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  1. Article ; Online: Exponentiated Odd Lomax Exponential distribution with application to COVID-19 death cases of Nepal

    Govinda Prasad Dhungana / Vijay Kumar

    PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss

    2022  Volume 6

    Abstract: This study suggested a new four-parameter Exponentiated Odd Lomax Exponential (EOLE) distribution by compounding an exponentiated odd function with Lomax distribution as a generator. The proposed model is unimodal and positively skewed whereas the hazard ...

    Abstract This study suggested a new four-parameter Exponentiated Odd Lomax Exponential (EOLE) distribution by compounding an exponentiated odd function with Lomax distribution as a generator. The proposed model is unimodal and positively skewed whereas the hazard rate function is monotonically increasing and inverted bathtubs. Some important properties of the new distribution are derived such as quintile function and median; asymptotic properties and mode; moments; mean residual life, mean path time; mean deviation; order statistics; and Bonferroni & Lorenz curve. The value of the parameters is obtained from the maximum likelihood estimation, least-square estimation, and Cramér-Von-Mises methods. Here, a simulation study and two real data sets, “the number of deaths per day due to COVID-19 of the first wave in Nepal" and ‘‘failure stresses (In Gpa) of single carbon fibers of lengths 50 mm", have been applied to validate the different theoretical findings. The finding of an order of COVID-19 deaths in 153 days in Nepal obey the proposed distribution, it has a significantly positive relationship between the predictive test positive rate and the predictive number of deaths per day. Therefore, the intended model is an alternative model for survival data and lifetime data analysis.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 519
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Adherence to antiretroviral treatment and associated factors among people living with HIV and AIDS in CHITWAN, Nepal

    Sujan Neupane / Govinda Prasad Dhungana / Harish Chandra Ghimire

    BMC Public Health, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2019  Volume 9

    Abstract: Abstract Background Adherence to ART is the primary determinant of viral suppression and the risk of transmission, disease progression and death. Adherence of at least 95% is needed for optimal suppression. This study aimed at determining the adherence ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background Adherence to ART is the primary determinant of viral suppression and the risk of transmission, disease progression and death. Adherence of at least 95% is needed for optimal suppression. This study aimed at determining the adherence to Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) and its associated factors among People Living with HIV and AIDS in ART Center of Chitwan, Nepal. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 231 clients aged 18 years to 49 years taking ART from Bharatpur Hospital of Chitwan and those who have been enrolled in ART for at least 6 months, were interviewed. Systematic Sampling technique was used. Semi-structured questionnaire was prepared by taking reference from the AIDS Clinical Trial group questionnaire (ACTG). Adherence was measured by patient self report. Data was entered Epi Data 3.1 and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software where the P value of < 0.05 was accepted as being statistically significant. The independent variables which were found significant at p-value 0.10 in bivariate analysis were fitted in multivariable logistic regression model. Multivariable logistic regression model was performed to know the net effect of the independent variables on Adherence to ART medication. Results The overall adherence in the last month was found to be 87.4%. Wrist watch and mobiles were seen as a facilitating factor for taking ART on time as clients taking ART used to set alarm to get informed of the medication time. Adherence was associated with female sex (AOR = 10.550 CI: 1.854–60.046), family consisting only parents and their children (AOR = 4.877, CI: 1.246–19.079), having no habit of taking alcohol (AOR = 5.842 CI: 1.294–26.383), HIV duration of more than 3 years (AOR = 10.055 CI: 2.383–42.430), picking up ART medications on their own (AOR = 7.861, CI: 1.670–36.998) and not having side effects of ART (AOR = 8.832, CI: 2.059–37.890). Conclusion Identifying and evaluating the problems faced by ARV drug users can foster the ...
    Keywords ART ; Adherence ; PLHIV ; Nepal ; Side effects ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 700
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Tuberculosis in HIV Patient

    Bidhan Nidhi Paudel / Punya Paudel / Luna Paudel / Govinda Prasad Dhungana / Gyanendra Lal Amatya / Prakash Kandel

    Journal of Nepal Medical Association, Vol 52, Iss

    2013  Volume 191

    Abstract: Introduction: Strict monitoring of anti tuberculosis therapy (ATT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for proper management of TB/HIV co-infected patients. Methods: Between December 2006 and December 2008 a prospective observational study was ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Strict monitoring of anti tuberculosis therapy (ATT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for proper management of TB/HIV co-infected patients. Methods: Between December 2006 and December 2008 a prospective observational study was conducted among 135 TB/HIV co-infected patients visiting antiretroviral therapy in Seti Zonal Hospital, Dhangadi. The diagnosed TB patients were subjected to ATT through directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) and its response was evaluated as per WHO guidelines. Results: Among 135 studied subjects, 71.9% were males and over 88 % of the patients were in the age group 21 to 50. Of the Total TB cases 68.1% presented pulmonary TB (PTB) and 37.20% of the Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) cases were lymph node TB. 75.5% of them had completed ATT, 8.2% transfer out and 12.6% were default. Conclusions: Majority of the patients presented PTB, and lymph node TB was found to be the most common EPTB. Comparatively, high efficacy of ATT was found in HIV patients visiting this resource poor setting. Key words: antiretroviral therapy; anti TB therapy; Dhangadi; lymph node T; treatment response.
    Keywords Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nepal Medical Association
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Tuberculosis in HIV Patient

    Bidhan Nidhi Paudel / Punya Paudel / Luna Paudel / Govinda Prasad Dhungana / Gyanendra Lal Amatya / Prakash Kandel

    Journal of Nepal Medical Association, Vol 52, Iss

    2013  Volume 191

    Abstract: Introduction: Strict monitoring of anti tuberculosis therapy (ATT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for proper management of TB/HIV co-infected patients. Methods: Between December 2006 and December 2008 a prospective observational study was ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Strict monitoring of anti tuberculosis therapy (ATT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for proper management of TB/HIV co-infected patients. Methods: Between December 2006 and December 2008 a prospective observational study was conducted among 135 TB/HIV co-infected patients visiting antiretroviral therapy in Seti Zonal Hospital, Dhangadi. The diagnosed TB patients were subjected to ATT through directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) and its response was evaluated as per WHO guidelines. Results: Among 135 studied subjects, 71.9% were males and over 88 % of the patients were in the age group 21 to 50. Of the Total TB cases 68.1% presented pulmonary TB (PTB) and 37.20% of the Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) cases were lymph node TB. 75.5% of them had completed ATT, 8.2% transfer out and 12.6% were default. Conclusions: Majority of the patients presented PTB, and lymph node TB was found to be the most common EPTB. Comparatively, high efficacy of ATT was found in HIV patients visiting this resource poor setting. Key words: antiretroviral therapy; anti TB therapy; Dhangadi; lymph node T; treatment response.
    Keywords Medicine (General) ; R5-920
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nepal Medical Association
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

    Kirsten E Wiens / Paulina A Lindstedt / Brigette F Blacker / Kimberly B Johnson / Mathew M Baumann / Lauren E Schaeffer / Hedayat Abbastabar, Sr / Foad Abd-Allah / Ahmed Abdelalim / Ibrahim Abdollahpour / Kedir Hussein Abegaz / Ayenew Negesse Abejie / Lucas Guimarães Abreu / Michael R M Abrigo / Ahmed Abualhasan / Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi / Dilaram Acharya / Maryam Adabi / Abdu A Adamu /
    Oladimeji M Adebayo / Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Sr / Victor Adekanmbi / Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Sr / Beyene Meressa Adhena / Mohsen Afarideh / Sohail Ahmad / Keivan Ahmadi / Anwar E Ahmed / Muktar Beshir Ahmed / Rushdia Ahmed / Temesgen Yihunie Akalu / Fares Alahdab / Ziyad Al-Aly / Noore Alam, Sr / Samiah Alam / Genet Melak Alamene / Turki M Alanzi / Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal / Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali / Mehran Alijanzadeh / Vahid Alipour / Syed Mohamed Aljunid / Ali Almasi, Sr / Amir Almasi-Hashiani / Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi / Khalid A Altirkawi / Nelson Alvis-Guzman / Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk / Saeed Amini, Sr / Arianna Maever L Amit, Sr / Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sr / Mina Anjomshoa / Amir Anoushiravani, Sr / Fereshteh Ansari / Carl Abelardo T Antonio / Benny Antony / Ernoiz Antriyandarti / Jalal Arabloo / Hany Mohamed Amin Aref, Sr / Olatunde Aremu / Bahram Armoon / Amit Arora, Sr / Krishna K Aryal / Afsaneh Arzani / Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi / Hagos Tasew Atalay / Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sr / Seyyede Masoume Athari / Sachin R Atre / Marcel Ausloos / Nefsu Awoke / Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla / Getinet Ayano / Martin Amogre Ayanore, Sr / Yared Asmare Aynalem IV / Samad Azari / Peter S Azzopardi / Ebrahim Babaee / Tesleem Kayode Babalola / Alaa Badawi, Sr / Mohan Bairwa / Shankar M Bakkannavar / Senthilkumar Balakrishnan / Ayele Geleto Bali / Maciej Banach, Sr / Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Sr / Aleksandra Barac / Till Winfried Bärnighausen / Huda Basaleem / Sanjay Basu / Vo Dinh Bay / Mohsen Bayati / Estifanos Baye / Neeraj Bedi / Mahya Mahya Beheshti Beheshti / Masoud Behzadifar / Meysam Behzadifar / Bayu Begashaw Bekele / Yaschilal Muche Belayneh / Michellr L Bell, Sr / Derrick A Bennett, Sr / Dessalegn Ajema Berbada / Robert S Bernstein / Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Sr / Krittika Bhattacharyya, Sr / Suraj Bhattarai / Soumyadeep Bhaumik / Zulfiqar A Bhutta / Ali Bijani / Boris Bikbov / Binyam Minuye Birihane IV / Raaj Kishore Biswas / Somayeh Bohlouli / Hunduma Amensisa Amensisa Bojia I / Soufiane Boufous / Oliver J Brady / Nicola Luigi Bragazzi / Andrey Nikolaevich Briko / Nikolay Ivanovich Briko / Gabrielle B Britton / Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Sr / Reinhard Busse, Sr / Zahid A Butt / Luis LA Alberto Cámera, Sr / Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Sr / Jorge Cano / Josip Car / Rosario Cárdenas / Felix Carvalho, Sr / Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Sr / Franz Castro / Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, Sr / Pranab Chatterjee / Vijay Kumar Chattu / Tesfaye Yitna Yitna Chichiabellu, Jr / Ken Lee Chin, Sr / Devasahayam J Christopher / Dinh-Toi Chu / Natalie Maria Cormier / Vera Marisa Costa / Carlos Culquichicon / Matiwos Soboka Daba / Giovanni Damiani, Sr / Lalit Dandona / Rakhi Dandona / Anh Kim Dang / Aso Mohammad Darwesh / Amira Hamed Darwish / Ahmad Daryani, Sr / Jai K Das / Rajat Das Gupta / Aditya Prasad Dash / Gail Davey / Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes / Adrian C Davis, Sr / Dragos Virgil Davitoiu / Fernando Pio De la Hoz / Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis / Dereje Bayissa Demissie / Getu Debalkie Demissie / Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Sr / Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Sr / Kebede Deribe, Sr / Assefa Desalew / Aniruddha Deshpande / Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne / Preeti Dhillon / Meghnath Dhimal / Govinda Prasad Dhungana / Daniel Diaz, Sr / Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu / Shirin Djalalinia / Kerrie E Doyle / Eleonora Dubljanin / Bereket Duko / Andre Rodrigues Duraes / Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan / Hisham Atan Edinur, Sr / Andem Effiong, Sr / Aziz Eftekhari / Nevine El Nahas / Iman El Sayed / Maysaa El Sayed Zaki / Maha El Tantawi / Teshome Bekele Elema I / Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Sr / Shaimaa I El-Jaafary / Hajer Elkout / Aisha Elsharkawy / Iqbal RF Elyazar / Aklilu Endalamaw / Daniel Adane Endalew, Sr / Sharareh Eskandarieh / Alireza Esteghamati / Sadaf Esteghamati, Sr / Arash Etemadi / Oluchi Ezekannagha / Mohammad Fareed / Roghiyeh Faridnia / Farshad Farzadfar / Mehdi Fazlzadeh / Valery L Feigin, Sr / Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad / Eduarda Fernandes / Irina Filip / Florian Fischer / Nataliya A Foigt / Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Sr / Masoud Foroutan / Richard Charles Franklin / Takeshi Fukumoto / Mohamed M Gad / Reta Tsegaye Gayesa / Teshome Gebre, Sr / Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin / Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Sr / Hailay Abrha Gesesew / Kebede Embaye Gezae / Keyghobad Ghadiri, Sr / Ahmad Ghashghaee / Pramesh Raj Ghimire, Sr / Paramjit Singh Gill, Sr / Tiffany K Gill / Themba G G Ginindza / Nelson G M Gomes / Sameer Vali Gopalani / Alessandra C Goulart / Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart / Ayman Grada / Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari / Harish Chander Gugnani, Sr / Davide Guido / Rafael Alves Guimarães / Yuming Guo, Sr / Rajeev Gupta / Nima Hafezi-Nejad / Dessalegn H Haile, Sr / Gessessew Bugssa Hailu / Arvin Haj-Mirzaian / Arya Haj-Mirzaian / Randah R Hamadeh / Samer Hamidi / Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso / Hamidreza Haririan, Sr / Ninuk Hariyani / Ahmed I Hasaballah / Md Mehedi Hasan / Edris Hasanpoor / Amir Hasanzadeh / Hadi Hassankhani / Hamid Yimam Hassen / Mohamed I Hegazy / Behzad Heibati / Behnam Heidari / Delia Hendrie, Sr / Nathaniel J Henry / Claudiu Herteliu / Fatemeh Heydarpour / Hagos Degefa de Hidru I / Thomas R Hird / Chi Linh Hoang / Enayatollah Homaie Rad / Praveen Hoogar / Mohammad Hoseini / Naznin Hossain / Mostafa Hosseini / Mehdi Hosseinzadeh / Mowafa Househ / Mohamed Hsairi, Sr / Guoqing Hu / Mohammedaman Mama Hussen / Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye / Ehimario U Igumbor, Sr / Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi / Milena D Ilic / Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab / Usman Iqbal / Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani / Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam / Chinwe Juliana Iwu / Neda Izadi, Sr / Anelisa Jaca / Nader Jahanmehr / Mihajlo Jakovljevic / Amir Jalali / Achala Upendra Jayatilleke / Ravi Prakash Jha / Vivekanand Jha / John S Ji, Sr / Jost B Jonas / Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak / Ali Kabir / Zubair Kabir, Sr / Amaha Kahsay / Hamed Kalani / Tanuj Kanchan / Behzad Karami Matin / André Karch / Mohd Anisul Karim / Hamidreza Karimi-Sari / Surendra Karki / Amir Kasaeian / Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun / Yawukal chane Kasahun / Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye / Gebrehiwot G Kassa / Getachew Mullu Kassa / Gbenga A Kayode / Ali Kazemi Karyani / Mihiretu M Kebede / Peter Njenga Keiyoro / Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Sr / Andre Pascal Kengne, Sr / Daniel Bekele Ketema / Yousef Saleh Khader / Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie / Nauman Khalid / Rovshan Khalilov / Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Sr / Junaid Khan / Md Nuruzzaman Khan I / Muhammad Shahzeb Khan / Khaled Khatab, Sr / Amir M Khater / Mona M Khater / Maryam Khayamzadeh / Mohammad Khazaei / Salman Khazaei / Mohammad Hossein Khosravi / Jagdish Khubchandani / Ali Kiadaliri / Yun Jin Kim / Ruth W Kimokoti / Adnan Kisa / Sezer Kisa / Niranjan Kissoon, Sr / Shivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah M KMShivakumar, Sr / Sonali Kochhar / Tufa Kolola, Sr / Hamidreza Komaki / Soewarta Kosen / Parvaiz A Koul / Ai Koyanagi / Moritz U G Kraemer / Kewal Krishan / Nuworza Kugbey / G Anil Kumar / Manasi Kumar, Sr / Pushpendra Kumar / Vivek Kumar / Dian Kusuma / Carlo La Vecchia / Ben Lacey / Sheetal D Lad / Dharmesh Kumar Lal / Felix Lam / Faris Hasan Lami, Sr / Prabhat Lamichhane / Van Charles Lansingh / Savita Lasrado / Avula Laxmaiah / Paul H Lee, Sr / Kate E LeGrand / Mostafa Leili / Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo / Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Sr / Aubrey J Levine / Shanshan Li, Sr / Shai Linn / Shiwei Liu / Simin Liu / Rakesh Lodha / Joshua Longbottom / Jaifred Christian F Lopez / Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek / Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek / D R Mahadeshwara Prasad / Phetole Walter Mahasha, Sr / Narayan B Mahotra / Azeem Majeed / Reza Malekzadeh, Sr / Deborah Carvalho Malta / Abdullah A Mamun, Sr / Navid Manafi, Sr / Ana Laura Manda / Narendar Dawani Dawanu Manohar / Mohammad Ali Mansournia / Chabila Christopher Mapoma / Joemer C Maravilla / Gabriel Martinez, Sr / Santi Martini / Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo / Anthony Masaka / Benjamin Ballard Massenburg / Manu Raj Mathur / Benjamin K Mayala / Mohsen Mazidi / Colm McAlinden / Birhanu Geta Meharie / Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sr / Kala M Mehta / Tefera C Chane Mekonnen / Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles / Peter T N Memiah / Ziad A Memish, Sr / Walter Mendoza / Ritesh G Menezes / Seid Tiku Mereta / Tuomo J Meretoja, Sr / Tomislav Mestrovic / Bartosz Miazgowski / Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Sr / Ted R Miller / GK Mini / Erkin M Mirrakhimov / Babak Moazen / Bahram Mohajer / Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad / Dara K Mohammad / Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad / Yousef Mohammad / Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji / Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh / Noushin Mohammadifard / Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Sr / Shafiu Mohammed / Farnam Mohebi / Ali H Mokdad / Mariam Molokhia / Lorenzo Monasta / Yoshan Moodley, Sr / Catrin E Moore, Sr / Ghobad Moradi / Masoud Moradi / Mohammad Moradi-Joo / Maziar Moradi-Lakeh / Paula Moraga / Linda Morales / Ilais Moreno Velásquez / Abbas Mosapour / Simin Mouodi / Seyyed Meysam Mousavi / Miliva Mozaffor I / Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Sr / Getahun Fentaw Mulaw, Sr / Sandra B Munro / Moses K Muriithi / Christopher J L Murray / GVS Murthy / Kamarul Imran Musa / Ghulam Mustafa, Sr / Saravanan Muthupandian, Sr / Ashraf F Nabhan / Mehdi Naderi / Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan / Kovin S Naidoo / Gurudatta Naik / Farid Najafi / Vinay Nangia, Sr / Jobert Richie Nansseu / Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Sr / Javad Nazari / Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Sr / Ionut Negoi, Sr / Henok Biresaw Netsere Netsere, Sr / Josephine W Ngunjiri, Sr / Cuong Tat Nguyen / Huong Lan Thi Nguyen / Trang Huyen Nguyen / Dabere Nigatu / Solomon Gedlu Nigatu / Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum / Chukwudi A Nnaji / Marzieh Nojomi / Vuong Minh Nong / Ole F Norheim, Sr / Jean Jacques Noubiap / Soraya Nouraei Motlagh / Bogdan Oancea / Okechukwu Samuel Ogah / Felix Akpojene Ogbo / In-Hwan Oh / Andrew T Olagunju / Tinuke O Olagunju / Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya / Jacob Olusegun Olusanya / Obinna E Onwujekwe, Sr / Eyal Oren / Doris V V Ortega-Altamirano, Sr / Osayomwanbo Osarenotor / Frank B Osei, Sr / Mayowa O Owolabi / Mahesh P A, Sr / Jagadish Rao Padubidri / Smita Pakhale / Sangram Kishor Patel / Angel J Paternina-Caicedo, Sr / Ashish Pathak, Sr / George C Patton / Deepak Paudel, Sr / Kebreab Paulos, Sr / Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito / Alexandre Pereira / Norberto Perico / Aslam Pervaiz / Julia Moreira Pescarini / Bakhtiar Piroozi / Meghdad Pirsaheb / Maarten J Postma / Hadi Pourjafar / Farshad Pourmalek, Sr / Akram Pourshams / Hossein Poustchi / Sergio I Prada, Sr / Narayan Prasad / Liliana Preotescu / Hedley Quintana / Navid Rabiee / Amir Radfar / Alireza Rafiei / Fakher Rahim / Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar / Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar / Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman / Muhammad Aziz Rahman / SHAFIUR Rahman / Fatemeh Rajati, Sr / Saleem Muhammad Rana, Sr / Chhabi Lal Ranabhat / Davide Rasella / David Laith Rawaf / Salman Rawaf, Sr / Lal Rawal / Wasiq Faraz Rawasia / Vishnu Renjith / Andre M N Renzaho, Sr / Serge Resnikoff, Sr / Melese Abate Reta / Negar Rezaei / Mohammad sadegh Rezai / Seyed Mohammad Riahi / Ana Isabel Ribeiro / Jennifer Rickard, Sr / Maria Rios-Blancas / Leonardo Roever / Luca Ronfani / Elias Merdassa Roro, Sr / Jennifer M Ross / Enrico Rubagotti / Salvatore Rubino / Anas M Saad / Yogesh Damodar Sabde / Siamak Sabour / Ehsan Sadeghi, Sr / Yahya Safari / Roya Safari-Faramani / Rajesh Sagar / Amirhossein Sahebkar / Mohammad Ali Sahraian / S Mohammad Sajadi / Mohammad Reza Salahshoor / Nasir Salam, Sr / Payman Salamati / Hosni Salem / Marwa R Rashad Salem I / Yahya Salimi / Hamideh Salimzadeh / Abdallah M Samy / Juan Sanabria, Sr / Milena M Santric-Milicevic / Bruno Piassi Sao Jose / Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy / Kaushik Sarkar, Sr / Abdur Razzaque Sarker / Nizal Sarrafzadegan I / Benn Sartorius / Brijesh Sathian / Thirunavukkarasu Sathish / Monika Sawhney / Sonia Saxena, Sr / David C Schwebel, Sr / Anbissa Muleta Senbeta IV / Subramanian Senthilkumaran / Sadaf G Sepanlou / Edson Serván-Mori, Sr / Hosein Shabaninejad / Azadeh Shafieesabet, Sr / Masood Ali Shaikh / Ali S Shalash, Sr / Seifadin Ahmed Shallo / Mehran Shams-Beyranvand / MohammadBagher Shamsi / Morteza Shamsizadeh / Mohammed Shannawaz / Kiomars Sharafi / Hamid Sharifi / Hatem Samir Shehata, Sr / Aziz Sheikh / B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Sr / Kenji Shibuya, Sr / Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Sr / Desalegn Markos Shifti / Mika Shigematsu / Jae Il Shin / Rahman Shiri, Sr / Reza Shirkoohi / Soraya Siabani / Tariq Jamal Siddiqi / Diego Augusto Santos Silva / Ambrish Singh / Jasvinder A Singh / Narinder Pal Singh / Virendra Singh / Malede Mequanent Sisay / Eirini Skiadaresi / Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Sr / Anton Sokhan / Shahin Soltani / Ranjani Somayaji / Moslem Soofi / Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Sr / Ireneous N Soyiri / Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy / Agus Sudaryanto / Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Sr / Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria / Marufa Sultana / Bruno Fokas Sunguya / Bryan L Sykes / Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos / Takahiro Tabuchi / Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Jr / Ingan Ukur Tarigan / Aberash Abay Tasew / Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Sr / Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle / Mohamad-Hani Temsah / Berhe Etsay Tesfay I / Fisaha Haile Haile Tesfay / Belay Tessema / Zemenu Tadesse Tessema / Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan / Nihal Thomas / Alemayehu Toma Toma, Sr / Roman Topor-Madry / Marcos Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone / Eugenio Traini / Bach Xuan Tran / Khanh Bao Tran / Irfan Ullah / Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan / Muhammad Shariq Usman, Sr / Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu, Sr / Pascual R Valdez / Santosh Varughese, Sr / Francesco S Violante, Sr / Sebastian Vollmer, Sr / Feleke Gebremeskel W/hawariat, Sr / Yasir Waheed / Mitchell Taylor Wallin / Yafeng Wang / Yuan-Pang Wang / Marcia Weaver / Bedilu Girma Weji / Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel / Catherine A Welgan / Andrea Werdecker / Ronny Westerman, Sr / Taweewat Wiangkham / Charles Shey Wiysonge, Sr / Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Sr / Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash / Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sr / Getasew Taddesse Worku, Sr / Ai-Min Wu / Gelin Xu / Ali Yadollahpour / Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari / Tomohide Yamada, Sr / Hiroshi Yatsuya / Alex Yeshaneh / Christopher Sabo Yilgwan / Mekdes Tigistu Yilma / Paul Yip, Sr / Engida Yisma / Naohiro Yonemoto, Sr / Seok-Jun Yoon / Mustafa Z Younis / Mahmoud Yousefifard / Hebat-Allah Salah A Yousof / Chuanhua Yu / Hasan Yusefzadeh / Siddhesh Zadey / Zoubida Zaidi / Sojib Bin Zaman / Mohammad Zamani / Hamed Zandian / Nejimu Biza Zepro / Taddese Alemu Zerfu / Yunquan Zhang / Xiu-Ju George Zhao / Arash Ziapour / Sanjay Zodpey, Sr / Yves Miel H Zuniga / Simon I Hay / Robert C Reiner, Jr

    The Lancet Global Health, Vol 8, Iss 8, Pp e1038-e

    2020  Volume 1060

    Abstract: Summary: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 ... ...

    Abstract Summary: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
    Keywords Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 310
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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