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Book ; Online ; Thesis: Cloud Condensation Nuclei and Ice-Nucleating Particles Over Tropical and Subtropical Regions in the Northern Hemisphere

Gong, Xianda [Verfasser]

2020

Author's details	Xianda Gong
Keywords	Geowissenschaften ; Earth Sciences
Subject code	sg550
Language	English
Publisher	Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig
Publishing place	Leipzig
Document type	Book ; Online ; Thesis
Database	Digital theses on the web

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Book ; Online: An unsupervised machine-learning-based classification of aerosol microphysical properties over 10 years at Cabo Verde

Gong, Xianda / Wex, Heike / Müller, Thomas / Henning, Silvia / Voigtländer, Jens / Wiedensohler, Alfred / Stratmann, Frank

eISSN: 1680-7324

2021

Abstract: The Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO), which is influenced by both, marine and desert dust air masses, has been used for long-term measurements of different properties of the atmospheric aerosol from 2008 to 2017. These properties include ... ...

Abstract	The Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO), which is influenced by both, marine and desert dust air masses, has been used for long-term measurements of different properties of the atmospheric aerosol from 2008 to 2017. These properties include particle number size distributions (PNSD), light absorbing carbon (LAC) and concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) together with their hygroscopicity. Here we summarize the results obtained for these properties and use an unsupervised machine learning algorithm for the classification of aerosol types. Five types of aerosols, i.e., marine, freshly-formed, mixture, moderate dust and heavy dust, were classified. Air masses during marine periods are from the Atlantic Ocean and during dust periods are from the Sahara. Heavy dust was more frequently present during wintertime, whereas the clean marine periods were more frequently present during springtime. It was observed that during the dust periods CCN number concentrations at a supersaturation of 0.30 % are roughly 2.5 times higher than during marine periods, but the hygroscopicity (κ) of particles in the size range from ∼30 to ∼175 nm during marine and dust periods are comparable. The long-term data presented here, together with the aerosol classification, can be used as a base to improve our understanding of annual cycles of the atmospheric aerosol in the eastern tropical Atlantic and on aerosol-cloud interactions and it can be used as a base for driving, evaluating and constraining atmospheric model simulations.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-04
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: A 20-year (1998–2017) global sea surface dimethyl sulfide gridded dataset with daily resolution

Zhou, Shengqian / Chen, Ying / Huang, Shan / Gong, Xianda / Yang, Guipeng / Zhang, Honghai / Herrmann, Hartmut / Wiedensohler, Alfred / Poulain, Laurent / Zhang, Yan / Wang, Fanghui / Xu, Zongjun / Yan, Ke

eISSN: 1866-3516

2023

Abstract: The oceanic emission of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) plays a vital role in the Earth's climate system and is a significant source of uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing. Currently, the widely used monthly climatology of sea surface DMS concentration ... ...

Abstract	The oceanic emission of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) plays a vital role in the Earth's climate system and is a significant source of uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing. Currently, the widely used monthly climatology of sea surface DMS concentration cannot meet the requirement for accurately simulating DMS-derived aerosols by chemical transport models. Thus, there is an urgent need to construct a global sea surface DMS dataset with high time resolution spanning multiple years. Here we develop an artificial neural network ensemble model based on 9 environmental factors, which demonstrate high accuracy and generalization in predicting DMS concentrations. Subsequently, a global sea surface DMS concentration and flux dataset (1°×1°) with daily resolution covering the period from 1998 to 2017 is established. According to this dataset, the global annual average concentration was ~1.82 nM, and the annual total emission was ~17.9 TgS yr –1 , with ~60 % originating from the southern hemisphere. While overall seasonal variations are consistent with previous DMS climatologies, notable differences exist in regional-scale spatial distributions. The new dataset enables further investigation of daily and decadal variations. During 1998–2017, the global annual average concentration exhibited a slight decrease, while total emissions showed no significant trend. Benefiting from the incorporation of daily and interannual variation information, the DMS flux from our dataset showed a much stronger correlation with observed atmospheric methanesulfonic acid concentration compared to those from previous monthly climatologies. As a result, it can serve as an improved emission inventory of oceanic DMS and has the potential to enhance the simulation of DMS-derived aerosols and associated radiative effects. The new DMS gridded products are available at https://zenodo.org/record/7898187 (Zhou et al., 2023).
Subject code	550 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-12
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Examining the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the Southern Great Plains

Wang, Yang / Bagya Ramesh, Chanakya / Giangrande, Scott / Fast, Jerome / Gong, Xianda / Zhang, Jiaoshi / Matthews, Alyssa / Mei, Fan / Tolga Odabasi, Ahmet / Shilling, John / Tomlinson, Jason / Wang, Die / Wang, Jian

eISSN:

2023

Abstract: Atmospheric aerosols affect the global energy budget by scattering and absorbing sunlight (direct effects) and by changing the microphysical structure, lifetime, and coverage of clouds (indirect effects). Both aerosol direct and indirect effects are ... ...

Abstract	Atmospheric aerosols affect the global energy budget by scattering and absorbing sunlight (direct effects) and by changing the microphysical structure, lifetime, and coverage of clouds (indirect effects). Both aerosol direct and indirect effects are affected by the vertical distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere, which is further influenced by a range of processes, such as aerosol dynamics, long-range transport, and entrainment. However, many observations of these processes are based on ground measurements, limiting our ability to understand the vertical distribution of aerosols and simulate their impact on clouds and climate. In this work, we examined the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) using data collected from the Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols and Land Ecosystems (HI-SCALE) campaign. The vertical profiles of meteorological and aerosol physiochemical properties up to 2500 m above are examined based on the 38 flights conducted during the HI-SCALE campaign. The aerosol properties over the SGP show strong vertical heterogeneity and seasonal variabilities. The aerosol concentrations at the surface are the highest due to strong emissions at ground level. In general, the mode diameter of aerosols during summer ( ∼ 100 nm ) is larger than that during spring ( ∼ 30 nm ), a result of enhanced condensational growth due to enriched volatile organic compounds in summer. The concentration of aerosols below 30 nm in the boundary layer (BL) (e.g., below 1000 m ) during spring is higher than that during summer, a result of the stronger new particle formation (NPF) events due to the reduced condensation sink in spring. In the BL, the size of the aerosols gradually increases with altitude due to condensational growth and cloud processing. However, the chemical composition of the aerosols remained similar, with organics and sulfates representing 59.8 ± 2.2 % and 22.7 ± 2.1 %, respectively, of the total mass in the BL. Through ...
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-20
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Examining the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the Southern Great Plains

Wang, Yang / Bagya Ramesh, Chanakya / Giangrande, Scott E. / Fast, Jerome / Gong, Xianda / Zhang, Jiaoshi / Tolga Odabasi, Ahmet / Oliveira, Marcus Vinicius Batista / Matthews, Alyssa / Mei, Fan / Shilling, John E. / Tomlinson, Jason / Wang, Die / Wang, Jian

eISSN: 1680-7324

2023

Abstract	Atmospheric aerosols affect the global energy budget by scattering and absorbing sunlight (direct effects) and by changing the microphysical structure, lifetime, and coverage of clouds (indirect effects). Both aerosol direct and indirect effects are affected by the vertical distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere, which is further influenced by a range of processes, such as aerosol dynamics, long-range transport, and entrainment. However, many observations of these processes are based on ground measurements, limiting our ability to understand the vertical distribution of aerosols and simulate their impact on clouds and climate. In this work, we examined the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) using data collected from the Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols and Land Ecosystems (HI-SCALE) campaign. The vertical profiles of meteorological and aerosol physiochemical properties up to 2500 m above are examined based on the 38 flights conducted during the HI-SCALE campaign. The aerosol properties over the SGP show strong vertical heterogeneity and seasonal variabilities. The aerosol concentrations at the surface are the highest due to strong emissions at ground level. In general, the mode diameter of aerosols during summer ( ∼ 100 nm ) is larger than that during spring ( ∼ 30 nm ), a result of enhanced condensational growth due to enriched volatile organic compounds in summer. The concentration of aerosols below 30 nm in the boundary layer (BL) (e.g., below 1000 m ) during spring is higher than that during summer, a result of the stronger new particle formation (NPF) events due to the reduced condensation sink in spring. In the BL, the size of the aerosols gradually increases with altitude due to condensational growth and cloud processing. However, the chemical composition of the aerosols remained similar, with organics and sulfates representing 59.8 ± 2.2 % and 22.7 ± 2.1 %, respectively, of the total mass in the BL. Through ...
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-20
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Arctic warming by abundant fine sea salt aerosols from blowing snow.

Gong, Xianda / Zhang, Jiaoshi / Croft, Betty / Yang, Xin / Frey, Markus M / Bergner, Nora / Chang, Rachel Y-W / Creamean, Jessie M / Kuang, Chongai / Martin, Randall V / Ranjithkumar, Ananth / Sedlacek, Arthur J / Uin, Janek / Willmes, Sascha / Zawadowicz, Maria A / Pierce, Jeffrey R / Shupe, Matthew D / Schmale, Julia / Wang, Jian

Nature geoscience

2023 Volume 16, Issue 9, Page(s) 768–774

Abstract: The Arctic warms nearly four times faster than the global average, and aerosols play an increasingly important role in Arctic climate change. In the Arctic, sea salt is a major aerosol component in terms of mass concentration during winter and spring. ... ...

Abstract	The Arctic warms nearly four times faster than the global average, and aerosols play an increasingly important role in Arctic climate change. In the Arctic, sea salt is a major aerosol component in terms of mass concentration during winter and spring. However, the mechanisms of sea salt aerosol production remain unclear. Sea salt aerosols are typically thought to be relatively large in size but low in number concentration, implying that their influence on cloud condensation nuclei population and cloud properties is generally minor. Here we present observational evidence of abundant sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow in the central Arctic. Blowing snow was observed more than 20% of the time from November to April. The sublimation of blowing snow generates high concentrations of fine-mode sea salt aerosol (diameter below 300 nm), enhancing cloud condensation nuclei concentrations up to tenfold above background levels. Using a global chemical transport model, we estimate that from November to April north of 70° N, sea salt aerosol produced from blowing snow accounts for about 27.6% of the total particle number, and the sea salt aerosol increases the longwave emissivity of clouds, leading to a calculated surface warming of +2.30 W m
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2396648-8
ISSN	1752-0908 ; 1752-0894
ISSN (online)	1752-0908
ISSN	1752-0894
DOI	10.1038/s41561-023-01254-8
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: High number concentrations of transparent exopolymer particles in ambient aerosol particles and cloud water – a case study at the tropical Atlantic Ocean

Pinxteren, Manuela / Robinson, Tiera-Brandy / Zeppenfeld, Sebastian / Gong, Xianda / Bahlmann, Enno / Fomba, Khanneh Wadinga / Triesch, Nadja / Stratmann, Frank / Wurl, Oliver / Engel, Anja / Wex, Heike / Herrmann, Hartmut

eISSN: 1680-7324

2022

Abstract: Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) exhibit the properties of gels and are ubiquitously found in the world oceans. TEPs may enter the atmosphere as part of sea-spray aerosol. Here, we report number concentrations of TEPs with a diameter > 4.5 µ m, ... ...

Abstract	Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) exhibit the properties of gels and are ubiquitously found in the world oceans. TEPs may enter the atmosphere as part of sea-spray aerosol. Here, we report number concentrations of TEPs with a diameter > 4.5 µ m, hence covering a part of the supermicron particle range, in ambient aerosol and cloud water samples from the tropical Atlantic Ocean as well as in generated aerosol particles using a plunging waterfall tank that was filled with the ambient seawater. The ambient TEP concentrations ranged between 7×10 2 and 3×10 4 #TEP m −3 in the aerosol particles and correlations with sodium ( Na + ) and calcium ( Ca 2+ ) ( R 2 =0.5 ) suggested some contribution via bubble bursting. Cloud water TEP concentrations were between 4×10 6 and 9×10 6 #TEP L −1 and, according to the measured cloud liquid water content, corresponding to equivalent air concentrations of 2– 4×10 3 #TEP m −3 . Based on Na + concentrations in seawater and in the atmosphere, the enrichment factors for TEPs in the atmosphere were calculated. The tank-generated TEPs were enriched by a factor of 50 compared with seawater and, therefore, in-line with published enrichment factors for supermicron organic matter in general and TEPs specifically. TEP enrichment in the ambient atmosphere was on average 1×10 3 in cloud water and 9×10 3 in ambient aerosol particles and therefore about two orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding enrichment from the tank study. Such high enrichment of supermicron particulate organic constituents in the atmosphere is uncommon and we propose that atmospheric TEP concentrations resulted from a combination of enrichment during bubble bursting transfer from the ocean and a secondary TEP in-situ formation in atmospheric phases. Abiotic in-situ formation might have occurred from aqueous reactions of dissolved organic precursors that were present in particle and cloud water samples, whereas biotic formation involves bacteria, which were abundant in the cloud water samples. The ambient TEP number concentrations were two orders of magnitude higher than recently reported ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations measured at the same location. As TEPs likely possess good properties to act as INPs, in future experiments it is worth studying if a certain part of TEPs contributes a fraction of the biogenic INP population.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-02
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Automated identification of local contamination in remote atmospheric composition time series

Beck, Ivo / Angot, Hélène / Baccarini, Andrea / Dada, Lubna / Quéléver, Lauriane / Jokinen, Tuija / Laurila, Tiia / Lampimäki, Markus / Bukowiecki, Nicolas / Boyer, Matthew / Gong, Xianda / Gysel-Beer, Martin / Petäjä, Tuukka / Wang, Jian / Schmale, Julia

eISSN: 1867-8548

2022

Abstract: Atmospheric observations in remote locations offer a possibility of exploring trace gas and particle concentrations in pristine environments. However, data from remote areas are often contaminated by pollution from local sources. Detecting this ... ...

Abstract	Atmospheric observations in remote locations offer a possibility of exploring trace gas and particle concentrations in pristine environments. However, data from remote areas are often contaminated by pollution from local sources. Detecting this contamination is thus a central and frequently encountered issue. Consequently, many different methods exist today to identify local contamination in atmospheric composition measurement time series, but no single method has been widely accepted. In this study, we present a new method to identify primary pollution in remote atmospheric datasets, e.g., from ship campaigns or stations with a low background signal compared to the contaminated signal. The pollution detection algorithm (PDA) identifies and flags periods of polluted data in five steps. The first and most important step identifies polluted periods based on the derivative (time derivative) of a concentration over time. If this derivative exceeds a given threshold, data are flagged as polluted. Further pollution identification steps are a simple concentration threshold filter, a neighboring points filter (optional), a median, and a sparse data filter (optional). The PDA only relies on the target dataset itself and is independent of ancillary datasets such as meteorological variables. All parameters of each step are adjustable so that the PDA can be “tuned” to be more or less stringent (e.g., flag more or fewer data points as contaminated). The PDA was developed and tested with a particle number concentration dataset collected during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition in the central Arctic. Using strict settings, we identified 62 % of the data as influenced by local contamination. Using a second independent particle number concentration dataset also collected during MOSAiC, we evaluated the performance of the PDA against the same dataset cleaned by visual inspection. The two methods agreed in 94 % of the cases. Additionally, the PDA was successfully applied ...
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-20
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: High number concentrations of transparent exopolymer particles in ambient aerosol particles and cloud water - a case study at the tropical Atlantic Ocean

van Pinxteren, Manuela / Robinson, Tiera-Brandy / Zeppenfeld, Sebastian / Gong, Xianda / Bahlmann, Enno / Fomba, Khanneh Wadinga / Triesch, Nadja / Stratmann, Frank / Wurl, Oliver / Engel, Anja / Wex, Heike / Herrmann, Hartmut

2022

Abstract	Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) exhibit the properties of gels and are ubiquitously found in the world oceans. TEPs may enter the atmosphere as part of sea-spray aerosol. Here, we report number concentrations of TEPs with a diameter > 4.5 µm, hence covering a part of the supermicron particle range, in ambient aerosol and cloud water samples from the tropical Atlantic Ocean as well as in generated aerosol particles using a plunging waterfall tank that was filled with the ambient seawater. The ambient TEP concentrations ranged between 7×102 and 3×104 #TEP m−3 in the aerosol particles and correlations with sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) (R2=0.5) suggested some contribution via bubble bursting. Cloud water TEP concentrations were between 4×106 and 9×106 #TEP L−1 and, according to the measured cloud liquid water content, corresponding to equivalent air concentrations of 2–4×103 #TEP m−3. Based on Na+ concentrations in seawater and in the atmosphere, the enrichment factors for TEPs in the atmosphere were calculated. The tank-generated TEPs were enriched by a factor of 50 compared with seawater and, therefore, in-line with published enrichment factors for supermicron organic matter in general and TEPs specifically. TEP enrichment in the ambient atmosphere was on average 1×103 in cloud water and 9×103 in ambient aerosol particles and therefore about two orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding enrichment from the tank study. Such high enrichment of supermicron particulate organic constituents in the atmosphere is uncommon and we propose that atmospheric TEP concentrations resulted from a combination of enrichment during bubble bursting transfer from the ocean and a secondary TEP in-situ formation in atmospheric phases. Abiotic in-situ formation might have occurred from aqueous reactions of dissolved organic precursors that were present in particle and cloud water samples, whereas biotic formation involves bacteria, which were abundant in the cloud water samples. The ambient TEP number concentrations ...
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-02
Publisher	Copernicus Publications (EGU)
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Terrestrial or marine – indications towards the origin of ice-nucleating particles during melt season in the European Arctic up to 83.7° N

Hartmann, Markus / Gong, Xianda / Kecorius, Simonas / Pinxteren, Manuela / Vogl, Teresa / Welti, André / Wex, Heike / Zeppenfeld, Sebastian / Herrmann, Hartmut / Wiedensohler, Alfred / Stratmann, Frank

eISSN: 1680-7324

2021

Abstract: Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) initiate the primary ice formation in clouds at temperatures above ca. −38 ∘ C and have an impact on precipitation formation, cloud optical properties, and cloud persistence. Despite their roles in both weather and climate, ...

Abstract	Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) initiate the primary ice formation in clouds at temperatures above ca. −38 ∘ C and have an impact on precipitation formation, cloud optical properties, and cloud persistence. Despite their roles in both weather and climate, INPs are not well characterized, especially in remote regions such as the Arctic. We present results from a ship-based campaign to the European Arctic during May to July 2017. We deployed a filter sampler and a continuous-flow diffusion chamber for offline and online INP analyses, respectively. We also investigated the ice nucleation properties of samples from different environmental compartments, i.e., the sea surface microlayer (SML), the bulk seawater (BSW), and fog water. Concentrations of INPs ( N INP ) in the air vary between 2 to 3 orders of magnitudes at any particular temperature and are, except for the temperatures above −10 ∘ C and below −32 ∘ C, lower than in midlatitudes. In these temperature ranges, INP concentrations are the same or even higher than in the midlatitudes. By heating of the filter samples to 95 ∘ C for 1 h, we found a significant reduction in ice nucleation activity, i.e., indications that the INPs active at warmer temperatures are biogenic. At colder temperatures the INP population was likely dominated by mineral dust. The SML was found to be enriched in INPs compared to the BSW in almost all samples. The enrichment factor (EF) varied mostly between 1 and 10, but EFs as high as 94.97 were also observed. Filtration of the seawater samples with 0.2 µ m syringe filters led to a significant reduction in ice activity, indicating the INPs are larger and/or are associated with particles larger than 0.2 µ m. A closure study showed that aerosolization of SML and/or seawater alone cannot explain the observed airborne N INP unless significant enrichment of INP by a factor of 10 5 takes place during the transfer from the ocean surface to the atmosphere. In the fog water samples with −3.47 ∘ C, we observed the highest freezing onset of any sample. A closure study connecting N INP in fog water and the ambient N INP derived from the filter samples shows good agreement of the concentrations in both compartments, which indicates that INPs in the air are likely all activated into fog droplets during fog events. In a case study, we considered a situation during which the ship was located in the marginal sea ice zone and N INP levels in air and the SML were highest in the temperature range above −10 ∘ C. Chlorophyll a measurements by satellite remote sensing point towards the waters in the investigated region being biologically active. Similar slopes in the temperature spectra suggested a connection between the INP populations in the SML and the air. Air mass history had no influence on the observed airborne INP population. Therefore, we conclude that during the case study collected airborne INPs originated from a local biogenic probably marine source.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-04
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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