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  1. Article ; Online: Scrambling the genome in cancer: causes and consequences of complex chromosome rearrangements.

    Krupina, Ksenia / Goginashvili, Alexander / Cleveland, Don W

    Nature reviews. Genetics

    2023  Volume 25, Issue 3, Page(s) 196–210

    Abstract: Complex chromosome rearrangements, known as chromoanagenesis, are widespread in cancer. Based on large-scale DNA sequencing of human tumours, the most frequent type of complex chromosome rearrangement is chromothripsis, a massive, localized and clustered ...

    Abstract Complex chromosome rearrangements, known as chromoanagenesis, are widespread in cancer. Based on large-scale DNA sequencing of human tumours, the most frequent type of complex chromosome rearrangement is chromothripsis, a massive, localized and clustered rearrangement of one (or a few) chromosomes seemingly acquired in a single event. Chromothripsis can be initiated by mitotic errors that produce a micronucleus encapsulating a single chromosome or chromosomal fragment. Rupture of the unstable micronuclear envelope exposes its chromatin to cytosolic nucleases and induces chromothriptic shattering. Found in up to half of tumours included in pan-cancer genomic analyses, chromothriptic rearrangements can contribute to tumorigenesis through inactivation of tumour suppressor genes, activation of proto-oncogenes, or gene amplification through the production of self-propagating extrachromosomal circular DNAs encoding oncogenes or genes conferring anticancer drug resistance. Here, we discuss what has been learned about the mechanisms that enable these complex genomic rearrangements and their consequences in cancer.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Chromothripsis ; Chromatin ; DNA/genetics ; Cell Nucleus ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Gene Rearrangement ; Chromosome Aberrations
    Chemical Substances Chromatin ; DNA (9007-49-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2035157-4
    ISSN 1471-0064 ; 1471-0056
    ISSN (online) 1471-0064
    ISSN 1471-0056
    DOI 10.1038/s41576-023-00663-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Causes and consequences of micronuclei.

    Krupina, Ksenia / Goginashvili, Alexander / Cleveland, Don W

    Current opinion in cell biology

    2021  Volume 70, Page(s) 91–99

    Abstract: Micronuclei are small membrane-bounded compartments with a DNA content encapsulated by a nuclear envelope and spatially separated from the primary nucleus. Micronuclei have long been linked to chromosome instability, genome rearrangements, and ... ...

    Abstract Micronuclei are small membrane-bounded compartments with a DNA content encapsulated by a nuclear envelope and spatially separated from the primary nucleus. Micronuclei have long been linked to chromosome instability, genome rearrangements, and mutagenesis. They are frequently found in cancers, during senescence, and after genotoxic stress. Compromised integrity of the micronuclear envelope delays or disrupts DNA replication, inhibits DNA repair, and exposes micronuclear DNA directly to cytoplasm. Micronuclei play a central role in tumorigenesis, with micronuclear DNA being a source of complex genome rearrangements (including chromothripsis) and promoting a cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-mediated cellular immune response that may contribute to cancer metastasis. Here, we discuss recent findings on how micronuclei are generated, what the consequences are, and what cellular mechanisms can be applied to protect against micronucleation.
    MeSH term(s) Chromothripsis ; DNA Damage ; Genomic Instability ; Humans ; Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective ; Nuclear Envelope
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1026381-0
    ISSN 1879-0410 ; 0955-0674
    ISSN (online) 1879-0410
    ISSN 0955-0674
    DOI 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.01.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Book ; Online: Novel Mechanism of Fasting Response in Pancreatic β Cells

    Goginashvili, Alexander

    2014  

    Abstract: Diss., Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ETH Zürich, Nr. 21906, ... ...

    Abstract Diss., Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ETH Zürich, Nr. 21906, 2014
    Keywords BAUCHSPEICHELDRÜSE (ANATOMIE UND PHYSIOLOGIE) ; PHYSIOLOGIE VON ZELLE UND ORGANISMUS ; INSULIN (HORMONE) ; GRANULA + EINSCHLUSSKÖRPERCHEN (CYTOLOGIE) ; LYSOSOMEN (CYTOLOGIE) ; REGULATION UND STEUERUNG DURCH ENZYME (BIOCHEMIE) ; DIABETES MELLITUS + HYPOINSULINISMUS (PATHOLOGIE)
    Language English
    Publisher Zürich, ETH-Zürich
    Publishing country ch
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Thesis ; Online: Novel Mechanism of Fasting Response in Pancreatic β Cells

    Goginashvili, Alexander

    2014  

    Keywords BAUCHSPEICHELDRÜSE (ANATOMIE UND PHYSIOLOGIE) ; PHYSIOLOGIE VON ZELLE UND ORGANISMUS ; INSULIN (HORMONE) ; GRANULA + EINSCHLUSSKÖRPERCHEN (CYTOLOGIE) ; LYSOSOMEN (CYTOLOGIE) ; REGULATION UND STEUERUNG DURCH ENZYME (BIOCHEMIE) ; DIABETES MELLITUS + HYPOINSULINISMUS (PATHOLOGIE) ; PANCREAS (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY) ; PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CELL AND THE ORGANISM ; INSULIN (HORMONES) ; GRANULA + ENCLOSED BODIES (CYTOLOGY) ; LYSOSOMES (CYTOLOGY) ; REGULATION AND CONTROL BY ENZYMES (BIOCHEMISTRY) ; DIABETES MELLITUS + HYPOINSULINISM (PATHOLOGY) ; info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/610 ; info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/570 ; Medical sciences ; medicine ; Life sciences
    Language English
    Publisher ETH Zurich
    Publishing country ch
    Document type Thesis ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Breaking Bad and Breaking Good: β-Cell Autophagy Pathways in Diabetes.

    Vivot, Kevin / Pasquier, Adrien / Goginashvili, Alexander / Ricci, Romeo

    Journal of molecular biology

    2019  Volume 432, Issue 5, Page(s) 1494–1513

    Abstract: For many decades the lysosome has been recognized as the terminal center of cellular waste disposal. Products of lysosomal degradation are either recycled in biosynthetic pathways or are further metabolized to produce energy. As such the lysosome was ... ...

    Abstract For many decades the lysosome has been recognized as the terminal center of cellular waste disposal. Products of lysosomal degradation are either recycled in biosynthetic pathways or are further metabolized to produce energy. As such the lysosome was attributed a rather passive role in cellular metabolism merely transforming bulk material into small metabolites. More recently, however, the emerging evidence has brought the lysosome to the center of nutrient sensing as the organelle that harbors a complex signaling machinery which dynamically and actively regulates cell metabolism. The pancreatic β cell is unique in as much as nutrient sensing is directly coupled to insulin secretion. Importantly, defects in insulin secretion constitute a hallmark in the progression of patients from a state of impaired glucose tolerance to full blown type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, mechanisms linking nutrient-dependent lysosomal function to insulin secretion and more generally to β cell health have evolved only very recently. This review discusses emerging concepts in macroautophagy and macroautophagy-independent processes of cargo delivery to lysosomes as well as nutrient-dependent lysosomal signaling specifically in the context of β cell function in health and disease. Such mechanisms may provide a novel source of therapeutic targets to be exploited in the context of β cell failure in diabetes in the near future.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Autophagy/physiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrolases/metabolism ; Insulin/biosynthesis ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Nutrients/metabolism ; Protein Transport ; Signal Transduction
    Chemical Substances Insulin ; Hydrolases (EC 3.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-08-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80229-3
    ISSN 1089-8638 ; 0022-2836
    ISSN (online) 1089-8638
    ISSN 0022-2836
    DOI 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.030
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Breaking Bad and Breaking Good: β-Cell Autophagy Pathways in Diabetes

    Vivot, Kevin / Pasquier, Adrien / Goginashvili, Alexander / Ricci, Romeo

    Elsevier Ltd Journal of molecular biology. 2019 July 19,

    2019  

    Abstract: For many decades the lysosome has been recognized as the terminal center of cellular waste disposal. Products of lysosomal degradation are either recycled in biosynthetic pathways or are further metabolized to produce energy. As such the lysosome was ... ...

    Abstract For many decades the lysosome has been recognized as the terminal center of cellular waste disposal. Products of lysosomal degradation are either recycled in biosynthetic pathways or are further metabolized to produce energy. As such the lysosome was attributed a rather passive role in cellular metabolism merely transforming bulk material into small metabolites. More recently, however, the emerging evidence has brought the lysosome to the center of nutrient sensing as the organelle that harbors a complex signaling machinery which dynamically and actively regulates cell metabolism.The pancreatic β cell is unique in as much as nutrient sensing is directly coupled to insulin secretion. Importantly, defects in insulin secretion constitute a hallmark in the progression of patients from a state of impaired glucose tolerance to full blown type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, mechanisms linking nutrient-dependent lysosomal function to insulin secretion and more generally to β cell health have evolved only very recently. This review discusses emerging concepts in macroautophagy and macroautophagy-independent processes of cargo delivery to lysosomes as well as nutrient-dependent lysosomal signaling specifically in the context of β cell function in health and disease. Such mechanisms may provide a novel source of therapeutic targets to be exploited in the context of β cell failure in diabetes in the near future.
    Keywords autophagy ; biochemical pathways ; energy ; glucose tolerance ; insulin secretion ; islets of Langerhans ; lysosomes ; metabolites ; noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; patients ; therapeutics ; waste disposal
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0719
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 80229-3
    ISSN 1089-8638 ; 0022-2836
    ISSN (online) 1089-8638
    ISSN 0022-2836
    DOI 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.030
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article ; Online: Lysosomes in nutrient signalling: A focus on pancreatic β-cells.

    Mészáros, Gergő / Pasquier, Adrien / Vivot, Kevin / Goginashvili, Alexander / Ricci, Romeo

    Diabetes, obesity & metabolism

    2018  Volume 20 Suppl 2, Page(s) 104–115

    Abstract: Regulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells is a major process maintaining glucose homeostasis in mammals. Enhancing insulin release in response to chronic nutrient overload and obesity-related insulin resistance (pre-diabetes) requires several ... ...

    Abstract Regulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells is a major process maintaining glucose homeostasis in mammals. Enhancing insulin release in response to chronic nutrient overload and obesity-related insulin resistance (pre-diabetes) requires several adaptive cellular mechanisms maintaining β-cell health under such stresses. Once these mechanisms are overwhelmed, β-cell failure occurs leading to full-blown Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Nutrient-dependent macroautophagy represents one such adaptive mechanism in β-cells. While macroautophagy levels are high and protective in β-cells in pre-diabetes, they decrease at later stages contributing to β-cell failure. However, mechanisms compromising macroautophagy in β-cells remain poorly understood. In this review, we discuss how recently discovered signalling cascades that emanate from the limiting membrane of lysosomes contribute to changes in macroautophagy flux in physiology and disease. In particular, these mechanisms are put into context with β-cell function highlighting most recently described links between nutrient-dependent lysosomal signalling pathways and insulin secretion. Understanding these mechanisms in response to metabolic stress might pave the way for development of more tailored treatment strategies aimed at preserving β-cell health.
    MeSH term(s) Autophagy/physiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Secretion/physiology ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/physiology ; Intracellular Membranes/enzymology ; Lysosomes/physiology ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism ; Nutrients/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/physiology
    Chemical Substances Insulin ; Nutrients ; Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.-) ; AMP-activated protein kinase kinase (EC 2.7.1.-) ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (EC 2.7.11.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1454944-x
    ISSN 1463-1326 ; 1462-8902
    ISSN (online) 1463-1326
    ISSN 1462-8902
    DOI 10.1111/dom.13389
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Heat-shock chaperone HSPB1 regulates cytoplasmic TDP-43 phase separation and liquid-to-gel transition.

    Lu, Shan / Hu, Jiaojiao / Arogundade, Olubankole Aladesuyi / Goginashvili, Alexander / Vazquez-Sanchez, Sonia / Diedrich, Jolene K / Gu, Jinge / Blum, Jacob / Oung, Spencer / Ye, Qiaozhen / Yu, Haiyang / Ravits, John / Liu, Cong / Yates, John R / Cleveland, Don W

    Nature cell biology

    2022  Volume 24, Issue 9, Page(s) 1378–1393

    Abstract: While acetylated, RNA-binding-deficient TDP-43 reversibly phase separates within nuclei into complex droplets (anisosomes) comprised of TDP-43-containing liquid outer shells and liquid centres of HSP70-family chaperones, cytoplasmic aggregates of TDP-43 ... ...

    Abstract While acetylated, RNA-binding-deficient TDP-43 reversibly phase separates within nuclei into complex droplets (anisosomes) comprised of TDP-43-containing liquid outer shells and liquid centres of HSP70-family chaperones, cytoplasmic aggregates of TDP-43 are hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we show that transient oxidative stress, proteasome inhibition or inhibition of the ATP-dependent chaperone activity of HSP70 provokes reversible cytoplasmic TDP-43 de-mixing and transition from liquid to gel/solid, independently of RNA binding or stress granules. Isotope labelling mass spectrometry was used to identify that phase-separated cytoplasmic TDP-43 is bound by the small heat-shock protein HSPB1. Binding is direct, mediated through TDP-43's RNA binding and low-complexity domains. HSPB1 partitions into TDP-43 droplets, inhibits TDP-43 assembly into fibrils, and is essential for disassembly of stress-induced TDP-43 droplets. A decrease in HSPB1 promotes cytoplasmic TDP-43 de-mixing and mislocalization. HSPB1 depletion was identified in spinal motor neurons of patients with ALS containing aggregated TDP-43. These findings identify HSPB1 to be a regulator of cytoplasmic TDP-43 phase separation and aggregation.
    MeSH term(s) Adenosine Triphosphate ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry ; Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins, Small ; Humans ; Molecular Chaperones/genetics ; Phase Transition ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; RNA/metabolism
    Chemical Substances DNA-Binding Proteins ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; HSPB1 protein, human ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; Heat-Shock Proteins, Small ; Molecular Chaperones ; RNA (63231-63-0) ; Adenosine Triphosphate (8L70Q75FXE) ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex (EC 3.4.25.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1474722-4
    ISSN 1476-4679 ; 1465-7392
    ISSN (online) 1476-4679
    ISSN 1465-7392
    DOI 10.1038/s41556-022-00988-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Lysosomal degradation of newly formed insulin granules contributes to β cell failure in diabetes.

    Pasquier, Adrien / Vivot, Kevin / Erbs, Eric / Spiegelhalter, Coralie / Zhang, Zhirong / Aubert, Victor / Liu, Zengzhen / Senkara, Meryem / Maillard, Elisa / Pinget, Michel / Kerr-Conte, Julie / Pattou, François / Marciniak, Gilbert / Ganzhorn, Axel / Ronchi, Paolo / Schieber, Nicole L / Schwab, Yannick / Saftig, Paul / Goginashvili, Alexander /
    Ricci, Romeo

    Nature communications

    2019  Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 3312

    Abstract: Compromised function of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells is central to the development and progression of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). However, the mechanisms underlying β cell failure remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that metabolic stress ... ...

    Abstract Compromised function of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells is central to the development and progression of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). However, the mechanisms underlying β cell failure remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that metabolic stress markedly enhances macroautophagy-independent lysosomal degradation of nascent insulin granules. In different model systems of diabetes including of human origin, stress-induced nascent granule degradation (SINGD) contributes to loss of insulin along with mammalian/mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent suppression of macroautophagy. Expression of Protein Kinase D (PKD), a negative regulator of SINGD, is reduced in diabetic β cells. Pharmacological activation of PKD counters SINGD and delays the onset of T2D. Conversely, inhibition of PKD exacerbates SINGD, mitigates insulin secretion and accelerates diabetes. Finally, reduced levels of lysosomal tetraspanin CD63 prevent SINGD, leading to increased insulin secretion. Overall, our findings implicate aberrant SINGD in the pathogenesis of diabetes and suggest new therapeutic strategies to prevent β cell failure.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology ; Humans ; Insulin/chemistry ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Secretion ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Macroautophagy ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Protein Kinase C/genetics ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Insulin ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases (EC 2.7.1.1) ; protein kinase D (EC 2.7.10.-) ; Protein Kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-11170-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Polyglutamine-Expanded Huntingtin Exacerbates Age-Related Disruption of Nuclear Integrity and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport.

    Gasset-Rosa, Fatima / Chillon-Marinas, Carlos / Goginashvili, Alexander / Atwal, Ranjit Singh / Artates, Jonathan W / Tabet, Ricardos / Wheeler, Vanessa C / Bang, Anne G / Cleveland, Don W / Lagier-Tourenne, Clotilde

    Neuron

    2017  Volume 94, Issue 1, Page(s) 48–57.e4

    Abstract: Onset of neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease, is strongly influenced by aging. Hallmarks of aged cells include compromised nuclear envelope integrity, impaired nucleocytoplasmic transport, and accumulation of DNA double-strand ... ...

    Abstract Onset of neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease, is strongly influenced by aging. Hallmarks of aged cells include compromised nuclear envelope integrity, impaired nucleocytoplasmic transport, and accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. We show that mutant huntingtin markedly accelerates all of these cellular phenotypes in a dose- and age-dependent manner in cortex and striatum of mice. Huntingtin-linked polyglutamine initially accumulates in nuclei, leading to disruption of nuclear envelope architecture, partial sequestration of factors essential for nucleocytoplasmic transport (Gle1 and RanGAP1), and intranuclear accumulation of mRNA. In aged mice, accumulation of RanGAP1 together with polyglutamine is shifted to perinuclear and cytoplasmic areas. Consistent with findings in mice, marked alterations in nuclear envelope morphology, abnormal localization of RanGAP1, and nuclear accumulation of mRNA were found in cortex of Huntington's disease patients. Overall, our findings identify polyglutamine-dependent inhibition of nucleocytoplasmic transport and alteration of nuclear integrity as a central component of Huntington's disease.
    MeSH term(s) Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/metabolism ; Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Cell Nucleus ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Female ; GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Huntingtin Protein/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Neostriatum/metabolism ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Peptides/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Gle1 protein, human ; Gle1 protein, mouse ; HTT protein, human ; Htt protein, mouse ; Huntingtin Protein ; Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins ; Peptides ; RANGAP1 protein, human ; RNA, Messenger ; Rangap1 protein, mouse ; polyglutamine (26700-71-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-04-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Video-Audio Media
    ZDB-ID 808167-0
    ISSN 1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
    ISSN (online) 1097-4199
    ISSN 0896-6273
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.027
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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