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Article: Differential detection of tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacteria by qPCR in lavage fluids of tuberculosis-suspicious white rhinoceros

Hermes, Robert / Saragusty, Joseph / Holtze, Susanne / Goeritz, Frank / Hildebrandt, Thomas Bernd

PLOS ONE, 13(11):e0207365

2018

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) occurs in a wide range of mammalian species and thus poses a health risk to humans living or working in close proximity with TB infected animals. Despite a high incidence of M. bovis infections in domestic or wildlife species ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	Tuberculosis (TB) occurs in a wide range of mammalian species and thus poses a health risk to humans living or working in close proximity with TB infected animals. Despite a high incidence of M. bovis infections in domestic or wildlife species tuberculosis infections in rhinoceros have so far been very limited. Over the past 53 years, tuberculosis of the respiratory tract has been confirmed in just 22 rhinoceros, most of those infected not by M. bovis but M. tuberculosis. However, because of the zoonotic risk TB testing is recommended or becomes even mandatory in endangered species. The dilemma in rhinoceros and many other wildlife species; non-validated tests are highly inconsistent in their ability to identify TB infection. Current lack of TB diagnostics may result in TB positive rhinoceros living with the infection, transmitting it to those around them or in euthanasia of animals found unconfirmed at necropsy. This is an unacceptable diagnostic status considering that some species are critically endangered and therefore should not be euthanized in order to confirm suspicion of disease. To overcome this shortcoming we used bronchoscopy to detect mycobacteria in respiratory fluids of TB suspicious rhinoceros. Fluids from seven, TB suspicious white rhinoceros were harvested during 21 bronchoscopies. Our new approach: In addition to bacterial culture a dual quantitative PCR system tested for the general presence of DNA from NTM and more specifically for DNA from MTC. Both, bacterial culture and qPCR were negative for MTC in respiratory fluids of all rhinoceros (7/7). At the same time, respiratory fluids from six rhinoceros tested positive for the presence of NTM or other closely related bacteria (6/7). M. tuberculosis was found only once in an oesophageal aspirate. The high incidence of mycobacterial DNA in the respiratory tract suggests that white rhinoceros, as strict grazers, are immensely exposed to environmental bacteria of this genus. Presence of NTM in the respiratory or intestinal system could possibly cause false positive results in intradermal tests. A wider use of bronchoalveolar lavage is warranted to further elucidate immunologic response to NTM and exposure to, incidence and prevalence of MTC infections in rhinoceros.
Keywords	Bovine tuberculosis ; Bacterial cultures ; Diagnostic medicine ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Nontuberculous mycobacteria ; Respiratory infections ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis diagnosis and management
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Embryos and embryonic stem cells from the white rhinoceros

Hildebrandt, Thomas Bernd / Hermes, Robert / Holtze, Susanne / Renfree, Marilyn / Goeritz, Frank / GALLI, CESARE

Nature Communications, 9:2589

2018

Abstract: The northern white rhinoceros (NWR, Ceratotherium simum cottoni) is the most endangered mammal in the world with only two females surviving. Here we adapt existing assisted reproduction techniques (ART) to fertilize Southern White Rhinoceros (SWR) ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	The northern white rhinoceros (NWR, Ceratotherium simum cottoni) is the most endangered mammal in the world with only two females surviving. Here we adapt existing assisted reproduction techniques (ART) to fertilize Southern White Rhinoceros (SWR) oocytes with NWR spermatozoa. We show that rhinoceros oocytes can be repeatedly recovered from live SWR females by transrectal ovum pick-up, matured, fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection and developed to the blastocyst stage in vitro. Next, we generate hybrid rhinoceros embryos in vitro using gametes of NWR and SWR. We also establish embryonic stem cell lines from the SWR blastocysts. Blastocysts are cryopreserved for later embryo transfer. Our results indicate that ART could be a viable strategy to rescue genes from the iconic, almost extinct, northern white rhinoceros and may also have broader impact if applied with similar success to other endangered large mammalian species.
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Leukocyte Coping Capacity: An Integrative Parameter for Wildlife Welfare Within Conservation Interventions

Huber, Nikolaus / Marasco, Valeria / Painer, Johanna / Vetter, Sebastian G. / Goeritz, Frank / Kaczensky, Petra / Walzer, Chris

Frontiers in veterinary science, 6:105

2019

Abstract: Wildlife management, conservation interventions and wildlife research programs often involve capture, manipulation and transport of wild animals. Widespread empirical evidence across various vertebrate taxa shows that handling wildlife generally induces ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	Wildlife management, conservation interventions and wildlife research programs often involve capture, manipulation and transport of wild animals. Widespread empirical evidence across various vertebrate taxa shows that handling wildlife generally induces a severe stress response resulting in increased stress levels. The inability of individuals to appropriately respond to rapidly changing environmental conditions during and after manipulations may have deleterious and long-lasting implications on animal welfare. Therefore, mitigating stress responses in the frame of conservation interventions is a key animal welfare factor. However, we have a poor understanding of the metrics to adequately assess and monitor the dynamic physiological changes that animals undergo when subjected to stressful procedures in wild or captive conditions. A growing number of studies provide good evidence for reciprocal interactions between immune processes and stress. Here, we review the existing literature on a relatively new technique—Leukocyte Coping Capacity (LCC), a proxy for stress quantifying oxygen radical production by leukocytes. We discuss the strength and weaknesses of this immunological approach to evaluate stress, the individual capacity to cope with stress and the resulting potential implications for animal welfare. Additionally we present new data on LCC in captive roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) under long-time anesthesia and free-ranging Asiatic wild asses (Kulan; Equus hemionus kulan) were LCC was used to assess stress levels in animals captured for a reintroduction project.
Keywords	conservation interventions ; animal welfare ; endocrine-immune interaction ; leukocyte coping capacity ; stress ; wildlife management
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Rewinding the process of mammalian extinction

Saragusty, Joseph / Goeritz, Frank / Hermes, Robert / Holtze, Susanne / Hildebrandt, Thomas Bernd

Zoo biology, 35(4): 280-292

2016

Abstract: With only three living individuals left on this planet, the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) could be considered doomed for extinction. It might still be possible, however, to rescue the (sub)species by combining novel stem cell ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	With only three living individuals left on this planet, the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) could be considered doomed for extinction. It might still be possible, however, to rescue the (sub)species by combining novel stem cell and assisted reproductive technologies. To discuss the various practical options available to us, we convened a multidisciplinary meeting under the name “Conservation by Cellular Technologies.” The outcome of this meeting and the proposed road map that, if successfully implemented, would ultimately lead to a self‐sustaining population of an extremely endangered species are outlined here. The ideas discussed here, while centered on the northern white rhinoceros, are equally applicable, after proper adjustments, to other mammals on the brink of extinction. Through implementation of these ideas we hope to establish the foundation for reversal of some of the effects of what has been termed the sixth mass extinction event in the history of Earth, and the first anthropogenic one.
Keywords	conservation ; assisted reproductive technologies (ART) ; biodiversity ; gametes ; endangered species ; induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ; public awareness ; rhinoceros
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article ; Online: Cryopreservation in rhinoceros-Setting a new benchmark for sperm cryosurvival.

Hermes, Robert / Hildebrandt, Thomas Bernd / Göritz, Frank

PloS one

2018 Volume 13, Issue 7, Page(s) e0200154

Abstract: At times when rhinoceros are fiercely poached, when some rhinoceros species are closer than ever to extinction, and when the scientific community is in debate over the use of advanced cell technologies as a remaining resort it is time to simplify and ... ...

Abstract	At times when rhinoceros are fiercely poached, when some rhinoceros species are closer than ever to extinction, and when the scientific community is in debate over the use of advanced cell technologies as a remaining resort it is time to simplify and improve existing assisted reproduction techniques to enhance breeding and genetic diversity in the living populations under our care. Semen cryopreservation has been performed in all captive rhinoceros species with limited degree of success. Here we tested three freezing extenders, containing different cryoprotectants and various freezing rates for the cryopreservation of rhinoceros sperm from 14 bulls. In experiment I, semen from 9 bulls was used to determine the most suitable diluent, cryoprotectant and freezing rate for the successful cryopreservation of rhinoceros sperm. In experiment II, semen from 5 bulls was used to assess whether the removal of seminal plasma could further improve post thaw sperm quality following cryopreservation with conditions identified in Experiment I. Semen was diluted with Berliner Cryomedia, ButoCrio® or INRA Freeze®, packaged in 0.5 mL straws and frozen 3, 4, and 5 cm over liquid nitrogen (LN) vapour or directly in a dryshipper. It was found that semen extended with ButoCrio® (containing glycerol and methylformamide) and frozen 3cm over LN vapour provided the best protection to rhinoceros spermatozoa during cryopreservation. When pooled over treatments, total and progressive post thaw motility was 75.3 ± 4.2% and 68.5 ± 5.7%, respectively marking a new benchmark for the cryopreservation of rhinoceros sperm. Post thaw total and progressive motility, viability and acrosome integrity of semen diluted in ButoCrio® was significantly higher than semen extended in Berliner Cryomedia or INRA Freeze®. The removal of seminal plasma did not improve post thaw sperm survival (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the cryosurvival of rhinoceros spermatozoa was significantly improved when using a mixture of glycerol and methylformamide in combination with a fast freezing rate at 3 cm. These results describe a new protocol for the improved cryosurvival of rhinoceros spermatozoa and will enable a more successful preservation of genetic diversity between males, especially in donors whose spermatozoa may already be compromised prior to or during collection. The successful reduction of glycerol concentration in favour of methylformamide as a cryoprotectant could be a novel suggestion for the improvement of cryopreservation techniques in other wildlife species.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cryopreservation/methods ; Cryoprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Formamides/pharmacology ; Freezing ; Glycerol/pharmacology ; Male ; Perissodactyla ; Semen Preservation/methods ; Sperm Motility/drug effects ; Spermatozoa/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Cryoprotective Agents ; Formamides ; Glycerol (PDC6A3C0OX) ; methylformamide (XPE4G7Y986)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0200154
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Complex Odontoma in a Young Captive Reticulated Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)

Bohner, Julia / Bühler, Melanie / Bienert-Zeit, Astrid / Göritz, Frank / Vogt, Carsten / Wohlsein, Peter / Azogu-Sepe, Idu

Journal of comparative pathology. 2021 May, v. 185

2021

Abstract: Complex odontoma is a rare odontogenic lesion reported in rodents (order: Rodentia) and odd-toed ungulates (order: Perissodactyla), to name a few, and only in bovine animals of the order Artiodactyla. A 3-year-old female giraffe presented with a steadily ...

Abstract	Complex odontoma is a rare odontogenic lesion reported in rodents (order: Rodentia) and odd-toed ungulates (order: Perissodactyla), to name a few, and only in bovine animals of the order Artiodactyla. A 3-year-old female giraffe presented with a steadily proliferating, firm mass in the rostral mandible. With further expansion and ulceration of the mass, the general condition of the giraffe deteriorated and it was euthanized. Post-mortem examination revealed greyish–white tissue with an irregular arrangement of yellowish hard tissue arranged in thin plates and intermingled areas of greyish soft tissue. Histologically, irregular proliferated odontogenic epithelium and mesenchyme, dentin, cementum and empty spaces, suggestive of decalcified enamel, were present. These findings are consistent with a diagnosis of complex odontoma, which should be added to the differential diagnoses of oral tissue proliferations in giraffes. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a complex odontoma in a giraffe.
Keywords	Giraffa camelopardalis ; Perissodactyla ; Rodentia ; cattle ; enamel ; epithelium ; females ; necropsy
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-05
Size	p. 49-54.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	390920-7
ISSN	1532-3129 ; 0021-9975
ISSN (online)	1532-3129
ISSN	0021-9975
DOI	10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.04.004
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Immobilization of Captive Kulans (

Bohner, Julia / Painer, Johanna / Bakker, Denyse / Haw, Anna Jean / Rauch, Hanna / Greunz, Eva Maria / Egner, Beate / Goeritz, Frank

Frontiers in veterinary science

2022 Volume 9, Page(s) 885317

Abstract: Etorphine is widely used in zoological medicine for the immobilization of large herbivores. All reported immobilization protocols for kulans use etorphine as the primary immobilizing agent. However, etorphine can trigger severe side effects and is highly ...

Abstract	Etorphine is widely used in zoological medicine for the immobilization of large herbivores. All reported immobilization protocols for kulans use etorphine as the primary immobilizing agent. However, etorphine can trigger severe side effects and is highly toxic for humans, its availability is occasionally limited for use in wildlife medicine. Therefore, two different alpha-2 agonist-based protocols for the general anesthesia of kulans were investigated and compared with the standard etorphine immobilization. In total, 21 immobilizations were performed within the scope of routine husbandry management at the Serengeti-Park Hodenhagen. Kulans were darted using a ketamine-medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol (KMMB) protocol (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2022.885317
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Cryopreservation of Giraffe Epidydimal Spermatozoa Using Different Extenders and Cryoprotectants.

Hermes, Robert / Lecu, Alexis / Potier, Romain / Goeritz, Frank / Rickard, Jessica P / Bohner, Julia / Wedlarski, Rudy / Hruby, Jiri / Hildebrandt, Thomas B

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2022 Volume 12, Issue 7

Abstract: Giraffe numbers have plummeted over the last 30 years by 30-40%. Thus, their conservation status has been raised from least concern to vulnerable. Efforts to manage in situ and ex situ populations are increasing. Assisted reproduction techniques (ART) ... ...

Abstract	Giraffe numbers have plummeted over the last 30 years by 30-40%. Thus, their conservation status has been raised from least concern to vulnerable. Efforts to manage in situ and ex situ populations are increasing. Assisted reproduction techniques (ART) such as sperm cryopreservation could help preserve the genetic diversity of giraffe subspecies and, when used for artificial inseminations, enhance genetic exchange between isolated populations. However, to date, the post-thaw motility of recovered sperm has been low and inconsistent. In this study, epididymal sperm collected from the testes of giraffes (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani12070857
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Increasing the Yield and Cryosurvival of Spermatozoa from Rhinoceros Ejaculates Using the Enzyme Papain

Rickard, Jessica P. / Pool, Kelsey / de Graaf, Simon P. / Portas, Timothy / Rourke, Natalie / Wiesner, Miriam / Hildebrandt, Thomas B. / Göritz, Frank / Hermes, Robert

Biology. 2022 Jan. 18, v. 11, no. 2

2022

Abstract: The preservation of rhinoceros semen is vital for captive breeding programs. While successful collection and cryopreservation of rhinoceros semen has been reported, the volume and quality of semen produced is often low due to the high viscosity ... ...

Abstract	The preservation of rhinoceros semen is vital for captive breeding programs. While successful collection and cryopreservation of rhinoceros semen has been reported, the volume and quality of semen produced is often low due to the high viscosity associated with ejaculates collected via electroejaculation. Reducing semen viscosity would enable access to previously unusable spermatozoa from viscous fractions and could improve quality post-thaw. The enzyme papain successfully reduced the viscosity of camelid semen but has yet to be tested in wildlife species. This study assessed the influence of papain on the in vitro quality of rhinoceros spermatozoa during cryopreservation using advanced semen assessment. In experiment 1, the motility of spermatozoa from the viscous fraction of an ejaculate, either untreated or treated with papain and its inhibitor E-64 prior to cryopreservation, was assessed post-thaw. In experiment 2, spermatozoa from papain-treated viscous fractions were compared to spermatozoa frozen from untreated sperm-rich fractions pre-freeze, as well as after 0, 1.5 and 3 h of incubation post-thaw (37 °C). Papain significantly increased the quantity of spermatozoa collected from ejaculates, as well as the motility prior to freezing. Papain also improved the post-thaw motility, velocity, linearity and straightness of samples compared to sperm-rich samples, with no detriment to sperm viability, lipid membrane disorder, production of ROS or DNA integrity (p < 0.05). Results show the benefit of supplementing rhinoceros spermatozoa with papain prior to cryopreservation on sperm cryosurvival and demonstrates the potential of using papain to improve the success of cryopreservation protocols, not only for the rhinoceros, but also for other wildlife species.
Keywords	Camelidae ; DNA ; Rhinoceros ; cryopreservation ; lipids ; papain ; semen ; spermatozoa ; viability ; viscosity ; wildlife
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0118
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2661517-4
ISSN	2079-7737
ISSN	2079-7737
DOI	10.3390/biology11020154
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Application of decision tools to ethical analysis in biodiversity conservation

Biasetti, Pierfrancesco / Hildebrandt, Thomas B. / Göritz, Frank / Hermes, Robert / Holtze, Susanne / Stejskal, Jan / Galli, Cesare / Pollastri, Ilaria / Muzzo, Alessia / Lekolool, Isaac / Ndereeh, David / Omondi, Patrick / Kariuki, Linus / Mijele, Domnic / Mutisya, Samuel / Ngulu, Stephen / de Mori, Barbara

Conservation Biology. 2023 Apr., v. 37, no. 2 p.e14029-

2023

Abstract: Achieving ethically responsible decisions is crucial for the success of biodiversity conservation projects. We adapted the ethical matrix, decision tree, and Bateson's cube to assist in the ethical analysis of complex conservation scenarios by ... ...

Abstract	Achieving ethically responsible decisions is crucial for the success of biodiversity conservation projects. We adapted the ethical matrix, decision tree, and Bateson's cube to assist in the ethical analysis of complex conservation scenarios by structuring these tools so that they can implement the different value dimensions (environmental, social, and animal welfare) involved in conservation ethics. We then applied them to a case study relative to the decision‐making process regarding whether or not to continue collecting biomaterial on the oldest of the two remaining northern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum cottoni), a functionally extinct subspecies of the white rhinoceros. We used the ethical matrix to gather ethical pros and cons and as a starting point for a participatory approach to ethical decision‐making. We used decision trees to compare the different options at stake on the basis of a set of ethical desiderata. We used Bateson's cube to establish a threshold of ethical acceptability and model the results of a simple survey. The application of these tools proved to be pivotal in structuring the decision‐making process and in helping reach a shared, reasoned, and transparent decision on the best option from an ethical point of view among those available.
Keywords	Ceratotherium simum ssp. cottoni ; animal welfare ; biocompatible materials ; biodiversity conservation ; case studies ; decision making ; decision support systems ; ethics ; surveys ; wildlife management
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-04
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	58735-7
ISSN	1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
ISSN (online)	1523-1739
ISSN	0888-8892
DOI	10.1111/cobi.14029
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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