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  1. Article ; Online: Foodborne Disease Outbreaks in the United States, 1973-1987: Pathogens, Vehicles, and Trends.

    Bean, Nancy H / Griffin, Patricia M

    Journal of food protection

    2019  Volume 53, Issue 9, Page(s) 804–817

    Abstract: The etiologic agents and food vehicles associated with the 7458 outbreaks (involving 237,545 cases) of foodborne disease reported to the Centers for Disease Control between 1973 and 1987 were examined. Bacterial pathogens accounted for 66% of outbreaks ... ...

    Abstract The etiologic agents and food vehicles associated with the 7458 outbreaks (involving 237,545 cases) of foodborne disease reported to the Centers for Disease Control between 1973 and 1987 were examined. Bacterial pathogens accounted for 66% of outbreaks and 87% of cases, viruses 5 and 9%, parasites 5 and <1%, and chemicals 25 and 4%, respectively. Salmonella accounted for 42% of outbreaks and 51% of cases due to bacterial pathogens. When data from 1973-75 were compared with 1985-87, a 75% increase in the proportion of outbreaks and 130% increase in the proportion of cases due to Salmonella were observed; in particular, outbreaks due to Salmonella enteritidis increased markedly. The proportion of Salmonella outbreaks with a known vehicle that were associated with beef (the food most frequently associated with Salmonella outbreaks) peaked at 30% in 1981, dropped to 4% in 1982, and has since risen gradually. The proportion of Salmonella outbreaks due to chicken and eggs increased over the study period. Bacteria not previously recognized as important foodborne pathogens that emerged during the study period include Campylobacter jejuni , Escherichia coli 0157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes . Bacterial pathogens accounted for 90% of deaths, with L. monocytogenes (317/1,000 cases) and Clostridium botulinum (192/1,000 cases) having the highest death-to-case ratios. The proportion of outbreaks in which the food was prepared in a commercial or institutional establishment and the median outbreak size both increased. Investigation and analysis of foodborne disease outbreaks continue to play a key role in understanding foodborne illness and in designing and evaluating control measures.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 243284-5
    ISSN 1944-9097 ; 0362-028X
    ISSN (online) 1944-9097
    ISSN 0362-028X
    DOI 10.4315/0362-028X-53.9.804
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Epidemiology of Salmonellosis Among Infants in the United States: 1968-2015.

    Self, Julie L / Judd, Michael C / Huang, Jennifer / Fields, Patricia I / Griffin, Patricia M / Wong, Karen K

    Pediatrics

    2023  Volume 151, Issue 6

    Abstract: Objectives: Describe characteristics of gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and meningitis caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella among US infants.: Methods: We analyze national surveillance data during 1968-2015 and active, sentinel surveillance data during ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Describe characteristics of gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and meningitis caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella among US infants.
    Methods: We analyze national surveillance data during 1968-2015 and active, sentinel surveillance data during 1996-2015 for culture-confirmed Salmonella infections by syndrome, year, serotype, age, and race.
    Results: During 1968-2015, 190 627 culture-confirmed Salmonella infections among infants were reported, including 165 236 (86.7%) cases of gastroenteritis, 6767 (3.5%) bacteremia, 371 (0.2%) meningitis, and 18 253 (9.7%) with other or unknown specimen sources. Incidence increased during the late 1970s-1980s, declined during the 1990s-early 2000s, and has gradually increased since the mid-2000s. Infants' median age was 4 months for gastroenteritis and bacteremia and 2 months for meningitis. The most frequently reported serotypes were Typhimurium (35 468; 22%) for gastroenteritis and Heidelberg for bacteremia (1954; 29%) and meningitis (65; 18%). During 1996-2015 in sentinel site surveillance, median annual incidence of gastroenteritis was 120, bacteremia 6.2, and meningitis 0.25 per 100 000 infants. Boys had a higher incidence of each syndrome than girls in both surveillance systems, but most differences were not statistically significant. Overall, hospitalization and fatality rates were 26% and 0.1% for gastroenteritis, 70% and 1.6% for bacteremia, and 96% and 4% for meningitis. During 2004-2015, invasive salmonellosis incidence was higher for Black (incident rate ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.6-2.8) and Asian (incident rate ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-1.8) than white infants.
    Conclusions: Salmonellosis causes substantial infant morbidity and mortality; serotype heidelberg caused the most invasive infections. Infants with meningitis were younger than those with bacteremia or gastroenteritis. Research into risk factors for infection and invasive illness could inform prevention efforts.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Female ; Infant ; Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Salmonella Infections/epidemiology ; Salmonella Infections/complications ; Salmonella ; Risk Factors ; Bacteremia/epidemiology ; Gastroenteritis/epidemiology ; Gastroenteritis/complications
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207677-9
    ISSN 1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
    ISSN (online) 1098-4275
    ISSN 0031-4005
    DOI 10.1542/peds.2021-056140
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  3. Article: Estimating the Number of Illnesses Caused by Agents Transmitted Commonly Through Food: A Scoping Review

    Scallan Walter, Elaine J. / Griffin, Patricia M. / Bruce, Beau B. / Hoekstra, Robert M.

    Foodborne pathogens & disease. 2021 Dec. 01, v. 18, no. 12

    2021  

    Abstract: Estimates of the overall human health impact of agents transmitted commonly through food complement surveillance and help guide food safety interventions and regulatory initiatives. The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the methods and ... ...

    Abstract Estimates of the overall human health impact of agents transmitted commonly through food complement surveillance and help guide food safety interventions and regulatory initiatives. The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the methods and reporting practices used in studies that estimate the total number of illnesses caused by these agents. We identified and included 43 studies published from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2019, by searching PubMed and screening selected articles for other relevant publications. Selected articles presented original estimates of the number of illnesses caused by ≥1 agent transmitted commonly through food. The number of agents (species or subspecies for pathogens) included in each study ranged from 1 to 31 (median: 4.5; mean: 9.2). Of the 40 agents assessed across the 43 studies, the most common agent was Salmonella (36; 84% of studies), followed by Campylobacter (33; 77%), Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (25; 58%), and norovirus (20; 47%). Investigators used a variety of data sources and methods that could be grouped into four distinct estimation approaches—direct, surveillance data scaled-up, syndrome or population scaled-down, and inferred. Based on our review, we propose four recommendations to improve the interpretability, comparability, and reproducibility of studies that estimate the number of illnesses caused by agents transmitted commonly through food. These include providing an assessment of statistical and nonstatistical uncertainty, providing a ranking of estimates by agent, including uncertainties; describing the rationale used to select agents and data sources; and publishing raw data and models, along with clear, detailed methods. These recommendations could lead to better decision-making about food safety policies. Although these recommendations have been made in the context of illness estimation for agents transmitted commonly through food, they also apply to estimates of other health outcomes and conditions.
    Keywords Campylobacter ; Salmonella ; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli ; complementary foods ; decision making ; food safety ; human health ; monitoring ; uncertainty
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-1201
    Size p. 841-858.
    Publishing place Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2148479-X
    ISSN 1556-7125 ; 1535-3141
    ISSN (online) 1556-7125
    ISSN 1535-3141
    DOI 10.1089/fpd.2021.0038
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  4. Article ; Online: Hospital Discharge Data Underascertain Enteric Bacterial Infections Among Children.

    Scallan Walter, Elaine J / McLean, Huong Q / Griffin, Patricia M

    Foodborne pathogens and disease

    2020  Volume 17, Issue 9, Page(s) 530–532

    Abstract: Many enteric pathogens disproportionately infect children. Hospital discharge data can provide information on severe infections, including cost. However, the diagnosis must be recorded on the discharge record and coded accurately. We estimated the rate ... ...

    Abstract Many enteric pathogens disproportionately infect children. Hospital discharge data can provide information on severe infections, including cost. However, the diagnosis must be recorded on the discharge record and coded accurately. We estimated the rate of underascertainment in hospital discharge data among children with culture-confirmed
    MeSH term(s) Campylobacter ; Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/diagnosis ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/epidemiology ; Escherichia coli O157 ; Gastroenteritis/diagnosis ; Gastroenteritis/microbiology ; Humans ; Patient Discharge ; Salmonella
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2148479-X
    ISSN 1556-7125 ; 1535-3141
    ISSN (online) 1556-7125
    ISSN 1535-3141
    DOI 10.1089/fpd.2019.2773
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Editorial Commentary: Increasing Evidence That Certain Antibiotics Should Be Avoided for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infections: More Data Needed.

    Mody, Rajal K / Griffin, Patricia M

    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

    2016  Volume 62, Issue 10, Page(s) 1259–1261

    MeSH term(s) Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Diarrhea ; Escherichia coli ; Escherichia coli Infections ; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome ; Humans ; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016--15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 1099781-7
    ISSN 1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
    ISSN (online) 1537-6591
    ISSN 1058-4838
    DOI 10.1093/cid/ciw101
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    Zs.A 1505: Show issues Location:
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    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
    Zs.MO 480: Show issues

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  6. Article ; Online: Estimating the Number of Illnesses Caused by Agents Transmitted Commonly Through Food: A Scoping Review.

    Scallan Walter, Elaine J / Griffin, Patricia M / Bruce, Beau B / Hoekstra, Robert M

    Foodborne pathogens and disease

    2021  Volume 18, Issue 12, Page(s) 841–858

    Abstract: Estimates of the overall human health impact of agents transmitted commonly through food complement surveillance and help guide food safety interventions and regulatory initiatives. The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the methods and ... ...

    Abstract Estimates of the overall human health impact of agents transmitted commonly through food complement surveillance and help guide food safety interventions and regulatory initiatives. The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the methods and reporting practices used in studies that estimate the total number of illnesses caused by these agents. We identified and included 43 studies published from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2019, by searching PubMed and screening selected articles for other relevant publications. Selected articles presented original estimates of the number of illnesses caused by ≥1 agent transmitted commonly through food. The number of agents (species or subspecies for pathogens) included in each study ranged from 1 to 31 (median: 4.5; mean: 9.2). Of the 40 agents assessed across the 43 studies, the most common agent was
    MeSH term(s) Food Microbiology ; Food Safety ; Foodborne Diseases/epidemiology ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Reproducibility of Results ; Salmonella ; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2148479-X
    ISSN 1556-7125 ; 1535-3141
    ISSN (online) 1556-7125
    ISSN 1535-3141
    DOI 10.1089/fpd.2021.0038
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Hospital Discharge Data Underascertain Enteric Bacterial Infections Among Children

    Scallan Walter, Elaine J / McLean, Huong Q / Griffin, Patricia M

    Foodborne pathogens & disease. 2020 Feb. 24,

    2020  

    Abstract: Many enteric pathogens disproportionately infect children. Hospital discharge data can provide information on severe infections, including cost. However, the diagnosis must be recorded on the discharge record and coded accurately. We estimated the rate ... ...

    Abstract Many enteric pathogens disproportionately infect children. Hospital discharge data can provide information on severe infections, including cost. However, the diagnosis must be recorded on the discharge record and coded accurately. We estimated the rate of underascertainment in hospital discharge data among children with culture-confirmed Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157 infections using linked laboratory and hospital discharge data from an integrated health care organization. We reviewed the International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th Revisions, Clinical Modification (ICD-9/10-CM) diagnosis codes on each patient's discharge record. We determined the percentage of patients who had a pathogen-specific diagnosis code (for Campylobacter, Salmonella, or E. coli O157) or nonspecific gastroenteritis code. We included the first admission or positive test and calculated the number of days between specimen submission (outpatient ≤7 days before admission or inpatient) and hospital discharge. Of 65 hospitalized children with culture-confirmed Campylobacter (n = 30), Salmonella (n = 24), or E. coli O157 (n = 11) infections, 55% had that pathogen-specific diagnosis code listed on the discharge record (79% Salmonella, 54% E. coli O157, 37% Campylobacter). The discharge records of the 35 children with a specimen submitted for culture ≥3 days before discharge were 16 times more likely to have a pathogen-specific diagnosis than the records of the 30 children with a specimen submitted <3 days before discharge (83% vs. 23%; odds ratio 15.9, 95% confidence interval: 4.7–53.8). Overall, 34% of records of children with culture-confirmed infection had ≥1 nonspecific gastroenteritis code (Campylobacter 43%, Salmonella 29%, E. coli O157 18%), including 59% of those for children without a pathogen-specific diagnosis (Campylobacter 63%; Salmonella 60%; E. coli O157 40%). This study showed that hospital discharge data under-ascertain enteric illnesses in children even when the infections are culture confirmed, especially for infections that usually have a short length of stay.
    Keywords Campylobacter ; Escherichia coli O157 ; Salmonella ; bacterial infections ; children ; confidence interval ; enteropathogens ; gastroenteritis ; health services ; hospitals ; odds ratio ; patients
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-0224
    Publishing place Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2148479-X
    ISSN 1556-7125 ; 1535-3141
    ISSN (online) 1556-7125
    ISSN 1535-3141
    DOI 10.1089/fpd.2019.2773
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  8. Article ; Online: Inadequate Refrigeration of Some Commercial Foods Is a Continued Cause of Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1994-2021.

    Edmunds, Seth / Vugia, Duc J / Rosen, Hilary E / Wong, Karen K / Dykes, Janet K / Griffin, Patricia M / Chatham-Stephens, Kevin

    Foodborne pathogens and disease

    2022  Volume 19, Issue 6, Page(s) 417–422

    Abstract: Foodborne botulism is a rapidly progressive potentially fatal paralyzing illness caused by the consumption of botulinum neurotoxin, which is most commonly produced ... ...

    Abstract Foodborne botulism is a rapidly progressive potentially fatal paralyzing illness caused by the consumption of botulinum neurotoxin, which is most commonly produced by
    MeSH term(s) Botulinum Toxins ; Botulism/epidemiology ; Clostridium botulinum ; Food Microbiology ; Humans ; Refrigeration ; United States/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Botulinum Toxins (EC 3.4.24.69)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2148479-X
    ISSN 1556-7125 ; 1535-3141
    ISSN (online) 1556-7125
    ISSN 1535-3141
    DOI 10.1089/fpd.2021.0023
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  9. Article: Inadequate Refrigeration of Some Commercial Foods Is a Continued Cause of Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1994–2021

    Edmunds, Seth / Vugia, Duc J. / Rosen, Hilary E. / Wong, Karen K. / Dykes, Janet K. / Griffin, Patricia M. / Chatham-Stephens, Kevin

    Foodborne pathogens & disease. 2022 June 01, v. 19, no. 6

    2022  

    Abstract: Foodborne botulism is a rapidly progressive potentially fatal paralyzing illness caused by the consumption of botulinum neurotoxin, which is most commonly produced by Clostridium botulinum. Refrigeration is the primary barrier to botulinum neurotoxin ... ...

    Abstract Foodborne botulism is a rapidly progressive potentially fatal paralyzing illness caused by the consumption of botulinum neurotoxin, which is most commonly produced by Clostridium botulinum. Refrigeration is the primary barrier to botulinum neurotoxin production in many processed foods. C. botulinum toxin production has occurred and caused botulism in the United States when foods that were not processed to destroy spores of C. botulinum were stored in an anaerobic environment and not properly refrigerated. We identified 37 cases, including 4 deaths, that occurred during 1994–2021 in the United States from 13 events associated with inadequate refrigeration of commercially produced products. In 11 events, the patient stored the product unrefrigerated at home; in 2 events, a product was kept unrefrigerated at the store before the consumer purchased it. In three events, refrigeration instructions were inadequate or not easily accessible (one label printed on outer but not inner packaging, one label not clearly visible, and one label was not in English). The number of people affected per event ranged from 1 to 16. Using enhanced cost estimates for foodborne botulism cases from a published economic model, these events were estimated to cost >$79M. Potential solutions to this recurring problem include the addition of a secondary barrier, such as an acidifier, to prevent botulinum toxin production, and better labeling to convey risks of refrigerated foods that have not been processed to destroy spores of C. botulinum and to decrease the occurrence of improper storage and handling.
    Keywords Clostridium botulinum ; botulinum toxin ; botulism ; econometric models ; patients ; people ; refrigeration
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0601
    Size p. 417-422.
    Publishing place Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2148479-X
    ISSN 1556-7125 ; 1535-3141
    ISSN (online) 1556-7125
    ISSN 1535-3141
    DOI 10.1089/fpd.2021.0023
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  10. Article ; Online: Foodborne Disease Outbreaks, 5-Year Summary, 1983-1987.

    Bean, Nancy H / Griffin, Patricia M / Goulding, Joy S / Ivey, Cecile B

    Journal of food protection

    2019  Volume 53, Issue 8, Page(s) 711–728

    Abstract: This report summarizes data from foodborne disease outbreaks reported to CDC from 1983 through 1987. With a few exceptions, an outbreak is defined as an incident in which two or more persons experience a similar illness and food is implicated. During ... ...

    Abstract This report summarizes data from foodborne disease outbreaks reported to CDC from 1983 through 1987. With a few exceptions, an outbreak is defined as an incident in which two or more persons experience a similar illness and food is implicated. During this period, 2,397 outbreaks of foodborne disease were reported, representing 91,678 cases. Among outbreaks in which the etiology was determined, bacterial pathogens caused the largest number of outbreaks (66%) and cases (92%). Chemical agents caused 26% of outbreaks and 2% of cases. Parasites caused 4% of outbreaks and <1% of cases, and viruses caused 5% of outbreaks and 5% of cases. The discrepancies between the number of outbreaks and the number of cases attributed to each etiologic agent emphasizes the importance of evaluating both numbers before drawing conclusions. The etiologic agent was not determined in 62% of outbreaks, reflecting the need for improved investigative skills. The number of outbreaks reported by this surveillance system is only a small fraction of the true number that occur. The likelihood of an outbreak's being reported depends on many factors, such as ease of recognition and ease of laboratory confirmation. Sporadic foodborne illness is far more common and is not included in this report.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 243284-5
    ISSN 1944-9097 ; 0362-028X
    ISSN (online) 1944-9097
    ISSN 0362-028X
    DOI 10.4315/0362-028X-53.8.711
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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