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Article: Wastewater Knows Pathogen Spread: Analysis of Residential Wastewater for Infectious Microorganisms including SARS-CoV-2.

Kim, Nam-Yee / Shi, Hye Jin / Oh, Sung-Suck / Gong, Young-Woo / Kwon, Mun-Ju / Eom, Joong Sik / Park, Yoonseon

2023 Volume 55, Issue 2, Page(s) 214–225

Abstract: Background: We aimed to identify the genes of 35 pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that cause waterborne infectious diseases, and to assess the feasibility of a wastewater-based surveillance system.: Materials and methods: ... ...

Abstract	Background: We aimed to identify the genes of 35 pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that cause waterborne infectious diseases, and to assess the feasibility of a wastewater-based surveillance system. Materials and methods: Wastewater was aseptically sampled once a month from 2 sites. A total of 1 L of wastewater from each site underwent 0.2 µm filtration to generate the sample A. Subsequently, 200 ul of the filtered water was ultra-filtered and concentrated to generate the sample B, which was mixed with sample A in a 1:1 ratio. We performed a Filmarray Results: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 adenovirus, bocavirus, and rhinovirus was detected at both site. Norovirus GI/GII was continuously detected at both sites. Moreover, adenovirus, group A rotaviruses, and hepatitis A virus were frequently detected; however, hepatitis E virus was absent at either site. Conclusion: We analyze multiple infectious disease pathogens under sample surveillance with incidence. Further in-depth studies on wastewater-based surveillance will be feasible and important.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-13
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2573798-3
ISSN	2093-2340
ISSN	2093-2340
DOI	10.3947/ic.2022.0152
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Article: Investigation of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Contamination of Vegetables Distributed in a Korean Agricultural Wholesale Market

Oh, Sung-Suck / Han, Se-Jin / Gong, Young-Woo / Nam, Hwa-Jung / Kim, Kyung-Ae / Kim, Nam-Yee / Kim, Kyung-Seon / Lee, Dong-Gun / Shin, Hyun-Kyoung / Lee, Hye-Bin / Kwon, Mun-Ju / Chae, Joon-Seok

Foodborne pathogens & disease. 2021 Dec. 01, v. 18, no. 12

2021

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the monthly contamination rate of pathogenic Escherichia coli, a major cause of food poisoning, in vegetables sold in agricultural wholesale markets, which distribute vegetables from all over the country, in ... ...

Abstract	The purpose of this study was to investigate the monthly contamination rate of pathogenic Escherichia coli, a major cause of food poisoning, in vegetables sold in agricultural wholesale markets, which distribute vegetables from all over the country, in the Incheon Metropolitan City area, South Korea, and to identify a source of the pathogen. In total, 1739 vegetables of 80 types, along with 109 soil, 67 manure, and 33 livestock feces samples, were tested for pathogenic E. coli using polymerase chain reaction, from September 2016 through August 2017. The average annual prevalence rate of vegetables was 5.8%, and the prevalence rate was above 5% from June through October. The highest prevalence rate (15.7%) was recorded in July. Water dropwort showed the highest prevalence rate (28.6%) among the vegetables examined. Pathogenic E. coli was detected in >20 types of the vegetables that were to be consumed without cooking. Among these, the prevalence rates of ponytail radish (n = 21), crown daisy (n = 86), young radish (n = 68), romaine lettuce (n = 133), perilla leaf (n = 103), Korean leek (n = 43), young Chinese cabbage (n = 68), and Chinese cabbage (n = 30) were 9.5%, 8.1%, 7.4%, 6.8%, 4.9%, 4.7%, 4.4%, and 3.3%, respectively. Among the vegetables cooked before consumption, prevalence rates were 28.6%, 27.3%, and 25.0% in wormwood, sweet potato stalk, and edible mountain vegetables (Saussurea sp., etc.), respectively. In soil, manure, and livestock feces, 36.7%, 26.9%, and 90.6% prevalence rates were confirmed, respectively. This study confirmed the pathogenic E. coli contamination of vegetables to be consumed without cooking. Therefore, to produce agricultural products that do not induce food poisoning and are safe for consumption, it is important to develop a process for killing the pathogenic microorganisms and set up a sanitary environment for effectively managing compost. In addition, it is necessary to establish surveillance systems to monitor the production chain.
Keywords	Artemisia ; Chinese cabbage ; Escherichia coli ; Saussurea ; composts ; feces ; leaves ; leeks ; livestock ; monitoring ; polymerase chain reaction ; radishes ; romaine lettuce ; soil ; sweet potatoes ; wholesale marketing ; South Korea
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1201
Size	p. 887-893.
Publishing place	Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2148479-X
ISSN	1556-7125 ; 1535-3141
ISSN (online)	1556-7125
ISSN	1535-3141
DOI	10.1089/fpd.2021.0027
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Article ; Online: Hard Ticks as Vectors Tested Negative for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Ganghwa-do, Korea during 2019-2020.

Jin, Kyoung / Koh, Yeon-Ja / Ahn, Seong Kyu / Cho, Joonghee / Lim, Junghwan / Song, Jaeyong / Lee, Jinyoung / Gong, Young Woo / Kwon, Mun Ju / Kwon, Hyung Wook / Bahk, Young Yil / Kim, Tong-Soo

The Korean journal of parasitology

2021 Volume 59, Issue 3, Page(s) 281–289

Abstract: This study aimed to characterize the seasonal abundance of hard ticks that transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from April to November 2019 and 2020 on Ganghwa-do, Incheon Metropolitan City, Korea. The ticks were collected at ... ...

Abstract	This study aimed to characterize the seasonal abundance of hard ticks that transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from April to November 2019 and 2020 on Ganghwa-do, Incheon Metropolitan City, Korea. The ticks were collected at grassland, grave site, copse and mountain road using a collection trap method. The ixodid hard ticks comprising three species (Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis) collected were 6,622 in 2019 and 3,811 in 2020. H. longicornis was the most frequent (97.9% in 2019 and 96.0% in 2020), followed by H. flava (2.0% and 3.0% in 2019 and 2020, respectively) and I. nipponensis (less than 0.1%). Our study demonstrated that seasonal patterns of the tick populations examined for two years were totally unsimilar. The hard ticks tested using RT-qPCR were all negative for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ixodidae ; Phlebovirus ; Republic of Korea ; Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome ; Ticks
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-21
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	286875-1
ISSN	1738-0006 ; 0023-4001
ISSN (online)	1738-0006
ISSN	0023-4001
DOI	10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.281
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Article ; Online: Investigation of Pathogenic

Oh, Sung-Suck / Han, Se-Jin / Gong, Young-Woo / Nam, Hwa-Jung / Kim, Kyung-Ae / Kim, Nam-Yee / Kim, Kyung-Seon / Lee, Dong-Gun / Shin, Hyun-Kyoung / Lee, Hye-Bin / Kwon, Mun-Ju / Chae, Joon-Seok

Foodborne pathogens and disease

2021 Volume 18, Issue 12, Page(s) 887–893

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the monthly contamination rate of ... ...

Abstract	The purpose of this study was to investigate the monthly contamination rate of pathogenic
MeSH term(s)	Escherichia coli ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Food Microbiology ; Lactuca ; Manure ; Vegetables
Chemical Substances	Manure
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2148479-X
ISSN	1556-7125 ; 1535-3141
ISSN (online)	1556-7125
ISSN	1535-3141
DOI	10.1089/fpd.2021.0027
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Article: Three-year surveillance of culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for flavivirus infections in Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si of Gyeonggi-do Province, Republic of Korea

Jegal, Seung / Jun, Hojong / Kim-Jeon, Myung-Deok / Park, Seo Hye / Ahn, Seong Kyu / Lee, Jinyoung / Gong, Young Woo / Joo, Kwangsig / Kwon, Mun Ju / Roh, Jong Yul / Lee, Wook-Gyo / Lee, Woojoo / Bahk, Young Yil / Kim, Tong-Soo

Acta tropica. 2020 Feb., v. 202

2020

Abstract: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus that belongs to family Flaviviridae and emerged as one of the most pivotal form of viral encephalitis. The virus is transmitted to humans by mosquito ... ...

Abstract	Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus that belongs to family Flaviviridae and emerged as one of the most pivotal form of viral encephalitis. The virus is transmitted to humans by mosquito vector and is an etiological agent of acute zoonotic infection. In this study, we investigated distribution and density over 3-year period in central regions of Korean peninsula. We selected two cities as mosquito-collecting locations and subdivided them into five collection sites; downtown Incheon Metropolitan City as a typical urban area, and the Hwaseong-si area as a rural area. A total of 35,445 female culicine mosquitoes were collected using black light traps or BG SentinelTM traps from March to November 2016–2018. Aedes (Ae.) vexans nipponii was the most frequently collected specimens (48.91%), followed by Culex (Cx.) pipiens (32.05%), Ochlerotatus (Och.) dorsalis (13.58%), Och. koreicus (1.68%), and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (1.49%). In the urban area, Cx. pipiens was the predominant species (92.21%) and the other species accounted for <5% of the total mosquitoes collected. However, in the rural area, Ae. vexans nipponii had the highest population (61.90%), followed by Och. dorsalis (17.10%), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (1.84%) and Och, koreicus (1.78%). Culicine mosquitoes were identified at the species level, placed in pools of up to 30 mosquitoes each, and screened for flavivirus RNA using the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR. Three of the assayed 1092 pools were positive for Chaoyang virus from Ae. vexans nipponii and Japanese encephalitis virus from Cx. pipiens. The maximum likelihood estimations (the estimated number of virus-positive mosquitoes/1000 mosquitoes) for Ae. vexans nipponii positive for Chaoyang virus and Cx. pipiens for Japanese encephalitis virus were 3.095 and 0.20, respectively. The results of our study demonstrate that although mosquito-borne diseases were not detected in the potential vectors, enhanced monitoring and long-term surveillance of these vector viruses are of great public health importance.
Keywords	Aedes vexans ; Culex ; Flavivirus infections ; Japanese encephalitis virus ; Ochlerotatus ; RNA ; cities ; etiological agents ; females ; humans ; insect vectors ; light traps ; monitoring ; mosquito-borne diseases ; public health ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; rural areas ; statistical analysis ; urban areas ; viral encephalitis ; viruses ; zoonoses ; South Korea
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-02
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	210415-5
ISSN	1873-6254 ; 0001-706X
ISSN (online)	1873-6254
ISSN	0001-706X
DOI	10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105258
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Article ; Online: Monitoring Culicine Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as a Vector of Flavivirus in Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea, during 2019.

Bahk, Young Yil / Park, Seo Hye / Kim-Jeon, Myung-Deok / Oh, Sung-Suck / Jung, Haneul / Jun, Hojong / Kim, Kyung-Ae / Park, Jong Myong / Ahn, Seong Kyu / Lee, Jinyoung / Choi, Eun-Jeong / Moon, Bag-Sou / Gong, Young Woo / Kwon, Mun Ju / Kim, Tong-Soo

The Korean journal of parasitology

2020 Volume 58, Issue 5, Page(s) 551–558

Abstract: The flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that are typically transmitted by mosquitoes or tick vectors and are etiological agents of acute zoonotic infections. The viruses are found around the world and account for significant cases of human ...

Abstract	The flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that are typically transmitted by mosquitoes or tick vectors and are etiological agents of acute zoonotic infections. The viruses are found around the world and account for significant cases of human diseases. We investigated population of culicine mosquitoes in central region of Korean Peninsula, Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si. Aedes vexans nipponii was the most frequently collected mosquitoes (56.5%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.6%), Anopheles spp. (10.9%), and Culex pipiens complex (5.9%). In rural regions of Hwaseong, Aedes vexans nipponii was the highest population (62.9%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.9%) and Anopheles spp. (12.0%). In another rural region of Incheon (habitat of migratory birds), Culex pipiens complex was the highest population (31.4%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (30.5%), and Aedes vexans vexans (27.5%). Culex pipiens complex was the predominant species in the urban region (84.7%). Culicine mosquitoes were identified at the species level, pooled up to 30 mosquitoes each, and tested for flaviviral RNA using the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR and confirmed by cDNA sequencing. Three of the assayed 2,683 pools (989 pools without Anopheles spp.) were positive for Culex flaviviruses, an insect-specific virus, from Culex pipiens pallens collected at the habitats for migratory birds in Incheon. The maximum likelihood estimation (the estimated number) for Culex pipiens pallens positive for Culex flavivirus was 25. Although viruses responsible for mosquito-borne diseases were not identified, we encourage intensified monitoring and long-term surveillance of both vector and viruses in the interest of global public health.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Culicidae/virology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Flavivirus/genetics ; Flavivirus/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/virology ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Republic of Korea ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time Factors
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-22
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	286875-1
ISSN	1738-0006 ; 0023-4001
ISSN (online)	1738-0006
ISSN	0023-4001
DOI	10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.551
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Article ; Online: Surveillance of Chigger Mite Vectors for Tsutsugamushi Disease in the Hwaseong Area, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 2015.

Bahk, Young Yil / Jun, Hojong / Park, Seo Hye / Jung, Haneul / Jegal, Seung / Kim-Jeon, Myung-Deok / Roh, Jong Yul / Lee, Wook-Gyo / Ahn, Seong Kyu / Lee, Jinyoung / Joo, Kwangsig / Gong, Young Woo / Kwon, Mun Ju / Kim, Tong-Soo

The Korean journal of parasitology

2020 Volume 58, Issue 3, Page(s) 301–308

Abstract: Owing to global climate change, the global resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases and their potential to inflict widespread casualties among human populations has emerged as a pivotal burden on public health systems. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub ... ...

Abstract	Owing to global climate change, the global resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases and their potential to inflict widespread casualties among human populations has emerged as a pivotal burden on public health systems. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in the Republic of Korea is steadily increasing and was designated as a legal communicable disease in 1994. The disease is a mite-borne acute febrile disease most commonly contracted from October to December. In this study, we tried to determine the prevalence of tsutsugamushi disease transmitted by chigger mites living on rodents and investigated their target vector diversity, abundance, and distribution to enable the mapping of hotspots for this disease in 2015. A total of 5 species belonging to 4 genera (109 mites): Leptotrombidium scutellare 60.6%, L. pallidum 28.4% Neotrombicula tamiyai 9.2%, Euschoengastia koreaensis/0.9%), and Neoschoengastia asakawa 0.9% were collected using chigger mite collecting traps mimicking human skin odor and sticky chigger traps from April to November 2015. Chigger mites causing tsutsugamushi disease in wild rodents were also collected in Hwaseong for the zoonotic surveillance of the vector. A total of 77 rodents belonging to 3 genera: Apodemus agrarius (93.5%), Crocidura lasiura (5.2%), and Micromys minutus (1.3%) were collected in April, October, and November 2015. The most common mite was L. pallidum (46.9%), followed by L. scutellare (18.6%), and L. orientale (18.0%). However, any of the chigger mite pools collected from rodent hosts was tested positive for Orientia tsutsugamushi, the pathogen of tsutsugamushi disease, in this survey.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arachnid Vectors ; Humans ; Mites ; Murinae ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Scrub Typhus/epidemiology ; Scrub Typhus/etiology ; Scrub Typhus/transmission ; Time Factors ; Trombiculidae
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-26
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	286875-1
ISSN	1738-0006 ; 0023-4001
ISSN (online)	1738-0006
ISSN	0023-4001
DOI	10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.301
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Article ; Online: Four Year Surveillance of the Vector Hard Ticks for SFTS, Ganghwa-do, Republic of Korea.

Kim-Jeon, Myung-Deok / Jegal, Seung / Jun, Hojong / Jung, Haneul / Park, Seo Hye / Ahn, Seong Kyu / Lee, Jinyoung / Gong, Young Woo / Joo, Kwangsig / Kwon, Mun Ju / Roh, Jong Yul / Lee, Wook-Gyo / Bahk, Young Yil / Kim, Tong-Soo

The Korean journal of parasitology

2019 Volume 57, Issue 6, Page(s) 691–698

Abstract: The seasonal abundance of hard ticks that transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus was monitored with a collection trap method every April to November during 2015-2018 and with a flagging method every July and August during 2015-2018 in ...

Abstract	The seasonal abundance of hard ticks that transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus was monitored with a collection trap method every April to November during 2015-2018 and with a flagging method every July and August during 2015-2018 in Ganghwa-do (island) of Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. This monitoring was performed in a copse, a short grass field, coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest. A total of 17,457 ticks (8,277 larvae, 4,137 nymphs, 3,389 females, and 1,654 males) of the ixodid ticks comprising 3 species (Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis) were collected with collection traps. Of the identified ticks, H. longicornis was the most frequently collected ticks (except larval ticks) (94.26%, 8,653/9,180 ticks (nymphs and adults)), followed by H. flava (5.71%, 524/9,180) and Ix. nipponensis (less than 0.04%, 3/9,180). The ticks collected with collecting traps were pooled and assayed for the presence of SFTS virus with negative results. In addition, for monitoring the prevalence of hard ticks, a total of 7,461 ticks (5,529 larvae, 1,272 nymphs, 469 females, and 191 males) of the ixodid ticks comprising 3 species (H. longicornis, H. flava, and Ix. nipponensis) were collected with flagging method. H. longicornis was the highest collected ticks (except larval ticks) (99.53%, 1,908/1,917 ticks (nymphs and adults)), followed by H. flava (1.15%, 22/1,917).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arachnid Vectors/classification ; Arachnid Vectors/growth & development ; Arachnid Vectors/physiology ; Arachnid Vectors/virology ; Disease Vectors ; Female ; Humans ; Ixodidae/classification ; Ixodidae/growth & development ; Ixodidae/physiology ; Ixodidae/virology ; Male ; Phlebotomus Fever/transmission ; Phlebotomus Fever/virology ; Phlebovirus/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Republic of Korea ; Seasons
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-31
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	286875-1
ISSN	1738-0006 ; 0023-4001
ISSN (online)	1738-0006
ISSN	0023-4001
DOI	10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.691
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Article ; Online: Three-year surveillance of culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for flavivirus infections in Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si of Gyeonggi-do Province, Republic of Korea.

Acta tropica

2019 Volume 202, Page(s) 105258

Abstract	Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus that belongs to family Flaviviridae and emerged as one of the most pivotal form of viral encephalitis. The virus is transmitted to humans by mosquito vector and is an etiological agent of acute zoonotic infection. In this study, we investigated distribution and density over 3-year period in central regions of Korean peninsula. We selected two cities as mosquito-collecting locations and subdivided them into five collection sites; downtown Incheon Metropolitan City as a typical urban area, and the Hwaseong-si area as a rural area. A total of 35,445 female culicine mosquitoes were collected using black light traps or BG Sentinel™ traps from March to November 2016-2018. Aedes (Ae.) vexans nipponii was the most frequently collected specimens (48.91%), followed by Culex (Cx.) pipiens (32.05%), Ochlerotatus (Och.) dorsalis (13.58%), Och. koreicus (1.68%), and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (1.49%). In the urban area, Cx. pipiens was the predominant species (92.21%) and the other species accounted for <5% of the total mosquitoes collected. However, in the rural area, Ae. vexans nipponii had the highest population (61.90%), followed by Och. dorsalis (17.10%), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (1.84%) and Och, koreicus (1.78%). Culicine mosquitoes were identified at the species level, placed in pools of up to 30 mosquitoes each, and screened for flavivirus RNA using the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR. Three of the assayed 1092 pools were positive for Chaoyang virus from Ae. vexans nipponii and Japanese encephalitis virus from Cx. pipiens. The maximum likelihood estimations (the estimated number of virus-positive mosquitoes/1000 mosquitoes) for Ae. vexans nipponii positive for Chaoyang virus and Cx. pipiens for Japanese encephalitis virus were 3.095 and 0.20, respectively. The results of our study demonstrate that although mosquito-borne diseases were not detected in the potential vectors, enhanced monitoring and long-term surveillance of these vector viruses are of great public health importance.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cities ; Culicidae/classification ; Culicidae/virology ; Female ; Flavivirus/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/virology ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Republic of Korea
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	210415-5
ISSN	1873-6254 ; 0001-706X
ISSN (online)	1873-6254
ISSN	0001-706X
DOI	10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105258
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