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Article: Assessing the Appropriateness of Antimicrobial Prescribing in the Community Setting: A Scoping Review.

Okonkwo, Rose I / Grant, Gary / Ndukwe, Henry / Mohammed, Zabiuddin Ahad / Khan, Sohil

2024 Volume 11, Issue 3, Page(s) ofad670

Abstract: Background: This scoping review examined the concept and scope of appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing in the community setting and how it has been measured.: Methods: Utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology, we appraised peer- ... ...

Abstract	Background: This scoping review examined the concept and scope of appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing in the community setting and how it has been measured. Methods: Utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology, we appraised peer-reviewed articles and unpublished studies, focusing on the US, UK, Canada, and Australia, with no limit to date. Results: Four basic components of antimicrobial prescribing to be evaluated during assessment of antimicrobial appropriateness in the community setting were identified: diagnosis for infection or indication for antimicrobial therapy, choice of antimicrobial therapy, dosing, and duration of therapy. The benchmark for definition of appropriateness is crucial in assessing antimicrobial prescribing appropriateness. The use of recommended guidelines as a benchmark is the standard for appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and when necessary, susceptibility testing should be explored. Conclusions: Studies evaluating the appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing should assess these components of antimicrobial prescribing, and this should be clearly stated in the aim and objectives of the study.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2757767-3
ISSN	2328-8957
ISSN	2328-8957
DOI	10.1093/ofid/ofad670
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Provision of externally accredited immunisation certification within an Australian Professional Pharmacy University programme: a survey of graduates on benefits and outcomes.

Bernaitis, Nijole / Grant, Gary / Hall, Susan

The International journal of pharmacy practice

2022 Volume 30, Issue 3, Page(s) 273–278

Abstract: Objectives: In Australia, pharmacists may become authorised immunisers by obtaining additional credentialling from certified providers. Some Australian Universities are providing externally accredited immunisation training to final year pharmacy ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: In Australia, pharmacists may become authorised immunisers by obtaining additional credentialling from certified providers. Some Australian Universities are providing externally accredited immunisation training to final year pharmacy students. Student satisfaction has been demonstrated, but graduate views on benefits and outcomes are yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate graduates' perceptions of providing an accredited immunisation certification during their University pharmacy programme. Methods: A survey was sent to Griffith University pharmacy graduates of 2016-2020 inclusive. Respondents who completed the accredited immunisation training at University were asked to rank their agreement with five statements on a five-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree). Further information, including free-text responses, was collected on current area of practice and involvement in vaccinations. Key findings: Of the 46 graduates who completed the survey, 42 (91.3%) completed the accredited immunisation training at University. Statements that the accredited immunisation training was considered a valuable additional offering to the pharmacy programme and the time commitment was worthwhile resulted in a mean agreement of 4.74 ± 0.73 and 4.64 ± 0.76, respectively. The majority of respondents (n = 27, 58.7%) were providing immunisations on a daily, weekly or monthly basis with over half reporting becoming more actively involved in immunisation due to COVID-19. Conclusions: Pharmacy graduates valued completing an externally accredited immunisation training within their University programme and reported benefits to their employability and current roles. Incorporating externally accredited training into the curriculum can ensure graduates are prepared and skilled in continually expanding roles for pharmacists.
MeSH term(s)	Australia ; COVID-19 ; Certification ; Humans ; Immunization ; Pharmacy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Universities ; Vaccination
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1087040-4
ISSN	2042-7174 ; 0961-7671
ISSN (online)	2042-7174
ISSN	0961-7671
DOI	10.1093/ijpp/riac016
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Article ; Online: Virtualized Gamified Pharmacy Simulation during COVID-19.

Hope, Denise L / Grant, Gary D / Rogers, Gary D / King, Michelle A

Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 10, Issue 2

Abstract: Extended and immersive gamified pharmacy simulation has been demonstrated to provide transformative learning in pharmacy education, preparing graduates for real-world practice. An international consortium of universities has implemented local adaptations ...

Abstract	Extended and immersive gamified pharmacy simulation has been demonstrated to provide transformative learning in pharmacy education, preparing graduates for real-world practice. An international consortium of universities has implemented local adaptations of the Pharmacy Game into their curricula. From early 2020, pharmacy academics modified the delivery of gamified simulation in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, while still aiming to deliver the important learning outcomes of enhanced communication, collaboration, confidence and competence. Australian universities went into full lockdown from March 2020, and the critical gamified simulation at Griffith University was delivered entirely virtually in 2020. An array of synchronous and asynchronous approaches and software platforms was employed, including Microsoft Teams, Forms and Stream plus the online interview platform Big Interview. These allowed for the simulation activities, including dispensing, counselling and clinical cases, to be conducted by students online. In 2021, Griffith University conducted hybrid delivery of its Pharmacy Game, balancing student participation both in person and online. Microsoft Power Apps was added to the hosting platform to enhance the simulation interface, and Power Virtual Agent artificial intelligence chatbots, with natural language processing, were used to enable asynchronous clinical interaction. The combination of learning technologies provided the means to deliver successful gamified simulation in the virtual and hybrid environments while still achieving outstanding learning outcomes from the capstone activity. This paper details the technologies used to virtualize the Australian Pharmacy Game and the analytics available to educators to assess student participation, engagement and performance.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2737194-3
ISSN	2226-4787 ; 2226-4787
ISSN (online)	2226-4787
ISSN	2226-4787
DOI	10.3390/pharmacy10020041
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Article: A systematic review of methodology for the creation of virtual 3D models for use in dental education and a narrative review.

Robson, Jonathan / Rung, Andrea / McCusker, Miles / Grant, Gary / George, Roy

International journal of computerized dentistry

2023

Abstract: Objectives: Virtual Reality (VR) technologies can be used as a content-delivery system for the purposes of both entertainment and education. Remote and digital education has become ever so important in a world where global disruptive events such as ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Virtual Reality (VR) technologies can be used as a content-delivery system for the purposes of both entertainment and education. Remote and digital education has become ever so important in a world where global disruptive events such as pandemics and natural disasters can define access to a face-to-face learning environment. An important aspect of VR technologies for dentistry is the creation of digital 3D models. The primary of this review was to answer the focused research question, "What software techniques are used in the creation of digital 3D models for use in dental education." Methods: This study systematically evaluates current software and techniques used for creating digital 3D models in dental education using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRIMSA). Results: The search strategies did not find any studies specific to the creation of dental-related 3D models. Therefore, this study for the first time provided an overview of common techniques of 3D model fabrication is discussed. Further some examples of methods of creating 3D models relevant to dentistry such armamentarium and anatomical oral structures have been discussed in considerable detail. Conclusion: The creation of 3D modelling is a rapidly evolving field with software updates and new programs being continually released. This work highlights fundamental lack of published work in the creation of 3D dental models for educational applications.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1463532-x
ISSN	1463-4201
ISSN	1463-4201
DOI	10.3290/j.ijcd.b4224867
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Article: The Art of War with

Avakh, Asiyeh / Grant, Gary D / Cheesman, Matthew J / Kalkundri, Tejaswini / Hall, Susan

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 12, Issue 8

Abstract: Pseudomonas ... ...

Abstract	Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2681345-2
ISSN	2079-6382
ISSN	2079-6382
DOI	10.3390/antibiotics12081304
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Article ; Online: In Vitro Evaluation of Vancomycin-Induced Toxicity in Human Primary Knee Chondrocytes.

Hall, Susan / Grayson, Jane / Grant, Gary / Vertullo, Christopher / Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra

International journal of toxicology

2023 Volume 43, Issue 2, Page(s) 177–183

Abstract: Septic arthritis as a complication of orthopaedic joint surgery can have catastrophic outcomes for patients. To minimise infection risk associated with elective orthopaedics, topical vancomycin during surgery has become increasingly common. Evidence ... ...

Abstract	Septic arthritis as a complication of orthopaedic joint surgery can have catastrophic outcomes for patients. To minimise infection risk associated with elective orthopaedics, topical vancomycin during surgery has become increasingly common. Evidence suggests that high concentrations of vancomycin, following direct application of the drug to the joint, are toxic towards various local cell types in the joint, including chondrocytes. However, the mechanism of this vancomycin tissue toxicity is yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of vancomycin on chondrocytes and the mechanisms of cell death involved. Human primary knee chondrocytes were exposed to vancomycin (1.25-10 mg/mL) for 24 h and their viability assessed using the resazurin reduction assay in vitro. Specific cell death mechanisms and their contributors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis, were measured. This study showed that high concentrations of vancomycin (5 and 10 mg/mL) were toxic towards human primary knee chondrocyte cells, while lower concentrations (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) were not. Cell death studies found that this occurred through an apoptotic pathway. This study provides additional support that vancomycin in high doses is toxic towards chondrocytes and preliminary evidence that this toxicity occurs via apoptotic cell death mechanisms.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Vancomycin/toxicity ; Vancomycin/metabolism ; Chondrocytes/metabolism ; Apoptosis ; Cell Death ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured
Chemical Substances	Vancomycin (6Q205EH1VU) ; Reactive Oxygen Species
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1379845-5
ISSN	1092-874X ; 1091-5818
ISSN (online)	1092-874X
ISSN	1091-5818
DOI	10.1177/10915818231216413
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Article ; Online: Impact of a gamified simulation on pharmacy students' self-assessed competencies.

Hope, Denise L / Grant, Gary D / Rogers, Gary D / King, Michelle A

Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning

2022 Volume 14, Issue 8, Page(s) 990–997

Abstract: Introduction: Competency-based pharmacist education develops robust professional identities and prepares graduates for future practice to ensure optimal patient outcomes. An extended gamified simulation was developed as a capstone activity for a new ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Competency-based pharmacist education develops robust professional identities and prepares graduates for future practice to ensure optimal patient outcomes. An extended gamified simulation was developed as a capstone activity for a new Australian Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) program. The simulation was designed to consolidate students' knowledge, skills, and behaviors from prior learning. This research aimed to explore whether participation in an extended gamified simulation could influence pharmacy students' perceptions of their professional competencies. Methods: Data were collected over three years to compare a superseded Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) program with an incoming BPharm program. Final year students were invited to self-assess their professional competencies at the start and end of their final semester of study, using a digital self-assessment tool which replicated Australia's National Competency Standards Framework for Pharmacists. Participants rated their own competency against the 26 competency standards across five domains on a five-point Likert scale (not at all competent to very competent). This provided pre- and post-data to compare the simulation (BPharm intervention) and a traditional semester (MPharm comparison), in addition to final course grades. Results: From 2016 to 2019, 85 (90.4%) of 94 intervention and 50 (83.3%) of 60 comparison students completed the self-assessment of professional competencies. Participation in the gamified simulation significantly improved students' pharmacotherapeutics grades and pre-post change scores for seven of the 26 competency standards, two of the five domains, and all domains combined of the National Competency Standards. Conclusions: An extended, gamified simulation enhances the development of pharmacy students' self-assessed professional competencies.
MeSH term(s)	Australia ; Education, Pharmacy ; Humans ; Pharmacists ; Professional Competence ; Students, Pharmacy
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2515217-8
ISSN	1877-1300 ; 1877-1297
ISSN (online)	1877-1300
ISSN	1877-1297
DOI	10.1016/j.cptl.2022.07.020
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Article ; Online: Design, synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of novel pyrazole linked phenylthiazole derivatives in context of antibacterial activity.

Patel, Bhautikkumar / Zunk, Matthew / Grant, Gary / Rudrawar, Santosh

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters

2021 Volume 39, Page(s) 127853

Abstract: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are a significant burden both clinically and economically worldwide. Increasing resistance to current antibiotics requires an urgent investigation into novel classes of antimicrobial agents. ... ...

Abstract	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are a significant burden both clinically and economically worldwide. Increasing resistance to current antibiotics requires an urgent investigation into novel classes of antimicrobial agents. This study presents a structure-activity relationship (SAR) rationale for pyrazole linked phenylthiazole analogues as new antibacterial agents. A library of 23 novel pyrazole linked phenylthiazole compounds were synthesised, followed by screening for antimicrobial activity against five bacterial species and two fungi. The most active compound 14b has shown promising antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC 43300) strain (MIC 4 μg/mL). Furthermore, the active pyrazole linked phenylthiazole compound exhibited a better toxicity profile than standard antibiotics. In summary, these results demonstrate that a pyrazole linked phenylthiazole scaffold has potential as a lead for further investigation to afford novel antibacterial agents.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Design ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Structure ; Pyrazoles/chemistry ; Pyrazoles/pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Thiazoles/chemical synthesis ; Thiazoles/chemistry ; Thiazoles/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Pyrazoles ; Thiazoles ; pyrazole (3QD5KJZ7ZJ)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1063195-1
ISSN	1464-3405 ; 0960-894X
ISSN (online)	1464-3405
ISSN	0960-894X
DOI	10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127853
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Article ; Online: Optimising database searching in pharmacy education.

Hope, Denise L / Grant, Gary D / Rogers, Gary D / King, Michelle A

The International journal of pharmacy practice

2022 Volume 30, Issue 6, Page(s) 580–582

Abstract: Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of databases in a pharmacy education literature search.: Methods: Six databases (CINAHL, ERIC, Google Scholar, Ovid MEDLINE, Science Direct and Scopus) were compared for effectiveness in identifying pharmacy ...

Abstract	Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of databases in a pharmacy education literature search. Methods: Six databases (CINAHL, ERIC, Google Scholar, Ovid MEDLINE, Science Direct and Scopus) were compared for effectiveness in identifying pharmacy education literature. Articles were coded for database of retrieval and results cross-referenced. Sensitivity, precision and number of unique retrievals were calculated. Key findings: Scopus yielded the highest sensitivity (65%) and precision (47%). The combination of three databases (Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar) identified 97% (n = 64) of 66 relevant articles. Conclusions: Pharmacy education literature searches require more than one database, ideally Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; Databases, Factual ; Bibliometrics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1087040-4
ISSN	2042-7174 ; 0961-7671
ISSN (online)	2042-7174
ISSN	0961-7671
DOI	10.1093/ijpp/riac078
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Article ; Online: Gamification in pharmacy education: a systematic quantitative literature review.

Hope, Denise L / Grant, Gary D / Rogers, Gary D / King, Michelle A

The International journal of pharmacy practice

2022 Volume 31, Issue 1, Page(s) 15–31

Abstract: Objectives: Gamification involves applying game attributes to non-game contexts and its educational use is increasing. It is essential to review the outcomes and the efficacy of gamification to identify evidence to support its use in pharmacy education.! ...

Abstract	Objectives: Gamification involves applying game attributes to non-game contexts and its educational use is increasing. It is essential to review the outcomes and the efficacy of gamification to identify evidence to support its use in pharmacy education. This article: systematically and quantitatively reviews and evaluates the alignment of learning outcomes and the quality of peer-reviewed literature reporting gamification in pharmacy education. Key findings: A literature search was undertaken in February 2022 using CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scopus and ERIC databases, via keywords (game* OR gaming OR gamif) AND pharmac AND education. Google Scholar was searched using 'gamification of pharmacy education' and 'serious games in pharmacy education'. Data extracted included type of gamified intervention, mode of delivery, game fidelity, intended learning outcomes and outcomes reported. Quality assessments aligned with key aspects of the SQUIRE-EDU Reporting Guidelines. Of 759 abstracts and 95 full-text papers assessed, 66 articles met the inclusion criteria. They described gamification from 12 countries in the education of 8272 pharmacy and health professional students. Gamified interventions ranged from board games to immersive simulations, with escape rooms most frequently reported. Reporting quality was inconsistent, with observed misalignment between intended learning outcomes and outcomes reported, an apparent overreliance on student perceptions as primary data and a lack of reference to reporting guidelines. Summary: Gamification is included in the curricula of many pharmacy degrees, across multiple subject areas. This review identified evidence gaps and reinforces the need for improved quality of gamification research, critical alignment of learning outcomes with evaluation, and use of reporting guidelines.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Gamification ; Learning ; Health Personnel ; Students ; Education, Pharmacy
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1087040-4
ISSN	2042-7174 ; 0961-7671
ISSN (online)	2042-7174
ISSN	0961-7671
DOI	10.1093/ijpp/riac099
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