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Article ; Online: Treatment-Emergent Cilgavimab Resistance Was Uncommon in Vaccinated Omicron BA.4/5 Outpatients.

Gruber, Cesare Ernesto Maria / Tucci, Fabio Giovanni / Rueca, Martina / Mazzotta, Valentina / Gramigna, Giulia / Vergori, Alessandra / Fabeni, Lavinia / Berno, Giulia / Giombini, Emanuela / Butera, Ornella / Focosi, Daniele / Prandi, Ingrid Guarnetti / Chillemi, Giovanni / Nicastri, Emanuele / Vaia, Francesco / Girardi, Enrico / Antinori, Andrea / Maggi, Fabrizio

Biomolecules

2023 Volume 13, Issue 10

Abstract: Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein can affect monoclonal antibody efficacy. Recent findings report the occurrence of resistant mutations in immunocompromised patients after tixagevimab/cilgavimab treatment. More recently, the Food and Drug ... ...

Abstract	Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein can affect monoclonal antibody efficacy. Recent findings report the occurrence of resistant mutations in immunocompromised patients after tixagevimab/cilgavimab treatment. More recently, the Food and Drug Agency revoked the authorization for tixagevimab/cilgavimab, while this monoclonal antibody cocktail is currently recommended by the European Medical Agency. We retrospectively reviewed 22 immunocompetent patients at high risk for disease progression who received intramuscular tixagevimab/cilgavimab as early COVID-19 treatment and presented a prolonged high viral load. Complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences were obtained for a deep investigation of mutation frequencies in Spike protein before and during treatment. At seven days, only one patient showed evidence of treatment-emergent cilgavimab resistance. Quasispecies analysis revealed two different deletions on the Spike protein (S:del138-144 or S:del141-145) in combination with the resistance S:K444N mutation. The structural and dynamic impact of the two quasispecies was characterized by using molecular dynamics simulations, showing the conservation of the principal functional movements in the mutated systems and their capabilities to alter the structure and dynamics of the RBD, responsible for the interaction with the ACE2 human receptor. Our study underlines the importance of prompting an early virological investigation to prevent drug resistance or clinical failures in immunocompetent patients.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Outpatients ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Retrospective Studies ; Antibodies, Monoclonal
Chemical Substances	cilgavimab (1KUR4BN70F) ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Antibodies, Monoclonal
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2701262-1
ISSN	2218-273X ; 2218-273X
ISSN (online)	2218-273X
ISSN	2218-273X
DOI	10.3390/biom13101538
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Article ; Online: Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 positive passengers on flights from China to Italy, December 2022.

Novazzi, Federica / Giombini, Emanuela / Rueca, Martina / Baj, Andreina / Fabeni, Lavinia / Genoni, Angelo / Ferrante, Francesca Drago / Gramigna, Giulia / Gruber, Cesare Ernesto Maria / Boutahar, Sara / Minosse, Claudia / Butera, Ornella / Pasciuta, Renee / Focosi, Daniele / Colombo, Alberto / Antinori, Andrea / Girardi, Enrico / Vaia, Francesco / Maggi, Fabrizio

Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

2023 Volume 28, Issue 2

Abstract: With numbers of COVID-19 cases having substantially increased at the end of 2022 in China, some countries have started or expanded testing and genomic surveillance of travellers. We report screening results in Italy in late December 2022 of 556 flight ... ...

Abstract	With numbers of COVID-19 cases having substantially increased at the end of 2022 in China, some countries have started or expanded testing and genomic surveillance of travellers. We report screening results in Italy in late December 2022 of 556 flight passengers in provenance from two Chinese provinces. Among these passengers, 126 (22.7%) tested SARS-CoV-2 positive. Whole genome sequencing of 61 passengers' positive samples revealed Omicron variants, notably sub-lineages BA.5.2.48, BF.7.14 and BQ.1.1, in line with data released from China.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Genomics ; China/epidemiology ; Italy/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-03
Publishing country	Sweden
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1338803-4
ISSN	1560-7917 ; 1025-496X
ISSN (online)	1560-7917
ISSN	1025-496X
DOI	10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.2.2300008
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Article ; Online: Temporal intra-host variability of mpox virus genomes in multiple body tissues.

Journal of medical virology

2023 Volume 95, Issue 5, Page(s) e28791

Abstract: Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has been widely used for the genomic characterization and the phylogenesis of mpox virus (MPXV) 2022 multi-country outbreak. To date, no evidence has been reported on intra-host evolution within samples collected over time ... ...

Abstract	Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has been widely used for the genomic characterization and the phylogenesis of mpox virus (MPXV) 2022 multi-country outbreak. To date, no evidence has been reported on intra-host evolution within samples collected over time from a single patient with long-term infection. Fifty-one samples were collected from five patients at different time points post-symptom onset. All samples were confirmed as MPXV DNA positive, amplified by a multiplexed PCR amplicon, and sequenced by WGS. Complete MPXV genomes were assembled by reference mapping and then aligned to perform phylogenetic and hierarchical clustering analysis. Large intra-host variability was observed among the MPXV genomes sequenced from samples of two immunocompromised with advanced HIV-1 infection patients with prolonged MPXV shedding. Overall, 20 nucleotide mutations were identified in the 32 genomes from HIV patients, differently distributed in samples collected from different tissues and at different time points. No sequence compartmentalization nor variation was observed in the three patients with rapid viral clearance. MPXV exhibits adaptation to changing environments within the infected host and consequently demonstrates tissue compartmentalization. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of this adaptation in forming a pool of genetic variability and contributing to viral persistence and its clinical implications.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; HIV Infections ; Mpox (monkeypox) ; Phylogeny ; Genome, Viral ; Cluster Analysis
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	752392-0
ISSN	1096-9071 ; 0146-6615
ISSN (online)	1096-9071
ISSN	0146-6615
DOI	10.1002/jmv.28791
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Article ; Online: Comparative analysis of the neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 strain and variants of concern: Performance evaluation of a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay.

D'Apice, Luciana / Trovato, Maria / Gramigna, Giulia / Colavita, Francesca / Francalancia, Massimo / Matusali, Giulia / Meschi, Silvia / Lapa, Daniele / Bettini, Aurora / Mizzoni, Klizia / Aurisicchio, Luigi / Di Caro, Antonino / Castilletti, Concetta / De Berardinis, Piergiuseppe

Frontiers in immunology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 981693

Abstract: Objectives: Emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 might affect vaccine efficacy. Therefore, assessing the capacity of sera to neutralize variants of concern (VOCs) in BSL-2 conditions will help evaluating the immune status of population following ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 might affect vaccine efficacy. Therefore, assessing the capacity of sera to neutralize variants of concern (VOCs) in BSL-2 conditions will help evaluating the immune status of population following vaccination or infection. Methods: Pseudotyped viruses bearing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from Wuhan-Hu-1/D614G strains (wild type, WT), B.1.617.2 (Delta), or B.1.1.529 (Omicron) VOCs were generated to assess the neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) activity by a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay (PVNA). PVNA performance was assessed in comparison to the micro-neutralization test (MNT) based on live viruses. Sera collected from COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinees receiving mRNA (BNT16b2 or mRNA-1273) or viral vector (AZD1222 or Ad26.COV2.S) vaccines were used to measure nAbs elicited by two-dose BNT16b2, mRNA-1273, AZD1222 or one-dose Ad26.CO2.S, at different times from completed vaccination, ~ 1.5 month and ~ 4-6 months. Sera from pre-pandemic and unvaccinated individuals were analyzed as controls. Neutralizing activity following booster vaccinations against VOCs was also determined. Results: PVNA titers correlated with the gold standard MNT assay, validating the reliability of PVNA. Sera analyzed late from the second dose showed a reduced neutralization activity compared to sera collected earlier. Ad26.CO2.S vaccination led to very low or absent nAbs. Neutralization of Delta and Omicron BA.1 VOCs showed significant reduction of nAbs respect to WT strain. Importantly, booster doses enhanced Omicron BA.1 nAbs, with persistent levels at 3 months from boosting. Conclusions: PVNA is a reliable tool for assessing anti-SARS-CoV-2 nAbs helping the establishment of a correlate of protection and the management of vaccination strategies.
MeSH term(s)	Ad26COVS1 ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Carbon Dioxide ; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; RNA Viruses ; RNA, Messenger ; Reproducibility of Results ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Viral Envelope Proteins
Chemical Substances	Ad26COVS1 ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; RNA, Messenger ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J) ; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (B5S3K2V0G8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2022.981693
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Article ; Online: Differential Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Binding and Functional Antibodies upon BNT162b2 Vaccine: A 6-Month Follow-Up.

Matusali, Giulia / Sberna, Giuseppe / Meschi, Silvia / Gramigna, Giulia / Colavita, Francesca / Lapa, Daniele / Francalancia, Massimo / Bettini, Aurora / Capobianchi, Maria R / Puro, Vincenzo / Castilletti, Concetta / Vaia, Francesco / Bordi, Licia

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 2

Abstract: To investigate the dynamic association among binding and functional antibodies in health-care-workers receiving two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19-vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD IgG, anti-Trimeric-S IgG, and neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) were measured in ...

Abstract	To investigate the dynamic association among binding and functional antibodies in health-care-workers receiving two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19-vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD IgG, anti-Trimeric-S IgG, and neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) were measured in serum samples collected at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months from full vaccination. Despite the high correlation, results for anti-RBD and anti-Trimeric S IgG were numerically different even after recalculation to BAU/mL following WHO standards indications. Moreover, after a peak response at 2 weeks, anti-RBD IgG levels showed a 4.5 and 13 fold decrease at 3 and 6 months, respectively, while the anti-Trimeric S IgG presented a less pronounced decay of 2.8 and 4.7 fold. Further different dynamics were observed for Nabs titers, resulting comparable at 3 and 6 months from vaccination. We also demonstrated that at NAbs titers ≥40, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the optimal cutoff point decreased with time from vaccination for both anti-RBD and anti-Trimeric S IgG. The mutating relation among the anti-RBD IgG, anti-Trimeric S IgG, and neutralizing antibodies are indicative of antibody maturation upon vaccination. The lack of standardized laboratory procedures is one factor interfering with the definition of a correlate of protection from COVID-19.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/metabolism ; BNT162 Vaccine/administration & dosage ; BNT162 Vaccine/immunology ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/metabolism ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14020312
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Article: Differential Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Binding and Functional Antibodies upon BNT162b2 Vaccine: A 6-Month Follow-Up

Matusali, Giulia / Sberna, Giuseppe / Meschi, Silvia / Gramigna, Giulia / Colavita, Francesca / Lapa, Daniele / Francalancia, Massimo / Bettini, Aurora / Capobianchi, Maria R. / Puro, Vincenzo / Castilletti, Concetta / Vaia, Francesco / Bordi, Licia

Viruses. 2022 Feb. 02, v. 14, no. 2

2022

Abstract	To investigate the dynamic association among binding and functional antibodies in health-care-workers receiving two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19-vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD IgG, anti-Trimeric-S IgG, and neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) were measured in serum samples collected at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months from full vaccination. Despite the high correlation, results for anti-RBD and anti-Trimeric S IgG were numerically different even after recalculation to BAU/mL following WHO standards indications. Moreover, after a peak response at 2 weeks, anti-RBD IgG levels showed a 4.5 and 13 fold decrease at 3 and 6 months, respectively, while the anti-Trimeric S IgG presented a less pronounced decay of 2.8 and 4.7 fold. Further different dynamics were observed for Nabs titers, resulting comparable at 3 and 6 months from vaccination. We also demonstrated that at NAbs titers ≥40, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the optimal cutoff point decreased with time from vaccination for both anti-RBD and anti-Trimeric S IgG. The mutating relation among the anti-RBD IgG, anti-Trimeric S IgG, and neutralizing antibodies are indicative of antibody maturation upon vaccination. The lack of standardized laboratory procedures is one factor interfering with the definition of a correlate of protection from COVID-19.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; blood serum ; vaccination ; vaccines
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0202
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14020312
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Molecular Characterization of Whole-Genome SARS-CoV-2 from the First Suspected Cases of the XE Variant in the Lazio Region, Italy.

Rueca, Martina / Giombini, Emanuela / Gramigna, Giulia / Gruber, Cesare Ernesto Maria / Fabeni, Lavinia / Corpolongo, Angela / Mazzotta, Valentina / Corso, Luisella / Butera, Ornella / Valli, Maria Beatrice / Carletti, Fabrizio / Pignalosa, Stefano / Vairo, Francesco / Nicastri, Emanuele / Antinori, Andrea / Girardi, Enrico / Vaia, Francesco / Maggi, Fabrizio / Sars CoV-Lazio Surveillance Study Group

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 12, Issue 9

Abstract: We report two cases of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant variant XE detected in nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) of hospitalized patients with no evident epidemiological link in Lazio, Central Italy. Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) performed on an Ion Torrent GSS5 platform ...

Abstract	We report two cases of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant variant XE detected in nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) of hospitalized patients with no evident epidemiological link in Lazio, Central Italy. Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) performed on an Ion Torrent GSS5 platform according to Italian flash surveys showed genomes corresponding to the PANGOLIN unclassified lineage and the Nextclade XE clade. Further analyses were then carried out to investigate more deeply the genetic characteristics of these XE-like sequences. When phylogenetic trees, by using IQ-TREE, were built splitting the genome into two regions according to the putative XE recombination site, the upstream and downstream regions were seen to be clustered near BA.1 and BA.2 sequences, respectively. However, our XE-like sequences clustered separately, with a significant bootstrap, from the classified European and Italian XE strains, although the recombination site between BA.1 and BA.2 was identified at the nucleotide site 11556 by RDP4 software, consistent with the putative XE breakpoint. These findings show the risk of the introduction of novel recombinant variants of SARS-CoV-2 and the existence of XE-like strains, phylogenetically separated, that could make their exact taxonomy difficult. It follows the need for continued SARS-CoV-2 surveillance by WGS.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662336-5
ISSN	2075-4418
ISSN	2075-4418
DOI	10.3390/diagnostics12092219
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Article: Retention of Neutralizing Response against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Sputnik V-Vaccinated Individuals.

Vaccines

2022 Volume 10, Issue 5

Abstract: The new Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in November 2021, is rapidly spreading all around the world. Omicron has become the dominant variant of SARS-CoV-2. There are many ongoing studies evaluating the effectiveness of existing vaccines. ... ...

Abstract	The new Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in November 2021, is rapidly spreading all around the world. Omicron has become the dominant variant of SARS-CoV-2. There are many ongoing studies evaluating the effectiveness of existing vaccines. Studies on the neutralizing activity of vaccinated sera against the Omicron variant are currently being carried out in many laboratories. In this study, we have shown the neutralizing activity of sera against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant compared to the reference Wuhan D614G variant in individuals vaccinated with two doses of Sputnik V up to 6 months after vaccination and in individuals who experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection either before or after vaccination. As a control to our study we also measured neutralizing antibody titers in individuals vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2. The decrease in NtAb titers to the Omicron variant was 8.1-fold for the group of Sputnik V-vaccinated individuals. When the samples were stratified for the time period after vaccination, a 7.6-fold or 8.8-fold decrease in NtAb titers was noticed after up to 3 and 3-to-6 months after vaccination. We observed a 6.7- and 5-fold decrease in Sputnik V-vaccinated individuals experiencing asymptomatic or symptomatic infection, respectively. These results highlight the observation that the decrease in NtAb to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant compared to the Wuhan variant occurs for different COVID-19 vaccines in use, with some showing no neutralization at all, confirming the necessity of a third booster vaccination.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines10050817
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Article ; Online: Safety and immune response kinetics of GRAd-COV2 vaccine: phase 1 clinical trial results.

Agrati, Chiara / Castilletti, Concetta / Battella, Simone / Cimini, Eleonora / Matusali, Giulia / Sommella, Andrea / Sacchi, Alessandra / Colavita, Francesca / Contino, Alessandra M / Bordoni, Veronica / Meschi, Silvia / Gramigna, Giulia / Barra, Federica / Grassi, Germana / Bordi, Licia / Lapa, Daniele / Notari, Stefania / Casetti, Rita / Bettini, Aurora /

Francalancia, Massimo / Ciufoli, Federica / Vergori, Alessandra / Vita, Serena / Gentile, Michela / Raggioli, Angelo / Plazzi, Maria M / Bacchieri, Antonella / Nicastri, Emanuele / Antinori, Andrea / Milleri, Stefano / Lanini, Simone / Colloca, Stefano / Girardi, Enrico / Camerini, Roberto / Ippolito, Giuseppe / Vaia, Francesco / Folgori, Antonella / Capone, Stefania

NPJ vaccines

2022 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 111

Abstract: Despite the successful deployment of efficacious vaccines and therapeutics, the development of novel vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 remains a major goal to increase vaccine doses availability and accessibility for lower income setting. We report here on the ... ...

Abstract	Despite the successful deployment of efficacious vaccines and therapeutics, the development of novel vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 remains a major goal to increase vaccine doses availability and accessibility for lower income setting. We report here on the kinetics of Spike-specific humoral and T-cell response in young and old volunteers over 6 months follow-up after a single intramuscular administration of GRAd-COV2, a gorilla adenoviral vector-based vaccine candidate currently in phase-2 of clinical development. At all three tested vaccine dosages, Spike binding and neutralizing antibodies were induced and substantially maintained up to 3 months, to then contract at 6 months. Potent T-cell responses were readily induced and sustained throughout the study period, with only minor decline. No major differences in immune response to GRAd-COV2 vaccination were observed in the two age cohorts. In light of its favorable safety and immunogenicity, GRAd-COV2 is a valuable candidate for further clinical development and potential addition to the COVID-19 vaccine toolbox to help fighting SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2059-0105
ISSN (online)	2059-0105
DOI	10.1038/s41541-022-00531-8
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Article ; Online: Persistent B cell memory after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is functional during breakthrough infections.

Terreri, Sara / Piano Mortari, Eva / Vinci, Maria Rosaria / Russo, Cristina / Alteri, Claudia / Albano, Christian / Colavita, Francesca / Gramigna, Giulia / Agrati, Chiara / Linardos, Giulia / Coltella, Luana / Colagrossi, Luna / Deriu, Gloria / Ciofi Degli Atti, Marta / Rizzo, Caterina / Scarsella, Marco / Brugaletta, Rita / Camisa, Vincenzo / Santoro, Annapaola /

Roscilli, Giuseppe / Pavoni, Emiliano / Muzi, Alessia / Magnavita, Nicola / Scutari, Rossana / Villani, Alberto / Raponi, Massimiliano / Locatelli, Franco / Perno, Carlo Federico / Zaffina, Salvatore / Carsetti, Rita

Cell host & microbe

2022 Volume 30, Issue 3, Page(s) 400–408.e4

Abstract: Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated individuals are considered a consequence of waning immunity. Serum antibodies represent the most measurable outcome of vaccine-induced B cell memory. When antibodies decline, memory B cells are ... ...

Abstract	Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated individuals are considered a consequence of waning immunity. Serum antibodies represent the most measurable outcome of vaccine-induced B cell memory. When antibodies decline, memory B cells are expected to persist and perform their function, preventing clinical disease. We investigated whether BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine induces durable and functional B cell memory in vivo against SARS-CoV-2 3, 6, and 9 months after the second dose in a cohort of health care workers (HCWs). While we observed physiological decline of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, memory B cells persist and increase until 9 months after immunization. HCWs with breakthrough infections had no signs of waning immunity. In 3-4 days, memory B cells responded to SARS-CoV-2 infection by producing high levels of specific antibodies in the serum and anti-Spike IgA in the saliva. Antibodies to the viral nucleoprotein were produced with the slow kinetics typical of the response to a novel antigen.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Viral ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; mRNA Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; mRNA Vaccines ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2278004-X
ISSN	1934-6069 ; 1931-3128
ISSN (online)	1934-6069
ISSN	1931-3128
DOI	10.1016/j.chom.2022.01.003
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