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  1. Article: When worlds collide: autoimmunity and atherosclerosis.

    Grainger, David J

    The Journal of rheumatology

    2009  Volume 36, Issue 11, Page(s) 2378–2379

    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology ; Atherosclerosis/immunology ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Autoimmunity/immunology ; Humans ; Rheumatoid Factor/immunology
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Antinuclear ; Autoantibodies ; Rheumatoid Factor (9009-79-4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-11
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Comment ; Editorial
    ZDB-ID 194928-7
    ISSN 1499-2752 ; 0315-162X
    ISSN (online) 1499-2752
    ISSN 0315-162X
    DOI 10.3899/jrheum.091027
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Proteostasis is adaptive: Balancing chaperone holdases against foldases.

    de Graff, Adam Mr / Mosedale, David E / Sharp, Tilly / Dill, Ken A / Grainger, David J

    PLoS computational biology

    2020  Volume 16, Issue 12, Page(s) e1008460

    Abstract: Because a cell must adapt to different stresses and growth rates, its proteostasis system must too. How do cells detect and adjust proteome folding to different conditions? Here, we explore a biophysical cost-benefit principle, namely that the cell ... ...

    Abstract Because a cell must adapt to different stresses and growth rates, its proteostasis system must too. How do cells detect and adjust proteome folding to different conditions? Here, we explore a biophysical cost-benefit principle, namely that the cell should keep its proteome as folded as possible at the minimum possible energy cost. This can be achieved by differential expression of chaperones-balancing foldases (which accelerate folding) against holdases (which act as parking spots). The model captures changes in the foldase-holdase ratio observed both within organisms during aging and across organisms of varying metabolic rates. This work describes a simple biophysical mechanism by which cellular proteostasis adapts to meet the needs of a changing growth environment.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Mammals ; Models, Theoretical ; Molecular Chaperones/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Folding ; Proteostasis
    Chemical Substances Molecular Chaperones
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2193340-6
    ISSN 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
    ISSN (online) 1553-7358
    ISSN 1553-734X
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008460
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: TGF-beta and atherosclerosis in man.

    Grainger, David J

    Cardiovascular research

    2007  Volume 74, Issue 2, Page(s) 213–222

    Abstract: The transforming growth factor type-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of ligands, receptors, binding proteins and ligand traps together plays a key role in the maintenance of normal blood vessel wall structure. Specific defects in genes encoding superfamily ... ...

    Abstract The transforming growth factor type-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of ligands, receptors, binding proteins and ligand traps together plays a key role in the maintenance of normal blood vessel wall structure. Specific defects in genes encoding superfamily members have now been linked to a range of cardiovascular syndromes involving loss of healthy vessel architecture, including hypertension and aneurysm. However the contribution of TGF-beta to the development of atherosclerosis is simultaneously more subtle and more complex. TGF-beta ligands are produced by a range of different cell types, which also regulate release of the active cytokine that, in turn, signals through multiple receptor complexes on different cell types. Recent evidence suggests that the T cell may be both a key source of TGF-beta1 and a key target for its effects during atherogenesis, as in other chronic inflammatory disorders. Here we review the evidence for the role of TGF-beta in the human vasculature during atherogenesis, and evaluate the available data in the context of our knowledge from animal models of the disease.
    MeSH term(s) Atherosclerosis/immunology ; Atherosclerosis/metabolism ; Autoimmunity ; Humans ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/immunology ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-05-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80340-6
    ISSN 1755-3245 ; 0008-6363
    ISSN (online) 1755-3245
    ISSN 0008-6363
    DOI 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.02.022
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Transforming growth factor beta and atherosclerosis: so far, so good for the protective cytokine hypothesis.

    Grainger, David J

    Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology

    2004  Volume 24, Issue 3, Page(s) 399–404

    Abstract: The role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in atherosclerosis has been the subject of considerable debate for a decade. In the early 1990s, we postulated that TGF-beta played an important role in maintaining ... ...

    Abstract The role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in atherosclerosis has been the subject of considerable debate for a decade. In the early 1990s, we postulated that TGF-beta played an important role in maintaining normal vessel wall structure and that loss of this protective effect contributed to the development of atherosclerosis. We termed this the protective cytokine hypothesis. This proposal was slow to gain broad acceptance, however, because at that time there were little data available on the role of TGF-beta during the development of atherosclerosis but much information about its role during trauma-induced neointima formation. Because TGF-beta apparently aggravates neointima formation, both by inhibiting endothelial regeneration and by promoting fibrosis, it was difficult to accept that its presence might ameliorate the superficially similar atherogenesis process. But several recent studies revealed beyond doubt the fact that TGF-beta protects against lipid lesion formation, at least in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Therefore, two important questions remain. First, is the role of TGF-beta in vascular biology similar in humans and in mice? Secondly, how important, compared with defects in thrombosis or lipoprotein metabolism, is the protective role of TGF-beta during atherogenesis?
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Arteriosclerosis/etiology ; Arteriosclerosis/metabolism ; Arteriosclerosis/prevention & control ; Disease Models, Animal ; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Models, Biological ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Species Specificity ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/deficiency ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology ; Tunica Intima/physiology
    Chemical Substances Transforming Growth Factor beta
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1221433-4
    ISSN 1524-4636 ; 1079-5642
    ISSN (online) 1524-4636
    ISSN 1079-5642
    DOI 10.1161/01.ATV.0000114567.76772.33
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Development and characterisation of an assay for furin activity.

    Bourne, Gemma L / Grainger, David J

    Journal of immunological methods

    2011  Volume 364, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 101–108

    Abstract: Furin is a serine endoprotease that is responsible for the proteolytic processing of proteins within the secretory pathway, including cytokines, hormones, integrins, other proteases, and also pathogen-derived proteins. It is likely that the level of ... ...

    Abstract Furin is a serine endoprotease that is responsible for the proteolytic processing of proteins within the secretory pathway, including cytokines, hormones, integrins, other proteases, and also pathogen-derived proteins. It is likely that the level of furin activity determines the extent of processing of these substrates. Furin is ubiquitously expressed across all tissues, at low levels, but can be induced in response to environmental cues such as hypoxia and cytokine stimulation. However, all studies to date that have investigated furin expression have been limited to analysis of furin mRNA; there has been no assay sensitive enough to quantify endogenous furin. Though activity-based assays have been described for furin-like enzyme activity, we demonstrate that these assays are dominated by the activity of other enzymes and cannot be used to approximate furin activity. A sensitive and specific assay for furin activity was therefore developed and characterised, using an antibody capture step to immobilise furin from whole cell lysates. Furin activity is quantified relative to that of recombinant active furin protein, to allow estimation of active furin protein concentration. The assay has a minimum detection limit of 0.006 nM; sensitive enough to determine the furin activity of many of the cell lines tested. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by genetic modulation of furin expression. Furthermore, the assay was used to demonstrate that the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) stimulates increased furin activity in HepG2 cells, confirming and extending previous reports that TGF-β increases furin expression, and adding to the mounting body of evidence that cellular furin activity can be modulated.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies/immunology ; Antibodies/metabolism ; Biochemistry/methods ; Cell Extracts/chemistry ; Furin/genetics ; Furin/immunology ; Furin/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Hypoxia/diagnosis ; Hypoxia/genetics ; Hypoxia/metabolism ; Immunomodulation ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Reference Standards ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Antibodies ; Cell Extracts ; RNA, Messenger ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Furin (EC 3.4.21.75)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-02-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 120142-6
    ISSN 1872-7905 ; 0022-1759
    ISSN (online) 1872-7905
    ISSN 0022-1759
    DOI 10.1016/j.jim.2010.11.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Development and characterisation of an assay for furin activity

    Bourne, Gemma L / Grainger, David J

    Journal of immunological methods. 2011 Feb. 1, v. 364, no. 1-2

    2011  

    Abstract: Furin is a serine endoprotease that is responsible for the proteolytic processing of proteins within the secretory pathway, including cytokines, hormones, integrins, other proteases, and also pathogen-derived proteins. It is likely that the level of ... ...

    Abstract Furin is a serine endoprotease that is responsible for the proteolytic processing of proteins within the secretory pathway, including cytokines, hormones, integrins, other proteases, and also pathogen-derived proteins. It is likely that the level of furin activity determines the extent of processing of these substrates. Furin is ubiquitously expressed across all tissues, at low levels, but can be induced in response to environmental cues such as hypoxia and cytokine stimulation. However, all studies to date that have investigated furin expression have been limited to analysis of furin mRNA; there has been no assay sensitive enough to quantify endogenous furin. Though activity-based assays have been described for furin-like enzyme activity, we demonstrate that these assays are dominated by the activity of other enzymes and cannot be used to approximate furin activity. A sensitive and specific assay for furin activity was therefore developed and characterised, using an antibody capture step to immobilise furin from whole cell lysates. Furin activity is quantified relative to that of recombinant active furin protein, to allow estimation of active furin protein concentration. The assay has a minimum detection limit of 0.006nM; sensitive enough to determine the furin activity of many of the cell lines tested. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by genetic modulation of furin expression. Furthermore, the assay was used to demonstrate that the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) stimulates increased furin activity in HepG2 cells, confirming and extending previous reports that TGF-β increases furin expression, and adding to the mounting body of evidence that cellular furin activity can be modulated.
    Keywords antibodies ; cytokines ; detection limit ; enzyme activity ; hormones ; human cell lines ; hypoxia ; integrins ; messenger RNA ; proteinases ; proteolysis ; serine ; tissues ; transforming growth factor beta
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2011-0201
    Size p. 101-108.
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 120142-6
    ISSN 1872-7905 ; 0022-1759
    ISSN (online) 1872-7905
    ISSN 0022-1759
    DOI 10.1016/j.jim.2010.11.008
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article ; Online: Molecular basis of ALK1-mediated signalling by BMP9/BMP10 and their prodomain-bound forms.

    Salmon, Richard M / Guo, Jingxu / Wood, Jennifer H / Tong, Zhen / Beech, John S / Lawera, Aleksandra / Yu, Minmin / Grainger, David J / Reckless, Jill / Morrell, Nicholas W / Li, Wei

    Nature communications

    2020  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 1621

    Abstract: Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1)-mediated endothelial cell signalling in response to bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) and BMP10 is of significant importance in cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, detailed molecular mechanisms of ALK1- ... ...

    Abstract Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1)-mediated endothelial cell signalling in response to bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) and BMP10 is of significant importance in cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, detailed molecular mechanisms of ALK1-mediated signalling remain unclear. Here, we report crystal structures of the BMP10:ALK1 complex at 2.3 Å and the prodomain-bound BMP9:ALK1 complex at 3.3 Å. Structural analyses reveal a tripartite recognition mechanism that defines BMP9 and BMP10 specificity for ALK1, and predict that crossveinless 2 is not an inhibitor of BMP9, which is confirmed by experimental evidence. Introduction of BMP10-specific residues into BMP9 yields BMP10-like ligands with diminished signalling activity in C2C12 cells, validating the tripartite mechanism. The loss of osteogenic signalling in C2C12 does not translate into non-osteogenic activity in vivo and BMP10 also induces bone-formation. Collectively, these data provide insight into ALK1-mediated BMP9 and BMP10 signalling, facilitating therapeutic targeting of this important pathway.
    MeSH term(s) Activin Receptors, Type II/chemistry ; Activin Receptors, Type II/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/chemistry ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism ; Bone and Bones/chemistry ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Growth Differentiation Factor 2/chemistry ; Growth Differentiation Factor 2/metabolism ; Humans ; Ligands ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Domains ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
    Chemical Substances BMP10 protein, human ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ; GDF2 protein, human ; Growth Differentiation Factor 2 ; Ligands ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; ACVRL1 protein, human (EC 2.7.11.30) ; Activin Receptors, Type II (EC 2.7.11.30)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-020-15425-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Proposal of a novel diabetogenic mechanism involving the serpin PAI-1.

    Griffiths, Sarah L / Grainger, David J

    BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology

    2006  Volume 28, Issue 6, Page(s) 629–641

    Abstract: Metabolic Syndrome is a cluster of risk factors (including obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance), which is associated with late-onset diabetes and coronary heart disease. Elevated levels of the protease inhibitor PAI-1 are well-known molecular ... ...

    Abstract Metabolic Syndrome is a cluster of risk factors (including obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance), which is associated with late-onset diabetes and coronary heart disease. Elevated levels of the protease inhibitor PAI-1 are well-known molecular markers of the Metabolic Syndrome. Here, however, we present a hypothesis that PAI-1 acts as a causative factor in the development of Metabolic Syndrome and its clinical sequelae. We propose that PAI-1 inhibits the activity of members of the proprotein convertase (PC) class of serine proteases and that this underlies, at a molecular level, many of the other features of the Metabolic Syndrome cluster.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism ; Humans ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/metabolism ; Serpins/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Syndrome ; Thrombin/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; Serpins ; Thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 50140-2
    ISSN 1521-1878 ; 0265-9247
    ISSN (online) 1521-1878
    ISSN 0265-9247
    DOI 10.1002/bies.20418
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Tamoxifen for the prevention of myocardial infarction in humans: preclinical and early clinical evidence.

    Grainger, David J / Schofield, Peter M

    Circulation

    2005  Volume 112, Issue 19, Page(s) 3018–3024

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use ; Antioxidants/therapeutic use ; Coronary Disease/prevention & control ; Disease Models, Animal ; Estrogen Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control ; Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Antioxidants ; Estrogen Antagonists ; Tamoxifen (094ZI81Y45)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-11-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80099-5
    ISSN 1524-4539 ; 0009-7322 ; 0069-4193 ; 0065-8499
    ISSN (online) 1524-4539
    ISSN 0009-7322 ; 0069-4193 ; 0065-8499
    DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.531178
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: A microtitre format assay for proline in human serum or plasma.

    Grainger, David J / Aitken, Sri

    Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry

    2004  Volume 343, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 113–118

    Abstract: Background: Recent studies have suggested that low serum proline concentration may be associated with low bone mineral density. However, further investigation of this association has been hampered by the lack of a relatively high throughput assay for ... ...

    Abstract Background: Recent studies have suggested that low serum proline concentration may be associated with low bone mineral density. However, further investigation of this association has been hampered by the lack of a relatively high throughput assay for proline in biological fluids. Here we report a sensitive and specific microtitre plate format assay for proline which exploits the chemical interaction between proline and isatin.
    Methods: Human serum or plasma is deproteinised by incubation with sodium citrate buffer pH 4.1 at 95 degrees C, and the supernatant is reacted with isatin at 95 degrees C for 3 h. The resultant blue coloured product is quantitated sprectrophometrically.
    Results: This assay yields a linear standard curve in the range 15 micromol/l to 1 mmol/l (r=0.998+/-0.002; n=8 determinations) with a sensitivity of 31+/-11 micromol/l. None of the other proteogenic amino acids are detected (<0.3% detection at 10 mmol/l) and the closely related metabolite hydroxyproline is only very weakly detected (3% detection at 10 mmol/l). Using human serum, the assay has linear dilution characteristics and a mean spike recovery of 107+/-5%. Repeated re-measurement of the same serum sample yields an intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.8% and an inter-assay CV of 6.1%.
    Conclusions: This method provides the first reliable micro-titre format assay for proline in human serum.
    MeSH term(s) Buffers ; Humans ; Hydroxyproline/analysis ; Isatin/blood ; Isatin/chemistry ; Kinetics ; Proline/blood ; Proline/chemistry ; Reference Standards ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Chemical Substances Buffers ; Isatin (82X95S7M06) ; Proline (9DLQ4CIU6V) ; Hydroxyproline (RMB44WO89X)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-05
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 80228-1
    ISSN 1873-3492 ; 0009-8981
    ISSN (online) 1873-3492
    ISSN 0009-8981
    DOI 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.12.022
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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