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Article: Zika virus: Current concerns in India.

Bhardwaj, Sumit / Gokhale, Mangesh D / Mourya, Devendra T

2017 Volume 146, Issue 5, Page(s) 572–575

Abstract: With confirmation of Zika virus (ZIKV) presence in India, screening of a large number of febrile illness samples yielded only four positive cases. In this review, we address the current concern with context to India. The possible reasons for low level of ...

Abstract	With confirmation of Zika virus (ZIKV) presence in India, screening of a large number of febrile illness samples yielded only four positive cases. In this review, we address the current concern with context to India. The possible reasons for low level of Zika prevalence in India have been discussed, by extracting some probable explanations from previous experience of chikungunya virus-vector model/studies. In the current context, it is hypothesized that Indian mosquito strains have lower susceptibility gradient/threshold for ZIKV. The very low positivity in the humans also indicates low levels of mosquito-human-mosquito transmission cycle. There is also a need to look for the existence of any such animal cycle/sylvatic involvement in India. The recently detected four cases in India show local transmission of ZIKV suggesting that ZIKV might have been present in India since long time. The earlier vector-virus relationship studies with chikungunya suggested that in due course of time, ZIKV might become a major public health concern in the future.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Mosquito Vectors/pathogenicity ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Saliva/virology ; Zika Virus/genetics ; Zika Virus/pathogenicity ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission ; Zika Virus Infection/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-06
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	390883-5
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
DOI	10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1160_17
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Article ; Online: Detection of possible Nipah virus infection in Rousettus leschenaultii and Pipistrellus Pipistrellus bats in Maharashtra, India.

Gokhale, Mangesh D / Sreelekshmy, Mohandas / Sudeep, Anakkatil B / Shete, Anita / Jain, Rajlaxmi / Yadav, Pragya D / Mathapati, Basavraj / Mourya, Devendra T

Journal of infection and public health

2021 Volume 14, Issue 8, Page(s) 1010–1012

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chiroptera ; Henipavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Henipavirus Infections/veterinary ; Humans ; India/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2467587-8
ISSN	1876-035X ; 1876-0341
ISSN (online)	1876-035X
ISSN	1876-0341
DOI	10.1016/j.jiph.2021.05.001
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Article: Chikungunya virus susceptibility & variation in populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito from India.

Gokhale, Mangesh D / Paingankar, Mandar S / Sudeep, Anakathil B / Parashar, Deepti

The Indian journal of medical research

2016 Volume 142 Suppl, Page(s) S33–43

Abstract: Background & objectives: Although having immense clinical relevance, yet only a few studies have been targeted to understand the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) susceptibility and growth in Aedes aegypti populations from India. This study was undertaken to ... ...

Abstract	Background & objectives: Although having immense clinical relevance, yet only a few studies have been targeted to understand the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) susceptibility and growth in Aedes aegypti populations from India. This study was undertaken to investigate CHIKV susceptibility and growth kinetics in Ae. aegypti along with genetic heterogeneity of Ae. aegypti populations. Methods: Dose dependent CHIKV susceptibility and growth kinetic studies for three CHIKV strains reported from India were carried out in Ae. aegypti mosquito populations. The phenotypic variation and genetic heterogeneity in five Ae. aegypti populations were investigated using multivariate morphometrics and allozyme variation studies. Results: The dissemination and growth kinetics studies of the three CHIKV strains showed no selective advantage for a particular strain of CHIKV in Ae. aegypti. At 100 per cent infection rate, five geographic Ae. aegypti populations showed differences in dissemination to three CHIKV strains. Morphometric studies revealed phenotypic variation in all the studied populations. The allelic frequencies, F statistics, and Nei's genetic identity values showed that genetic differences between the populations were small, but significant. Interpretation & conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that genetic background of the vector strongly influences the CHIKV susceptibility in Ae. aegypti.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/genetics ; Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/genetics ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission ; Chikungunya Fever/virology ; Chikungunya virus/genetics ; Chikungunya virus/pathogenicity ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; India ; Insect Vectors/genetics ; Insect Vectors/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-02-23
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	390883-5
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
DOI	10.4103/0971-5916.176614
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Article ; Online: Spatial Association Between a Nipah Virus Outbreak in India and Nipah Virus Infection in Pteropus Bats.

Mourya, Devendra T / Yadav, Pragya / Sudeep, Anakkathil B / Gokhale, Mangesh D / Gupta, Nivedita / Gangakhedkar, Raman R / Bhargava, Balram

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

2019 Volume 69, Issue 2, Page(s) 378–379

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chiroptera/virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Henipavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Henipavirus Infections/veterinary ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Nipah Virus/isolation & purification ; Pharynx/virology ; Rectum/virology ; Spatial Analysis ; Topography, Medical
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1099781-7
ISSN	1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
ISSN (online)	1537-6591
ISSN	1058-4838
DOI	10.1093/cid/ciy1093
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Article: Experimental Zika virus infection in

Mourya, Devendra T / Gokhale, Mangesh D / Majumdar, Triparna D / Yadav, Pragya D / Kumar, Vimal / Mavale, Mangala S

The Indian journal of medical research

2018 Volume 147, Issue 1, Page(s) 88–96

Abstract: Background & objectives: There are reports about the susceptibility of Aedes mosquitoes to ZIKV from various countries, however, no such information is available from Indian sub-continent, although, high level of group cross-reactivity of ZIKV with ... ...

Abstract	Background & objectives: There are reports about the susceptibility of Aedes mosquitoes to ZIKV from various countries, however, no such information is available from Indian sub-continent, although, high level of group cross-reactivity of ZIKV with other flaviviruses has been reported. During outbreak situations, many cases of Dengue (DEN) and Chikungunya (CHIK) are reported. In such scenario, vector mosquitoes are likely to get co-infection/secondary-infection with one or other virus. The present study was carried out to determine the susceptibility of Indian strain of Aedes aegypti to Zika virus (ZIKV) strain (MR-766) and the effect of co-infection/super-infection with either dengue virus (serotype-2) (DENV) or chikungunya virus (CHIKV) on ZIKV replication. Methods: Ae. aegypti mosquitoes used in this study were reared for many generations since 1980 at laboratory colony maintained at the ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India. Transmissibility of ZIKV from infected mosquitoes to suckling mice was also studied. Mosquitoes were experimentally infected with ZIKV and super-infected with either DENV or CHIKV via membrane-feeding route and incubated for 14 days at 28±2°C and humidity of 85±5 per cent. Replication of these viruses in mosquitoes was confirmed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence assay. Twenty infected mosquitoes were allowed to feed upon four suckling CD1 mice for about 30 min. Transmission of the ZIKV by infected mosquitoes to suckling mice was confirmed by the appearance of clinical signs and the presence of viral RNA in different organs. Results: Concomitant infection of mosquitoes with all the three viruses showed simultaneous propagation of all three viruses, confirmed by real time RT-PCR and IFA. Infection of mosquitoes with CHIKV followed by ZIKV showed positivity in individual head squashes (7%) for both viruses using IFA; only 8.3 per cent showed dual positivity with primary infection of ZIKV followed by DENV; 8.3 per cent dual infection positivity was observed when infected with DENV followed by ZIKV; 5 per cent showed dual infection was observed when infected with ZIKV followed by CHIKV. Ae. aegypti was found to be susceptible to ZIKV strain as ZIKV could be detected from the second post-infection day (PID) in infected mosquitoes. Transmission of ZIKV to mice by the bite of infected Ae. aegypti establishes this species as a potential vector. Interpretation & conclusions: From super-infection experiments, it was concluded that ZIKV might have a relative advantage in replication dynamics over DENV. Vertical transmission was not observed for ZIKV in experimentally infected mosquitoes (n=920 larvae). Further studies are required to understand the possibility of silently circulating ZIKV in India, which remain non-detected because of lack of surveillance.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission ; Chikungunya Fever/virology ; Chikungunya virus/pathogenicity ; Coinfection/epidemiology ; Coinfection/transmission ; Coinfection/virology ; Dengue/epidemiology ; Dengue/transmission ; Dengue/virology ; Dengue Virus/pathogenicity ; Densovirinae ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Larva/virology ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Virus Replication/genetics ; Zika Virus/pathogenicity ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission ; Zika Virus Infection/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-03
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390883-5
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
DOI	10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1142_17
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Article ; Online: Detection of Nipah virus in Pteropus medius in 2019 outbreak from Ernakulam district, Kerala, India.

Sudeep, A B / Yadav, Pragya D / Gokhale, Mangesh D / Balasubramanian, R / Gupta, Nivedita / Shete, Anita / Jain, Rajlaxmi / Patil, Savita / Sahay, Rima R / Nyayanit, Dimpal A / Gopale, Sanjay / Pardeshi, Prachi G / Majumdar, Triparna D / Patil, Dilip R / Sugunan, A P / Mourya, Devendra T

BMC infectious diseases

2021 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 162

Abstract: Background: In June 2019, Nipah virus (NiV) infection was detected in a 21-year-old male (index case) of Ernakulum, Kerala, India. This study was undertaken to determine if NiV was in circulation in Pteropus species (spp) in those areas where the index ... ...

Abstract	Background: In June 2019, Nipah virus (NiV) infection was detected in a 21-year-old male (index case) of Ernakulum, Kerala, India. This study was undertaken to determine if NiV was in circulation in Pteropus species (spp) in those areas where the index case had visit history in 1 month. Methods: Specialized techniques were used to trap the Pteropus medius bats (random sampling) in the vicinity of the index case area. Throat and rectal swabs samples of 141 bats along with visceral organs of 92 bats were collected to detect the presence of NiV by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR). Serum samples of 52 bats were tested for anti-NiV Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The complete genome of NiV was sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) from the tissues and swab samples of bats. Results: One rectal swab sample and three bats visceral organs were found positive for the NiV. Interestingly, 20.68% (12/58) of Pteropus were positive for anti-NiV IgG antibodies. NiV sequences of 18,172; 17,200 and 15,100 nucleotide bps could be retrieved from three Pteropus bats. Conclusion: A distinct cluster of NiV sequences, with significant net-evolutionary nucleotide divergence, was obtained, suggesting the circulation of new genotype (I-India) in South India. NiV Positivity in Pteropus spp. of bats revealed that NiV is circulating in many districts of Kerala state, and active surveillance of NiV should be immediately set up to know the hotspot area for NiV infection.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Chiroptera/virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Henipavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Henipavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Henipavirus Infections/veterinary ; Henipavirus Infections/virology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; India/epidemiology ; Nipah Virus/classification ; Nipah Virus/genetics ; Nipah Virus/immunology ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral/chemistry ; RNA, Viral/metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rectum/virology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G ; RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2334
ISSN (online)	1471-2334
DOI	10.1186/s12879-021-05865-7
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Article ; Online: Dengue-2-virus-interacting polypeptides involved in mosquito cell infection.

Paingankar, Mandar S / Gokhale, Mangesh D / Deobagkar, Dileep N

Archives of virology

2010 Volume 155, Issue 9, Page(s) 1453–1461

Abstract: For the design of effective antiviral strategies, understanding the fundamental steps of the virus life cycle, including virus-host interactions, is essential. We performed a virus overlay protein binding assay followed by proteomics for identification ... ...

Abstract	For the design of effective antiviral strategies, understanding the fundamental steps of the virus life cycle, including virus-host interactions, is essential. We performed a virus overlay protein binding assay followed by proteomics for identification of proteins from membrane fractions of A7 (Aedes aegypti) cells, C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) cells and the midgut brush border membrane fraction of Ae. aegypti mosquito that bind to dengue-2 virus. Actin, ATP synthase β subunit, HSc 70, orisis, prohibitin, tubulin β chain, and vav-1 were identified as dengue-2-virus-binding proteins. Our results suggest that dengue-2 virus exploits an array of housekeeping proteins for its entry in mosquito cells.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/genetics ; Aedes/metabolism ; Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Dengue ; Dengue Virus/genetics ; Dengue Virus/physiology ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Insect Proteins/metabolism ; Insect Vectors/genetics ; Insect Vectors/metabolism ; Insect Vectors/virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptides/genetics ; Peptides/metabolism ; Virus Internalization
Chemical Substances	Insect Proteins ; Peptides
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-09
Publishing country	Austria
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	7491-3
ISSN	1432-8798 ; 0304-8608
ISSN (online)	1432-8798
ISSN	0304-8608
DOI	10.1007/s00705-010-0728-7
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Article ; Online: Serratia odorifera a midgut inhabitant of Aedes aegypti mosquito enhances its susceptibility to dengue-2 virus.

Apte-Deshpande, Anjali / Paingankar, Mandar / Gokhale, Mangesh D / Deobagkar, Dileep N

PloS one

2012 Volume 7, Issue 7, Page(s) e40401

Abstract: Mosquito midgut plays a crucial role in its vector susceptibility and pathogen interaction. Identification of the sustainable microflora of the midgut environment can therefore help in evaluating its contribution in mosquito-pathogen interaction and in ... ...

Abstract	Mosquito midgut plays a crucial role in its vector susceptibility and pathogen interaction. Identification of the sustainable microflora of the midgut environment can therefore help in evaluating its contribution in mosquito-pathogen interaction and in turn vector competence. To understand the bacterial diversity in the midgut of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, we conducted a screening study of the gut microbes of these mosquitoes which were either collected from fields or reared in the laboratory "culture-dependent" approach. This work demonstrated that the microbial flora of larvae and adult Ae. aegypti midgut is complex and is dominated by gram negative proteobacteria. Serratia odorifera was found to be stably associated in the midguts of field collected and laboratory reared larvae and adult females. The potential influence of this sustainable gut microbe on DENV-2 susceptibility of this vector was evaluated by co-feeding S. odorifera with DENV-2 to adult Ae. aegypti females (free of gut flora). The observations revealed that the viral susceptibility of these Aedes females enhanced significantly as compared to solely dengue-2 fed and another gut inhabitant, Microbacterium oxydans co-fed females. Based on the results of this study we proposed that the enhancement in the DENV-2 susceptibility of Ae. aegypti females was due to blocking of prohibitin molecule present on the midgut surface of these females by the polypeptide of gut inhabitant S. odorifera.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/microbiology ; Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Dengue Virus/physiology ; Female ; Insect Vectors/microbiology ; Insect Vectors/virology ; Intestines/microbiology ; Serratia/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-07-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0040401
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Article: Serratia odorifera mediated enhancement in susceptibility of Aedes aegypti for chikungunya virus.

Apte-Deshpande, Anjali D / Paingankar, Mandar S / Gokhale, Mangesh D / Deobagkar, Dileep N

The Indian journal of medical research

2014 Volume 139, Issue 5, Page(s) 762–768

Abstract: Background & objectives: The susceptibility of the mosquito to the invading pathogen is predominantly dictated by the complex interactions between the mosquito midgut and the surface proteins of the invading pathogen. It is well documented that the ... ...

Abstract	Background & objectives: The susceptibility of the mosquito to the invading pathogen is predominantly dictated by the complex interactions between the mosquito midgut and the surface proteins of the invading pathogen. It is well documented that the midgut microbiota plays an important role in determining the susceptibility of the mosquito to the pathogen. In the present study, we investigated the influence of Serratia odorifera, an endogenous cultivable midgut inhabitant of Aedes aegypti on the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) susceptibility to this mosquito. Methods: Ae. aegypti females free of gutflora were co-fed with CHIKV and either of the two midgut inhabitants namely, S. odorifeara and Microbacterium oxydans. CHIKV dissemination was checked on 10 th day post feeding (DPF) using indirect immunoflurescence assay and plaque assay. CHIKV interacting proteins of the mosquito midgut were identified using virus overlay protein binding assay and MALDI TOF/TOF analysis. Results: The observations revealed that co-feeding of S. odorifera with CHIKV significantly enhanced the CHIKV susceptibility in adult Ae. aegypti, as compared to the mosquitoes fed with CHIKV alone and CHIKV co-fed with another midgut inhabitant, M. oxydans. Virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA) results revealed that porin and heat shock protein (HSP60) of Ae. aegypti midgut brush border membrane fraction interacted with CHIKV. Interpretation & conclusions: The results of this study indicated that the enhancement in the CHIKV susceptibility of Ae. aegypti females was due to the suppression of immune response of Ae. aegypti as a result of the interaction between S. odorifera P40 protein and porin on the gut membrane.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/microbiology ; Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Chaperonin 60/metabolism ; Chikungunya Fever/pathology ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission ; Chikungunya Fever/virology ; Chikungunya virus/growth & development ; Chikungunya virus/pathogenicity ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/virology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/microbiology ; Insect Vectors/virology ; Mice ; Serratia/growth & development ; Serratia/pathogenicity
Chemical Substances	Chaperonin 60
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-04-01
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	390883-5
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
ISSN	0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
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Article ; Online: Evidence of co-infection of chikungunya and densonucleosis viruses in C6/36 cell lines and laboratory infected Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes

Singh Dinesh K / Gokhale Mangesh D / Barde Pradip V / Sivaram Aruna / Mourya Devendra T

Parasites & Vectors, Vol 3, Iss 1, p

2010 Volume 95

Abstract: Abstract Background Densonucleosis viruses are the etiological agents of insect's disease. We have reported the isolation of densovirus from India and its distribution among the natural populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes across the country. Since ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Densonucleosis viruses are the etiological agents of insect's disease. We have reported the isolation of densovirus from India and its distribution among the natural populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes across the country. Since densonucleosis virus persistently infects mosquito populations, and is demonstrated to negatively affect multiplication of dengue virus in Aedes albopictus , it would be interesting to study if this virus has a role in determining the susceptibility of the vector mosquito Ae. aegypti to chikugunya virus. Methods Mosquito cell lines and adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes infected with densovirus were superinfected with Chikungunya virus and both the viruses were quantitated by determining their genomic copy number by real time amplification. Comparison was made between the log of genomic copy numbers of the viruses in the presence and absence of each other. Results The log of copy number of the viruses did not vary due to co-infection. Even though the RNA copy number of chikungunya virus increased over the period of time, no change was observed in the RNA copy number between the control and the co-infected group on any given day. Similarly, DNA copy number of densovirus also remained unchanged between the control and the co-infected groups. Conclusion Chikungunya virus neither stimulates the replication of densovirus nor is its own replication suppressed due to co-infection. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with densovirus infection were as susceptible to infection by chikungunya virus as the uninfected mosquitoes.
Keywords	Microbiology ; QR1-502 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Microbiology ; DOAJ:Biology ; DOAJ:Biology and Life Sciences ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216 ; Internal medicine ; RC31-1245 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Internal medicine ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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