investigation of captive and free-living tigers is needed to identify the normal ranges for parameters in this endangered species.
Keywords	Panthera tigris ; tigers ; Bengal tigers ; Amur tigers ; captive ; biochemical parameter ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Serum Protein Gel Agarose Electrophoresis in Captive Tigers

Daniela Proverbio / Roberta Perego / Luciana Baggiani / Giuliano Ravasio / Daniela Giambellini / Eva Spada

Animals, Vol 10, Iss 716, p

2020 Volume 716

Abstract: Given the endangered status of tigers ( Panthera tigris ), the health of each individual is important and any data on blood chemistry values can provide valuable information alongside the assessment of physical condition. The nature of tigers in the wild ...

Abstract	Given the endangered status of tigers ( Panthera tigris ), the health of each individual is important and any data on blood chemistry values can provide valuable information alongside the assessment of physical condition. The nature of tigers in the wild makes it is extremely difficult to obtain biological samples from free-living subjects, therefore the values obtained from captive tigers provide very useful data. Serum protein electrophoresis is a useful tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of a number of diseases. In this study, we evaluated agarose gel serum protein electrophoresis on samples from 11 healthy captive tigers. Serum electrophoresis on all 11 tiger samples successfully separated proteins into albumin, α 1 , α 2 , β 1 , β 2 and γ globulin fractions as in other mammals. Electrophoretic patterns were comparable in all tigers. Mean± standard deviation or median and range values obtained for each protein fraction in healthy tigers were, respectively: 3.6 ± 0.2, 0.21 (0.2–0.23), 1.2 ± 0.2, 10.7 ± 0.2, 0.4 (0.3–0.6), 1.2 (1–1.8) gr/dL. The results of this preliminary study provide the first data on serum electrophoretic patterns in tigers and may be a useful diagnostic tool in the health assessment of this endangered species.
Keywords	Panthera tigris tigris ; Panthera tigris altaica ; siberian ; tigers ; bengal tigers ; captive ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Circulating miRNome of Trachemys scripta after elective gonadectomy under general anesthesia

Edoardo Bardi / Stefano Brizzola / Giuliano Ravasio / Stefano Romussi / Paola Dall’Ara / Valentina Zamarian / Maddalena Arigoni / Raffaele Adolfo Calogero / Cristina Lecchi

Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract Post-surgical management is an important issue in veterinary medicine, requiring biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for timely and effective treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that miRNAs are promising stress- and pain-related ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Post-surgical management is an important issue in veterinary medicine, requiring biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for timely and effective treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that miRNAs are promising stress- and pain-related markers. The aims were to profile the circulating miRNA signature in plasma of turtles (Trachemys scripta) and point out potential candidate biomarkers to assess the status of the animal. The plasma of female turtles underwent surgical gonadectomy were collected 24 h pre-surgery, and 2.5 h and 36 h post-surgery. The expression of miRNAs was profiled by Next Generation Sequencing and the dysregulated miRNAs were validated using RT-qPCR. The diagnostic value of miRNAs was calculated by ROC curves. The results showed that 14 miRNAs were differentially expressed over time. RT-qPCR validation highlighted that 2-miR-499-3p and miR-203-5p-out of 8 miRNAs tested were effectively modulated. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of miR-203-5p was fair (AUC 0.7934) in discriminating pre- and 36 h post-surgery samples and poor for other time points; the AUC of miR-499-3p was excellent (AUC 0.944) in discriminating pre-surgery and 2.5 h post-surgery samples, and fair in discriminating pre-surgery and 36 h post-surgery (AUC 0.7292) and 2.5 h and 36 h post-surgery (AUC 0.7569) samples. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that miRNAs profile changes in plasma of turtles underwent surgical oophorectomy and identified miR-203-5p and miR-499-3p as potential candidate biomarkers to assess animals' status. Further studies are necessary to confirm their diagnostic value and to investigate functional and mechanistic networks to improve our understanding of the biological processes.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Case Report

Giuliano Ravasio / Federica Alessandra Brioschi / Vanessa Rabbogliatti / Daniela Gioeni / Federica Di Cesare / Federico Corletto / Maurizio Oltolina / Liliana Carnevale

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

Ultrasound Sciatic and Saphenous Nerve Blocks for Tibial Malunion Surgical Correction in a Pediatric African Leopard (Panthera pardus)

2020 Volume 7

Abstract: Little information is available regarding ultrasound-guided locoregional anesthesia in non-domestic species. Locoregional techniques have been shown to reduce intraoperative anesthetic requirements and provide postoperative pain relief. Decreasing dosage ...

Abstract	Little information is available regarding ultrasound-guided locoregional anesthesia in non-domestic species. Locoregional techniques have been shown to reduce intraoperative anesthetic requirements and provide postoperative pain relief. Decreasing dosage of general anesthetics allows more stable cardiopulmonary function during anesthesia and reduces the probability of side effects. An 11-week-old African leopard (Panthera pardus) was referred for treatment of a malunion angular limb deformity secondary to a tibial and fibular fracture. The animal was scheduled to undergo angular correction of the tibia via closing wedge osteotomy and fixation with a locking plate system. Following preanesthetic medication and induction of general anesthesia, a saphenous nerve block (ropivacaine 0.5%; 0.15 ml/kg) was performed under ultrasound guidance and a sciatic nerve block (ropivacaine 0.5%; 0.15 ml/kg) was performed using ultrasound and a peripheral nerve stimulator. Intraoperative anesthetic plane was considered light, yet no abrupt cardiocirculatory changes were seen, nor was rescue analgesia required. This case report suggests that sciatic and saphenous blockade could therefore be recommended as part of a multimodal plan of analgesia for orthopedic surgeries in pediatric exotic felids.
Keywords	locoregional anesthesia ; pediatric ; sciatic nerve ; ultrasound ; saphenous nerve ; patient state index ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
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Article ; Online: Oral Transmucosal or Intramuscular Administration of Dexmedetomidine–Methadone Combination in Dogs

Daniela Gioeni / Federica Alessandra Brioschi / Federica Di Cesare / Vanessa Rabbogliatti / Martina Amari / Sergio Zanzani / Petra Cagnardi / Giuliano Ravasio

Animals, Vol 10, Iss 2057, p

Sedative and Physiological Effects

2020 Volume 2057

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the sedative and physiological effects following either oral transmucosal (OTM) or intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine–methadone combination in healthy dogs. Thirty dogs were randomly assigned to receive a ...

Abstract	The aim of this study was to compare the sedative and physiological effects following either oral transmucosal (OTM) or intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine–methadone combination in healthy dogs. Thirty dogs were randomly assigned to receive a dexmedetomidine–methadone combination either by the OTM ( n = 15) or intramuscular ( n = 15) route. Sedation was scored 10, 20, and 30 min after drugs administration. Heart rate (HR), non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP), respiratory rate (f R ), and body rectal temperature were recorded before drugs administration and then every 10 min for 30 min. Propofol dose required for orotracheal intubation was recorded. Sedation scores increased over time within both groups with higher values in intramuscular group ( p < 0.05). Within each group, HR decreased significantly compared with baseline (p < 0.001) and was significantly lower in intramuscular group compared with the OTM group ( p < 0.001). In both groups, NIBP increased significantly compared with baseline ( p < 0.05). In the intramuscular group, f R was lower compared with the OTM group at all the observational time points ( p < 0.001). Propofol dose was lower in the intramuscular group ( p < 0.05). Compared to intramuscular dexmedetomidine–methadone, OTM combination produced lower but effective sedation in healthy dogs.
Keywords	anesthesia ; dexmedetomidine ; dog ; intramuscular ; methadone ; oral transmucosal ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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