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Article ; Online: The olfactory mucosa, first actor of olfactory detection, is sensitive to glucocorticoid hormone.

Meunier, Nicolas / Raynaud, Aurélien / Le Bourhis, Mikaël / Grébert, Denise / Dewaele, Aurélie / Acquistapace, Adrien / Bombail, Vincent

The European journal of neuroscience

2019 Volume 51, Issue 6, Page(s) 1403–1418

Abstract: The olfactory mucosa (OM) is the primary site of odorant detection, and its axonal projections relay information to brain structures for signal processing. We have previously observed that olfactory function can be affected during a prolonged stress ... ...

Abstract	The olfactory mucosa (OM) is the primary site of odorant detection, and its axonal projections relay information to brain structures for signal processing. We have previously observed that olfactory function can be affected during a prolonged stress challenge in Wistar rats. The stress response is a neuroendocrine retro-controlled loop allowing pleiotropic adaptive tissue alterations, which are partly mediated through the release of glucocorticoid hormones. We hypothesised that, as part of their wide-ranging pleiotropic effects, glucocorticoids might affect the first step of olfactory detection. To study this, we used a number of approaches ranging from the molecular detection and functional characterisation of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in OM cells, to the study of GR acute activation in vivo at the molecular, electrophysiological and behavioural levels. In contrast to previous reports, where GR was reported to be exclusive in olfactory sensory neurones, we located functional GR expression mostly in olfactory ensheathing cells. Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to activate GR in vivo, and this led to functional odorant electrophysiological response (electro-olfactogram) and OM gene expression changes. In a habituation/cross-habituation test of olfactory sensitivity, we observed that DEX-treated rats exhibited higher responsiveness to a complex odorant mixture. These findings support the idea that olfactory perception is altered in stressed animals, as glucocorticoids might enhance odour detection, starting at the first step of detection.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Glucocorticoids/pharmacology ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid ; Smell
Chemical Substances	Glucocorticoids ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-17
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/ejn.14564
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Article ; Online: Daily oscillation of odorant detection in rat olfactory epithelium.

Francois, Adrien / Bombail, Vincent / Jarriault, David / Acquistapace, Adrien / Grebert, Denise / Grosmaitre, Xavier / Meunier, Nicolas

The European journal of neuroscience

2017 Volume 45, Issue 12, Page(s) 1613–1622

Abstract: Most of biological variables follow a daily rhythm. It holds true as well for sensory capacities as two decades of research have demonstrated that the odorant induced activity in the olfactory bulbs oscillates during the day. Olfactory bulbs are the ... ...

Abstract	Most of biological variables follow a daily rhythm. It holds true as well for sensory capacities as two decades of research have demonstrated that the odorant induced activity in the olfactory bulbs oscillates during the day. Olfactory bulbs are the first central nervous system structures, which receive inputs from the olfactory neurons located in the nose olfactory epithelium in vertebrates. So far, data on variation in odorant detection in the olfactory epithelium throughout the day are missing. Using electroolfactogram recordings in rats housed under daily light and dark cycles, we found that the olfactory epithelium responsiveness varies during the day with a maximum in the beginning of the light phase. This fluctuation was consistent with cycling of transduction pathway gene expression in the olfactory epithelium examined by qPCR. It was also consistent with the levels of two transduction pathway proteins (olfactory-type G protein and adenylyl cyclase III) examined by western blot. Daily variations were also observed at the level of olfactory sensory neurons responses recorded by patch-clamp. To rule out a potential effect of the feeding status of the animal, we examined the variation in odorant response in starved animals during the day. We observed a similar pattern to ad libidum fed animals. Taken together, our results reveal that the olfactory epithelium sensitivity varies during the day in part due to modulation of the very first step of odorant detection.
MeSH term(s)	Adenylyl Cyclases/genetics ; Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels/genetics ; Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits/genetics ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits/metabolism ; Male ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Olfactory Mucosa/metabolism ; Olfactory Mucosa/physiology ; Olfactory Perception ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Odorant/genetics ; Receptors, Odorant/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Cnga2 protein, rat ; Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ; Receptors, Odorant ; olfactory G protein subunit alpha olf ; Adenylyl Cyclases (EC 4.6.1.1) ; adenylate cyclase 3 (EC 4.6.1.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-23
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/ejn.13600
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Article ; Online: Olfactory epithelium changes in germfree mice.

François, Adrien / Grebert, Denise / Rhimi, Moez / Mariadassou, Mahendra / Naudon, Laurent / Rabot, Sylvie / Meunier, Nicolas

Scientific reports

2016 Volume 6, Page(s) 24687

Abstract: Intestinal epithelium development is dramatically impaired in germfree rodents, but the consequences of the absence of microbiota have been overlooked in other epithelia. In the present study, we present the first description of the bacterial communities ...

Abstract	Intestinal epithelium development is dramatically impaired in germfree rodents, but the consequences of the absence of microbiota have been overlooked in other epithelia. In the present study, we present the first description of the bacterial communities associated with the olfactory epithelium and explored differences in olfactory epithelium characteristics between germfree and conventional, specific pathogen-free, mice. While the anatomy of the olfactory epithelium was not significantly different, we observed a thinner olfactory cilia layer along with a decreased cellular turn-over in germfree mice. Using electro-olfactogram, we recorded the responses of olfactory sensitive neuronal populations to various odorant stimulations. We observed a global increase in the amplitude of responses to odorants in germfree mice as well as altered responses kinetics. These changes were associated with a decreased transcription of most olfactory transduction actors and of olfactory xenobiotic metabolising enzymes. Overall, we present here the first evidence that the microbiota modulates the physiology of olfactory epithelium. As olfaction is a major sensory modality for most animal species, the microbiota may have an important impact on animal physiology and behaviour through olfaction alteration.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Gene Expression ; Germ-Free Life ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Odorants ; Olfactory Mucosa/anatomy & histology ; Olfactory Mucosa/microbiology ; Olfactory Mucosa/physiology ; Olfactory Mucosa/ultrastructure ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Smell
Chemical Substances	RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/srep24687
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Article ; Online: Structurally related odorant ligands of the olfactory receptor OR51E2 differentially promote metastasis emergence and tumor growth.

Sanz, Guenhaël / Leray, Isabelle / Grébert, Denise / Antoine, Sharmilee / Acquistapace, Adrien / Muscat, Adeline / Boukadiri, Abdelhak / Mir, Lluis M

Oncotarget

2017 Volume 8, Issue 3, Page(s) 4330–4341

Abstract: Olfactory receptors are G protein-coupled receptors. Some of them are expressed in tumor cells, such as the OR51E2 receptor overexpressed in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. It is considered a prostate tumor marker. We previously demonstrated that this ... ...

Abstract	Olfactory receptors are G protein-coupled receptors. Some of them are expressed in tumor cells, such as the OR51E2 receptor overexpressed in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. It is considered a prostate tumor marker. We previously demonstrated that this receptor is able to promote LNCaP cell invasiveness in vitro upon stimulation with its odorant agonist β-ionone, leading to increased generation of metastases in vivo. In the present study, we show that even a relatively short exposure to β-ionone is sufficient to promote metastasis emergence. Moreover, α-ionone, considered an OR51E2 antagonist, in fact promotes prostate tumor growth in vivo. The combination of α-ionone with β-ionone triggers a higher increase in the total tumor burden than each molecule alone. To support the in vivo results, we demonstrate in vitro that α-ionone is a real agonist of OR51E2, mainly sustaining LNCaP cell growth, while β-ionone mainly promotes cell invasiveness. So, while structurally close, α-ionone and β-ionone appear to induce different cellular effects, both leading to increased tumor aggressiveness. This behaviour could be explained by a different coupling to downstream effectors, as it has been reported for the so-called biased ligands of other G protein-coupled receptors.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2560162-3
ISSN	1949-2553 ; 1949-2553
ISSN (online)	1949-2553
ISSN	1949-2553
DOI	10.18632/oncotarget.13836
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Article ; Online: Endothelin uncouples gap junctions in sustentacular cells and olfactory ensheathing cells of the olfactory mucosa.

Le Bourhis, Mikaël / Rimbaud, Stéphanie / Grebert, Denise / Congar, Patrice / Meunier, Nicolas

The European journal of neuroscience

2014 Volume 40, Issue 6, Page(s) 2878–2887

Abstract: Several factors modulate the first step of odour detection in the rat olfactory mucosa (OM). Among others, vasoactive peptides such as endothelin might play multifaceted roles in the different OM cells. Like their counterparts in the central nervous ... ...

Abstract	Several factors modulate the first step of odour detection in the rat olfactory mucosa (OM). Among others, vasoactive peptides such as endothelin might play multifaceted roles in the different OM cells. Like their counterparts in the central nervous system, the olfactory sensory neurons are encompassed by different glial-like non-neuronal OM cells; sustentacular cells (SCs) surround their cell bodies, whereas olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) wrap their axons. Whereas SCs maintain both the structural and ionic integrity of the OM, OECs assure protection, local blood flow control and guiding of olfactory sensory neuron axons toward the olfactory bulb. We previously showed that these non-neuronal OM cells are particularly responsive to endothelin in vitro. Here, we confirmed that the endothelin system is strongly expressed in the OM using in situ hybridization. We then further explored the effects of endothelin on SCs and OECs using electrophysiological recordings and calcium imaging approaches on both in vitro and ex vivo OM preparations. Endothelin induced both robust calcium signals and gap junction uncoupling in both types of cells. This latter effect was mimicked by carbenoxolone, a known gap junction uncoupling agent. However, although endothelin is known for its antiapoptotic effect in the OM, the uncoupling of gap junctions by carbenoxolone was not sufficient to limit the cellular death induced by serum deprivation in OM primary culture. The functional consequence of the endothelin 1-induced reduction of the gap junctional communication between OM non-neuronal cells thus remains to be elucidated.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Carbenoxolone/pharmacology ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cell Death/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Electric Stimulation ; Endothelins/metabolism ; Gap Junctions/drug effects ; Gap Junctions/physiology ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; Male ; Neuroglia/drug effects ; Neuroglia/physiology ; Olfactory Mucosa/drug effects ; Olfactory Mucosa/physiology ; Optical Imaging ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats, Wistar ; Sensory Receptor Cells/drug effects ; Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology ; Sensory System Agents/pharmacology ; Tissue Culture Techniques
Chemical Substances	Endothelins ; Sensory System Agents ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) ; Carbenoxolone (MM6384NG73) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-09
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/ejn.12665
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Article ; Online: High Fructose Diet inducing diabetes rapidly impacts olfactory epithelium and behavior in mice.

Rivière, Sébastien / Soubeyre, Vanessa / Jarriault, David / Molinas, Adrien / Léger-Charnay, Elise / Desmoulins, Lucie / Grebert, Denise / Meunier, Nicolas / Grosmaitre, Xavier

Scientific reports

2016 Volume 6, Page(s) 34011

Abstract: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), a major public health issue reaching worldwide epidemic, has been correlated with lower olfactory abilities in humans. As olfaction represents a major component of feeding behavior, its alteration may have drastic consequences on ... ...

Abstract	Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), a major public health issue reaching worldwide epidemic, has been correlated with lower olfactory abilities in humans. As olfaction represents a major component of feeding behavior, its alteration may have drastic consequences on feeding behaviors that may in turn aggravates T2D. In order to decipher the impact of T2D on the olfactory epithelium, we fed mice with a high fructose diet (HFruD) inducing early diabetic state in 4 to 8 weeks. After only 4 weeks of this diet, mice exhibited a dramatic decrease in olfactory behavioral capacities. Consistently, this decline in olfactory behavior was correlated to decreased electrophysiological responses of olfactory neurons recorded as a population and individually. Our results demonstrate that, in rodents, olfaction is modified by HFruD-induced diabetes. Functional, anatomical and behavioral changes occurred in the olfactory system at a very early stage of the disease.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/srep34011
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Article: Study of orexins signal transduction pathways in rat olfactory mucosa and in olfactory sensory neurons-derived cell line Odora: multiple orexin signalling pathways.

Gorojankina, Tatiana / Grébert, Denise / Salesse, Roland / Tanfin, Zahra / Caillol, Monique

Regulatory peptides

2007 Volume 141, Issue 1-3, Page(s) 73–85

Abstract: Orexins A and B (OxA and OxB) are multifunctional neuropeptides implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism, wakefulness but also in a broad range of motivated behaviours. They signal through two G-protein-coupled receptors: orexin receptor 1 and 2 ...

Abstract	Orexins A and B (OxA and OxB) are multifunctional neuropeptides implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism, wakefulness but also in a broad range of motivated behaviours. They signal through two G-protein-coupled receptors: orexin receptor 1 and 2 (Ox1R and Ox2R). The orexins and their receptors are present at all levels of the rat olfactory system: epithelium, bulb, piriform cortex but their signalling mechanisms remain unknown. We have studied orexins signal transduction pathways in the rat olfactory mucosa (OM) and in the Odora cell line derived from olfactory sensory neurons and heterologously expressing Ox1R or Ox2R. We have demonstrated by western blot and RT-PCR that multiple components of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phospholipase C (PLC) signalling pathways were identical in OM and Odora cells. OxA and OxB induced a weak increase in IP3 in OM; they induced a significant rise in cAMP and IP3 in Odora transfected cells, suggesting the activation of AC and PLC pathways. Both OxA and OxB induced intracellular calcium elevation and transient activation of MAP kinases (ERK42/44) in Odora/Ox1R and Odora/Ox2R cells. These results suggest the existence of multiple orexins signalling pathways in Odora cells and probably in OM, corresponding to different possible roles of these peptides.
MeSH term(s)	Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Male ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Neurons, Afferent/metabolism ; Neuropeptides/metabolism ; Olfactory Mucosa/metabolism ; Orexin Receptors ; Orexins ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism ; Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Hcrtr1 protein, rat ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Neuropeptides ; Orexin Receptors ; Orexins ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Receptors, Neuropeptide ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (85166-31-0) ; Cyclic AMP (E0399OZS9N) ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases (EC 2.7.11.24) ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.24) ; Type C Phospholipases (EC 3.1.4.-) ; Adenylyl Cyclases (EC 4.6.1.1) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-06-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	225685-x
ISSN	1873-1686 ; 0167-0115
ISSN (online)	1873-1686
ISSN	0167-0115
DOI	10.1016/j.regpep.2006.12.012
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Article: Leptin-sensitive OBP-expressing mucous cells in rat olfactory epithelium: a novel target for olfaction-nutrition crosstalk

Badonnel, Karine / Durieux, Didier / Monnerie, Régine / Grébert, Denise / Salesse, Roland / Caillol, Monique / Baly, Christine

Cell and tissue research. 2009 Oct., v. 338, no. 1

2009

Abstract: Although odorant-binding proteins (OBP) are one of the most abundant classes of proteins in the mammalian olfactory mucus, they have only recently been ascribed a functional role in the detection of odorants by olfactory neurons. Among the three OBPs ... ...

Abstract	Although odorant-binding proteins (OBP) are one of the most abundant classes of proteins in the mammalian olfactory mucus, they have only recently been ascribed a functional role in the detection of odorants by olfactory neurons. Among the three OBPs described in the rat, OBP-1f is mainly secreted by the lateral nasal glands (LNG) and Bowman's glands, and its expression is transcriptionally regulated by food deprivation in the olfactory mucosa, but not in LNG. Therefore, mucus composition might be locally regulated by hormones or molecules relevant to nutritional status. Our aim has been to investigate the mechanisms of such physiological regulation at the cellular level, through both the examination of OBP-1f synthesis sites in the olfactory mucosa and their putative regulation by leptin, a locally acting satiety hormone. Immunohistochemical observations have allowed the identification of a novel population of OBP-1f-secreting cells displaying morphological and functional characteristics similar to those of epithelial mucous cells. Ultrastructural analyses by both transmission and scanning electron microscopy has enabled a more complete cytoarchitectural characterization of these specialized olfactory mucous cells in their tissue environment. These globular cells are localized in discrete zones of the olfactory epithelium, mainly in the fourth turbinate, and are often scattered from the basal to the apical surface of the epithelium. They contain numerous small droplets of mucosubstances. Using an in-vitro-derived model of olfactory mucosa primary culture, we have been able to demonstrate that leptin increases the production of mucus by these cells, so that they constitute potential targets for the physiological modulation of mucus composition by nutritional cues.
Keywords	droplets ; food deprivation ; functional properties ; immunohistochemistry ; leptin ; models ; mucosa ; mucus ; neurons ; nose ; nutritional status ; odor compounds ; physiological regulation ; proteins ; rats ; satiety ; scanning electron microscopy
Language	English
Size	p. 53-66.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	125067-x
ISSN	1432-0878 ; 0302-766X
ISSN (online)	1432-0878
ISSN	0302-766X
DOI	10.1007/s00441-009-0846-2
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Article: Early survival factor deprivation in the olfactory epithelium enhances activity-driven survival.

François, Adrien / Laziz, Iman / Rimbaud, Stéphanie / Grebert, Denise / Durieux, Didier / Pajot-Augy, Edith / Meunier, Nicolas

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience

2013 Volume 7, Page(s) 271

Abstract: The neuronal olfactory epithelium undergoes permanent renewal because of environmental aggression. This renewal is partly regulated by factors modulating the level of neuronal apoptosis. Among them, we had previously characterized endothelin as ... ...

Abstract	The neuronal olfactory epithelium undergoes permanent renewal because of environmental aggression. This renewal is partly regulated by factors modulating the level of neuronal apoptosis. Among them, we had previously characterized endothelin as neuroprotective. In this study, we explored the effect of cell survival factor deprivation in the olfactory epithelium by intranasal delivery of endothelin receptors antagonists to rat pups. This treatment induced an overall increase of apoptosis in the olfactory epithelium. The responses to odorants recorded by electroolfactogram were decreased in treated animal, a result consistent with a loss of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). However, the treated animal performed better in an olfactory orientation test based on maternal odor compared to non-treated littermates. This improved performance could be due to activity-dependent neuronal survival of OSNs in the context of increased apoptosis level. In order to demonstrate it, we odorized pups with octanal, a known ligand for the rI7 olfactory receptor (Olr226). We quantified the number of OSN expressing rI7 by RT-qPCR and whole mount in situ hybridization. While this number was reduced by the survival factor removal treatment, this reduction was abolished by the presence of its ligand. This improved survival was optimal for low concentration of odorant and was specific for rI7-expressing OSNs. Meanwhile, the number of rI7-expressing OSNs was not affected by the odorization in non-treated littermates; showing that the activity-dependant survival of OSNs did not affect the OSN population during the 10 days of odorization in control conditions. Overall, our study shows that when apoptosis is promoted in the olfactory mucosa, the activity-dependent neuronal plasticity allows faster tuning of the olfactory sensory neuron population toward detection of environmental odorants.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-12-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2452963-1
ISSN	1662-5102
ISSN	1662-5102
DOI	10.3389/fncel.2013.00271
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Article ; Online: Leptin-sensitive OBP-expressing mucous cells in rat olfactory epithelium: a novel target for olfaction-nutrition crosstalk?

Badonnel, Karine / Durieux, Didier / Monnerie, Régine / Grébert, Denise / Salesse, Roland / Caillol, Monique / Baly, Christine

Cell and tissue research

2009 Volume 338, Issue 1, Page(s) 53–66

Abstract	Although odorant-binding proteins (OBP) are one of the most abundant classes of proteins in the mammalian olfactory mucus, they have only recently been ascribed a functional role in the detection of odorants by olfactory neurons. Among the three OBPs described in the rat, OBP-1f is mainly secreted by the lateral nasal glands (LNG) and Bowman's glands, and its expression is transcriptionally regulated by food deprivation in the olfactory mucosa, but not in LNG. Therefore, mucus composition might be locally regulated by hormones or molecules relevant to nutritional status. Our aim has been to investigate the mechanisms of such physiological regulation at the cellular level, through both the examination of OBP-1f synthesis sites in the olfactory mucosa and their putative regulation by leptin, a locally acting satiety hormone. Immunohistochemical observations have allowed the identification of a novel population of OBP-1f-secreting cells displaying morphological and functional characteristics similar to those of epithelial mucous cells. Ultrastructural analyses by both transmission and scanning electron microscopy has enabled a more complete cytoarchitectural characterization of these specialized olfactory mucous cells in their tissue environment. These globular cells are localized in discrete zones of the olfactory epithelium, mainly in the fourth turbinate, and are often scattered from the basal to the apical surface of the epithelium. They contain numerous small droplets of mucosubstances. Using an in-vitro-derived model of olfactory mucosa primary culture, we have been able to demonstrate that leptin increases the production of mucus by these cells, so that they constitute potential targets for the physiological modulation of mucus composition by nutritional cues.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Food Deprivation ; Goblet Cells/metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization ; Leptin/metabolism ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Nasal Mucosa/cytology ; Nasal Mucosa/metabolism ; Olfactory Mucosa/cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Odorant/genetics ; Receptors, Odorant/metabolism ; Smell/physiology
Chemical Substances	Leptin ; Receptors, Odorant ; odorant-binding protein
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-10
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	125067-x
ISSN	1432-0878 ; 0302-766X
ISSN (online)	1432-0878
ISSN	0302-766X
DOI	10.1007/s00441-009-0846-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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