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Article ; Online: Decreased cognition is associated with altered cardiovascular autonomic functions and decreased baroreflex sensitivity in women with premenstrual syndrome

Jothi Marie Feula / Dhanalakshmi Yerrabelli / Gopal Krushna Pal / Soundirarajan Subhashri

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 181-

2022 Volume 186

Abstract: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a clinical entity of concern in women of reproductive age group with its onset during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle that typically resolves within a few days after the onset of menstruation. Female ... ...

Abstract	Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a clinical entity of concern in women of reproductive age group with its onset during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle that typically resolves within a few days after the onset of menstruation. Female reproductive hormones stimulate the gene promotor region of Gonadal steroids, which are modulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, in association with the autonomic nervous system (ANS), form the stress system, which regulates the homeostatic mechanisms of the body. Disruption of this mechanism can lead to sympathovagal imbalance and cognitive deficits. Objectives: This study was aimed to compare the autonomic functions and cognition between PMS and control group. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted as a pilot study with 20 subjects in each group. Autonomic function test and P300 were recorded. Study participants were also asked to answer Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA) questionnaire. Results: On comparison of the test results between the two groups, individuals in PMS group were found to have increased sympathetic activity and reduced cognition when compared to the no PMS (control) group. Conclusion: The findings from this study proves a detrimental effect of gonadal steroids on autonomic nervous system and cognition.
Keywords	cognition ; cardiovascular ; autonomic functions ; baroreflex sensitivity ; sympathovagal imbalance ; women ; premenstrual syndrome ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Ion Motofei, Carol Davila University
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Inflammation and decreased cardiovagal modulation are linked to stress and depression at 36th week of pregnancy in gestational diabetes mellitus

Manoharan Renugasundari / Gopal Krushna Pal / Latha Chaturvedula / Nivedita Nanda / K. T. Harichandrakumar / Thiyagarajan Durgadevi

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 15

Abstract: Abstract Stress and depression have been reported in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Though inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with depression, there are no reports of link of cardiometabolic risks (CMR) to stress and depression in GDM. ...

Abstract	Abstract Stress and depression have been reported in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Though inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with depression, there are no reports of link of cardiometabolic risks (CMR) to stress and depression in GDM. Normal pregnant women (control group, n = 164) and women with GDM (study group, n = 176) at 36th week of gestation were recruited for the study. Blood pressure (BP), body composition, heart rate variability (HRV), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), markers of insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, were assessed. Perceived stress score (PSS), quality of life (QoL) scale, Indian diabetic risk score (IDRS) and Edinburg postnatal depression score (EPDS) were assessed. Association of potential contributors to PSS and EDPS were assessed by correlation and regression analyses. There was significant increase in PSS, EPDS, IDRS scores, HbA1C, malondialdehyde (MDA) (oxidative stress marker) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 (inflammatory markers), and significant decrease in total power (TP) of HRV (marker of cardiovagal modulation), QoL and nitric oxide (endothelial dysfunction marker) in study group compared to control group. Though many cardiometabolic risk parameters were correlated with PSS and EPDS, the significant independent association was observed for TP, HbA1C, MDA and interleukin-6. However, interleukin-6 had maximum contribution to PSS (β = 0.550, p < 0.001) and EPDS (β = 0.393, p < 0.001) as demonstrated by multiple regression analysis. Inflammation, oxidative stress, glycation status and decreased cardiovagal modulation are associated with stress and depression at 36th week of gestation in GDM.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effect of honey and insulin treatment on oxidative stress and nerve conduction in an experimental model of diabetic neuropathy Wistar rats.

Allampalli Sirisha / Girwar Singh Gaur / Pravati Pal / Zachariah Bobby / Bharathi Balakumar / Gopal Krushna Pal

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 1, p e

2021 Volume 0245395

Abstract: Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication affecting more than 50% of patients with longstanding diabetes. Till date, there are no reports to explain the scientific basis of alternative medicine as an adjunct therapy for treating diabetic ... ...

Abstract	Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication affecting more than 50% of patients with longstanding diabetes. Till date, there are no reports to explain the scientific basis of alternative medicine as an adjunct therapy for treating diabetic neuropathy. Hence, we studied the effect of honey and insulin treatment on hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, oxidant and anti-oxidant status and nerve conduction in experimental diabetic neuropathy Wistar rats. In this experimental study, forty healthy male Wistar albino rats of 10-12 weeks age, weighing between 150 to 200g were obtained from our institute central animal house. After acclimatization, the rats were divided into control (n = 8) and experimental (n = 32) groups randomly. In the experimental group, type 2 diabetic neuropathy was induced with high fat and high sugar diet for 8 weeks followed by streptozotocin at a dose of 35 mg/kg body weight. Three days after streptozotocin injection, blood glucose levels of rats were measured from fasting samples to confirm diabetes. After the development of diabetes, rats were given standard rodent chow and allowed four more weeks to remain diabetic and to develop neuropathy. Every second week, nerve conduction study was done to confirm neuropathy. All the diabetic rats of experimental group developed neuropathy after 4 weeks of developing diabetes, which was confirmed by significant reduction in conduction velocity of sensory and motor nerve when compared to non-diabetic control group. After the development of neuropathy, these rats were randomly divided into diabetic neuropathy with no treatment group (n = 8) and three treatment groups (n = 8, each). The rats of treatment group were administered with either honey or insulin or honey+insulin for six weeks. After six-weeks of intervention, there was significant decrease in blood glucose and lipids in honey, insulin and honey+insulin treated neuropathy rats, when compared with no treatment group. Malondialdehyde was reduced and total anti-oxidant status improved in all the ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Gender Variation in the Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Impact of Internet Addiction on Reaction Time and Heart Rate Variability in Medical College Students

Bhaskar Kannan / S Karthik / Gopal Krushna Pal / Vikas Menon

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, Vol 13, Iss 4, Pp CC01-CC

2019 Volume 04

Abstract: Introduction: In the present era, the internet is widely used by college students for academic, entertainment and communication purposes. College students are vulnerable to internet addiction due to various psychological and social factors. The ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: In the present era, the internet is widely used by college students for academic, entertainment and communication purposes. College students are vulnerable to internet addiction due to various psychological and social factors. The prevalence and pattern of internet addiction vary between males and females. Internet addiction can significantly affect the physical and mental health of adolescents and college students resulting in poor academic performance and impaired functioning at work. Aim: To assess the prevalence of internet addiction and its impact on the auditory and visual reaction times and short-term heart rate variability in medical college students. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 201 undergraduate medical students between 18 and 25 years of age participated. Young’s ‘Internet Addiction Test (IAT) questionnaire’ was used to classify the subjects on the basis of their level of internet addiction and prevalence was calculated. In a smaller subset of 93 students who scored 50 or greater in the IAT questionnaire were taken as internet addicts. Auditory reaction time (Tone, Click), visual reaction time (Green, Red) measured using Audio-Visual Reaction Time Apparatus and short-term heart rate variability estimated using Polygraph was analysed between the internet addicts and non-addicts. Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to assess type of data distribution and Mann-Whitney U-test used for comparison. Results: Among 201 study subjects, 127 (63.2%) were males and 74 (36.8%) were females. Internet addiction was more prevalent in males (22.8%) than in females (8.1%). Auditory reaction time was significantly prolonged in the internet addicts compared to the non-addicts. Differences in the visual reaction time and short term-heart rate variability parameters were not statistically significant between the two groups with high and low IAT scores. Conclusion: This study shows the prevalence of internet addiction as 17.4% in undergraduate medical students, based on Young’s IAT score (50 or above). The internet addiction amongst males is significantly higher than in females. An understanding of the gender differences may be helpful for the clinicians to develop cognitive behavioural therapy, taking into account these findings. Auditory reaction time is prolonged, even in the early stages with a moderate level of internet addiction.
Keywords	autonomic dysfunction ; mental health ; short-term heart rate variability ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	303
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Contribution of insulin resistance to decreased baroreceptor sensitivity & cardiometabolic risks in pre-obesity & obesity

Jagadeeswaran Indumathy / Gopal Krushna Pal / Pravati Pal / Palakkad Hariharan Ananthanarayanan / Subash Chandra Parija / Jayaraman Balachander / Tarun Kumar Dutta

Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol 148, Iss 2, Pp 151-

2018 Volume 158

Abstract: Background & objectives: Although insulin resistance (IR) is a known complication in obesity, the physiological mechanisms linking IR with cardiometabolic risks in obesity have not been well studied. This study was conducted to assess the difference in ... ...

Abstract	Background & objectives: Although insulin resistance (IR) is a known complication in obesity, the physiological mechanisms linking IR with cardiometabolic risks in obesity have not been well studied. This study was conducted to assess the difference in cardiovascular (CV) risk profile in IR and non-IR (NIR) conditions, and contribution of IR to cardiometabolic risks in pre-obese and obese individuals. Methods: Basal CV, blood pressure variability, autonomic function test and cardiometabolic parameters were recorded in pre-obese (n=86) and obese (n=77) individuals during 2012 and 2015. The association of altered cardiometabolic parameters with homeostatic model for IR (HOMA-IR) in pre-obese and obese groups and with baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) in IR and NIR groups was calculated by appropriate statistical analysis. Results: Decreased BRS, a known CV risk and cardiometabolic parameters were significant in IR (pre-obese and obese) group compared to the NIR group. Sympathovagal imbalance in the form of increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activities was observed in individuals with IR. There was no significant difference in the level of independent contribution of HOMA-IR to cardiometabolic parameters in pre-obese and obese groups. Adiponectin and inflammatory markers had an independent contribution to BRS in IR group. Interpretation & conclusions: Findings of the present study demonstrated that the intensity of cardiometabolic derangements and CV risk were comparable between IR, pre-obese and obese individuals. Pro-inflammatory state, dyslipidaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia might contribute to CV risk in these individuals with IR. IR could possibly be the link between altered metabolic profile and increased CV risks in these individuals independent of the adiposity status.
Keywords	Baroreceptor sensitivity - cardiometabolic risks - insulin resistance - non-insulin resistance - obesity - pre-obesity ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effect of 12 Weeks of Yoga Therapy on Quality of Life and Indian Diabetes Risk Score in Normotensive Indian Young Adult Prediabetics and Diabetics

Gorantla Shravya Keerthi / Pravati Pal / Gopal Krushna Pal / Jaya Prakash Sahoo / Magadi Gopalakrishna Sridhar / Jayaraman Balachander

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, Vol 11, Iss 9, Pp CC10-CC

Randomized Control Trial

2017 Volume 14

Abstract: Introduction: India has become the epicentre for diabetes, a stress-related disorder affecting the working skills and day-today lifestyle management of younger population. Most of the studies have reported the effect of yoga on improving Quality of Life ( ...

Abstract	Introduction: India has become the epicentre for diabetes, a stress-related disorder affecting the working skills and day-today lifestyle management of younger population. Most of the studies have reported the effect of yoga on improving Quality of Life (QoL) in diabetic patients with other comorbidities. Till date, no randomized control trial reports are available to show the effect of yoga therapy on QoL and Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) in normotensive prediabetic and diabetic young individuals. Aim: To determine the effect of 12 weeks of yoga therapy on QoL and IDRS among normotensive prediabetic and diabetic young Indian adults. Materials and Methods: A randomized control trial was conducted in Endocrinology Outpatient Department (OPD). Normotensive participants (n=310) aged 18-45 years were divided into healthy controls (n=62), prediabetics (n=124) and diabetics (n=124). Study group subjects were randomly assigned to Group II (n=62, prediabetes-standard treatment), Group III (n=62, prediabetes-standard treatment + yoga therapy), Group IV (n=62, diabetes-standard treatment) and Group V (n=62, diabetes-standard treatment + yoga therapy). Flanagan QoL scale, IDRS questionnaire, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) and insulin were assessed pre and post 12 weeks of intervention. Statistical analysis was done using Student’s paired t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: Pre-post intervention analysis showed significant improvement in QoL scale with p<0.01 in Group II and Group IV; p<0.001 in Group III and Group V respectively. There was significant reduction in IDRS in Group II (p<0.05); p<0.001 in Group III, Group IV and Group V respectively. Significant difference (p<0.001) in QoL scale and IDRS were found when study groups with standard treatment along with yoga therapy were compared to standard treatment alone. Conclusion: Yoga therapy along with standard treatment for 12 weeks improved QoL and attenuated the diabetes risk among Indian prediabetics and diabetics compared to standard treatment alone.
Keywords	diabetes mellitus ; quality of life scale ; yoga treatment ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Slow yogic breathing through right and left nostril influences sympathovagal balance, heart rate variability, and cardiovascular risks in young adults

Gopal Krushna Pal / Ankit Agarwal / Shanmugavel Karthik / Pravati Pal / Nivedita Nanda

North American Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol 6, Iss 3, Pp 145-

2014 Volume 151

Abstract: Background: Specific nostril breathing is known to influence autonomic functions. Aim: The study was to assess the effects of right nostril breathing (RNB) and left nostril breathing (LNB) on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiovascular functions. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Specific nostril breathing is known to influence autonomic functions. Aim: The study was to assess the effects of right nostril breathing (RNB) and left nostril breathing (LNB) on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiovascular functions. Material and Methods: Eighty-five student volunteers were divided into three groups: RNB group (n = 30), LNB group (n = 30), and control group (n = 25). RNB and LNB group subjects practiced right and left nostril breathing, respectively, every day 1 h for 6 weeks. The control group did not practice nostril breathing. Cardiovascular parameters and spectral indices of HRV were recorded before and after 6-week practice of nostril breathing. In RNB and LNB groups, prediction of rate-pressure product (RPP) by low-frequency to high-frequency ratio (LF-HF) of HRV was assessed by bivariate logistic regression. Results: HRV indices representing sympathetic activity were increased in the RNB group and indices representing parasympathetic activity were increased in LNB group following 6-week nostril breathing. Prediction of LF-HF to RPP, the marker of cardiovascular risks, was more significant (OR 2.65, P = 0.005) in the LNB group compared to the RNB group (OR 1.452, P = 0.016). Conclusions: Short-term practice of LNB improves vagal tone, increases HRV, and promotes cardiovascular health of medical students. Practice of RNB increases sympathetic tone and could jeopardize cardiovascular health.
Keywords	Autonomic functions ; Cardiovascular risk ; Heart rate variability ; Nostril breathing ; Sympathovagal balance ; Medicine ; R ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	796
Publishing date	2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	North American Journal of Medical Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A comparative study of the effects of asan, pranayama and asan-pranayama training on neurological and neuromuscular functions of Pondicherry police trainees

Madanmohan Trakroo / Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani / Gopal Krushna Pal / Kaviraja Udupa / N Krishnamurthy

International Journal of Yoga, Vol 6, Iss 2, Pp 96-

2013 Volume 103

Abstract: Background: Though neurological benefits of yoga training have been reported, lacunae still exists in understanding neurophysiological effects of such training. Hence, the present study was conducted to find the effect of yogasanas and pranayams on ... ...

Abstract	Background: Though neurological benefits of yoga training have been reported, lacunae still exists in understanding neurophysiological effects of such training. Hence, the present study was conducted to find the effect of yogasanas and pranayams on neurological and neuromuscular functions in healthy human volunteers and also determined differential effects of training in asan, pranayama and their combination. Materials and Methods: Eighty male trainees from Pondicherry Police Training School were randomly divided into asan, pranayama, and asan-pranayama groups who received a training of 4 days a week for 6 months and a control group. Electroencephalogram (EEG), nerve conduction (NC), electromyogram (EMG), visual evoked potentials (VEP), and auditory reaction time (ART) were recorded before and after the study period. NC, EMG, and VEP data were obtained from 28 subjects; EEG data from 48 subjects; and RT from 67 subjects. Intergroup differences were assessed by AVOVA/Kruskal-Wallis and intragroup differences by Student′s t-test. Results and Discussion: Police trainees showed beneficial effects of yoga training, although they were undergoing intensive police training and the yoga training was relatively less intense. Alpha, theta, and total power of EEG increased as a result of asan training. A shortening of visual reaction time and a decrease in red-green discriminatory reaction time signifies an improved and faster processing of visual input. They also showed a decrease in resting EMG voltage, signifying better muscular relaxation following pranayama training. Beta, theta and total power of EEG increased. ART and red-green discriminatory reaction times decreased in the trainees, signifying a more alert state as well as improved central neural processing. A combination of asan and pranayama training for 6 months produced an improvement in motor and sensory nerve conduction. Total power of EEG, alpha and theta power as well as delta % increased, while reaction time decreased signifying an alert and yet relaxed state of the neuromuscular system. Summary and Conclusion: The present study has shown that 6 months training in asan, pranayama as well as their combination is effective in improving physiological functions of police trainees. They showed beneficial effects of yoga training, although they were undergoing intensive police training and the yoga training was relatively less intense. Hence, we recommend that yoga training be introduced in police training curricula.
Keywords	Asan-pranayama; neurophysiology; police trainees; yoga training ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Medknow Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Association of sympathovagal imbalance with cardiovascular risks in overt hypothyroidism

Avupati Naga Syamsunder / Gopal Krushna Pal / Pravati Pal / Chandrakasan Sadishkumar Kamalanathan / Subhash Chandra Parija / Nivedita Nanda

North American Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol 5, Iss 9, Pp 554-

2013 Volume 561

Abstract: Background: Cardiovascular morbidities have been reported in hypothyroidism. Aims: The objective of this study is to investigate the link of sympathovagal imbalance (SVI) to cardiovascular risks (CVRs) and the plausible mechanisms of CVR in ... ...

Abstract	Background: Cardiovascular morbidities have been reported in hypothyroidism. Aims: The objective of this study is to investigate the link of sympathovagal imbalance (SVI) to cardiovascular risks (CVRs) and the plausible mechanisms of CVR in hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: Age-matched 104 females (50 controls, 54 hypothyroids) were recruited and their body mass index (BMI), cardiovascular parameters, autonomic function tests by spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate response to standing, deep breathing and blood pressure response to isometric handgrip were studied. Thyroid profile, lipid profile, immunological and inflammatory markers were estimated and their association with low-frequency to the high-frequency ratio (LF-HF) of HRV, the marker of SVI was assessed by multivariate regression. Results: Increased diastolic pressure, decreased HRV, increased LF-HF, dyslipidemia and increased high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were observed in hypothyroid patients and all these parameters had significant correlation with LF-HF. BMI had no significant association with LF-HF. Atherogenic index (β 1.144, P = 0.001) and hsCRP (b 0.578, P = 0.009) had independent contribution to LF-HF. LF-HF could significantly predict hypertension status (odds ratio 2.05, confidence interval 1.110-5.352, P = 0.008) in hypothyroid subjects. Conclusions: SVI due to sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal occurs in hypothyroidism. Dyslipidemia and low-grade inflammation, but not obesity contribute to SVI and SVI contributes to cardiovascular risks.
Keywords	Autonomic imbalance ; Body mass index ; Cardiovascular risks ; Dyslipidemia ; High-sensitive C-reactive protein ; Hypothyroidism ; Sympathovagal imbalance ; Medicine ; R ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	796
Publishing date	2013-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	North American Journal of Medical Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sympathovagal imbalance contributes to prehypertension status and cardiovascular risks attributed by insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in first degree relatives of type 2 diabetics.

Gopal Krushna Pal / Chandrasekaran Adithan / Palghat Hariharan Ananthanarayanan / Pravati Pal / Nivedita Nanda / Thiyagarajan Durgadevi / Venugopal Lalitha / Avupati Naga Syamsunder / Tarun Kumar Dutta

PLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 11, p e

2013 Volume 78072

Abstract: Background Though cardiovascular (CV) risks are reported in first-degree relatives (FDR) of type 2 diabetics, the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to these risks are not known. We investigated the association of sympathovagal imbalance (SVI) ... ...

Abstract	Background Though cardiovascular (CV) risks are reported in first-degree relatives (FDR) of type 2 diabetics, the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to these risks are not known. We investigated the association of sympathovagal imbalance (SVI) with CV risks in these subjects. Subjects and methods Body mass index (BMI), basal heart rate (BHR), blood pressure (BP), rate-pressure product (RPP), spectral indices of heart rate variability (HRV), autonomic function tests, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, inflammatory markers, oxidative stress (OS) marker, rennin, thyroid profile and serum electrolytes were measured and analyzed in subjects of study group (FDR of type 2 diabetics, n = 72) and control group (subjects with no family history of diabetes, n = 104). Results BMI, BP, BHR, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, inflammatory and OS markers, renin, LF-HF (ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power of HRV, a sensitive marker of SVI) were significantly increased (p<0.0001) in study group compared to the control group. SVI in study group was due to concomitant sympathetic activation and vagal inhibition. There was significant correlation and independent contribution of markers of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation and OS to LF-HF ratio. Multiple-regression analysis demonstrated an independent contribution of LF-HF ratio to prehypertension status (standardized beta 0.415, p<0.001) and bivariate logistic-regression showed significant prediction (OR 2.40, CI 1.128-5.326, p = 0.002) of LF-HF ratio of HRV to increased RPP, the marker of CV risk, in study group. Conclusion SVI in FDR of type 2 diabetics occurs due to sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal. The SVI contributes to prehypertension status and CV risks caused by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in FDR of type 2 diabetics.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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