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Article ; Online: Absence of differential protection from extinction in human causal learning.

George, David N / Haddon, Josephine E / Griffiths, Oren

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition

2024

Abstract: Elemental models of associative learning typically employ a common prediction-error term. Following a conditioning trial, they predict that the change in the strength of an association between a cue and an outcome is dependent upon how well the outcome ... ...

Abstract	Elemental models of associative learning typically employ a common prediction-error term. Following a conditioning trial, they predict that the change in the strength of an association between a cue and an outcome is dependent upon how well the outcome was predicted. When multiple cues are present, they each contribute to that prediction. The same rule applies both to increases in associative strength during excitatory conditioning and the loss of associative strength during extinction. In five experiments using an allergy prediction task, we tested the involvement of a common error term in the extinction of causal learning. Two target cues were each paired with an outcome prior to undergoing extinction in compound either with a second excitatory cue or with a cue that had previously undergone extinction in isolation. At test, there was no difference in the causal ratings of the two target cues. Manipulations designed to bias participants toward elemental processing of cue compounds, to promote the acquisition of inhibitory associations, or to reduce generalization decrement between training and test were each without effect. These results are not consistent with common error term models of associative learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2329-8464
ISSN (online)	2329-8464
DOI	10.1037/xan0000380
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Article ; Online: Schizotypy is associated with difficulty maintaining multiple hypotheses.

Griffiths, Oren / Balzan, Ryan

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)

2021 Volume 74, Issue 7, Page(s) 1153–1163

Abstract: Among neurocognitive accounts of delusions, there is a growing consensus that it is the certainty with which delusions are held, rather than their content that defines some beliefs as delusional. On a continuum model of psychosis, this inappropriate ... ...

Abstract	Among neurocognitive accounts of delusions, there is a growing consensus that it is the certainty with which delusions are held, rather than their content that defines some beliefs as delusional. On a continuum model of psychosis, this inappropriate certainty ought to be present (albeit in an attenuated form) in healthy adults who score highly in schizotypy. It was hypothesised that this might be most evident in circumstances where the environment provides incomplete or probabilistic information, which thereby forces the participant to hold two imperfectly supported, concurrent hypotheses in mind. A cued visual search task was used to measure people's capacity to use partially predictive information (i.e., a cue that predicted the target may occur in one of the two locations) to facilitate speeded responding. As hypothesised, people's performance on the trials that required holding two hypotheses in mind concurrently was significantly and specifically associated with the positive components of schizotypy. This finding is consistent with a hyperfocusing of attention in schizophrenia, and may help explain why delusion-prone individuals have a tendency to "jump to conclusions" or be resistant to disconfirming information when faced with multiple, partially supported hypotheses.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Decision Making ; Delusions/etiology ; Humans ; Psychotic Disorders ; Schizophrenia ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/complications
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219170-2
ISSN	1747-0226 ; 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
ISSN (online)	1747-0226
ISSN	0033-555X ; 1747-0218
DOI	10.1177/1747021820982256
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Zs.B 1109: Show issues

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Article ; Online: An investigation of inattentional blindness using gaze and frequency tagging.

Hutchinson, Brendan T / Wilkinson, Natalie / Robertson, Gemma / Budd, Alycia / Nicholls, Michael E R / Griffiths, Oren

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance

2023 Volume 49, Issue 10, Page(s) 1310–1329

Abstract: Inattentional blindness (IB) occurs when a salient object presented in plain sight goes unnoticed when its appearance is unexpected. Across two experiments, participants completed a classic dynamic IB task while eye movements and steady-state visual ... ...

Abstract	Inattentional blindness (IB) occurs when a salient object presented in plain sight goes unnoticed when its appearance is unexpected. Across two experiments, participants completed a classic dynamic IB task while eye movements and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) responses were continually recorded. This allowed us to measure the modulation of gaze and brain-based indices of attention during IB. While an SSVEP response to all stimuli including the unexpected object was attained, only gaze measures were able to discriminate noticers from nonnoticers. Experiment 1 used a prototypical sustained IB task and found that gaze toward the unexpected object was largely unrelated to noticing that object. Experiment 2 manipulated the contrast of the target and distractor stimuli, and instead observed a tight concordance between gazing at the unexpected object and reporting its presence. This task-based variability in gaze deployment is consistent with the broader literature and cumulatively delineates the challenges faced in translating lab-based IB research from the bench to the bedside. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Cognition ; Attention/physiology ; Eye Movements ; Blindness
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	189734-2
ISSN	1939-1277 ; 0096-1523
ISSN (online)	1939-1277
ISSN	0096-1523
DOI	10.1037/xhp0001143
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Zs.A 2254: Show issues

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Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
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Article ; Online: Outcome unpredictability affects outcome-specific motivation to learn.

Hartanto, Genisius / Livesey, Evan / Griffiths, Oren / Lachnit, Harald / Thorwart, Anna

Psychonomic bulletin & review

2021 Volume 28, Issue 5, Page(s) 1648–1656

Abstract: Outcome predictability effects in associative learning paradigms describe better learning about outcomes with a history of greater predictability in a similar but unrelated task compared with outcomes with a history of unpredictability. Inspired by the ... ...

Abstract	Outcome predictability effects in associative learning paradigms describe better learning about outcomes with a history of greater predictability in a similar but unrelated task compared with outcomes with a history of unpredictability. Inspired by the similarities between this phenomenon and the effect of uncontrollability in learned helplessness paradigms, here, we investigate whether learning about unpredictability decreases outcome-specific motivation to learn. We used a modified version of the allergy task, in which participants first observe the foods eaten by a fictitious patient, followed by allergic reactions that he subsequently suffers, some of which are perfectly predictable and others unpredictable. We then implemented an active learning method in a second task in which participants could only learn about either the previously predictable or unpredictable outcomes on each trial. At the beginning of each trial, participants had to decide whether they wanted to learn about one outcome category or the other. Participants at the beginning of the second task chose to learn about the previously predictable outcomes first and to learn about the previously unpredictable outcomes in later trials. This showed that unpredictability affects future motivation to learn in other circumstances. Interestingly, we did not find any sign of outcome predictability effect at the end of the second phase, suggesting that participants compensate for biased outcome sampling when making overt choices in ways that they may not when learning about both outcome categories simultaneously.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Humans ; Male ; Motivation
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2031311-1
ISSN	1531-5320 ; 1069-9384
ISSN (online)	1531-5320
ISSN	1069-9384
DOI	10.3758/s13423-021-01932-x
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Article: Effects of Outcome Predictability on Human Learning.

Griffiths, Oren / Thorwart, Anna

Frontiers in psychology

2017 Volume 8, Page(s) 511

Language	English
Publishing date	2017-04-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00511
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Article ; Online: Learned biases in the processing of outcomes: A brief review of the outcome predictability effect.

Griffiths, Oren / Livesey, Evan / Thorwart, Anna

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition

2019 Volume 45, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–16

Abstract: Much empirical work and theoretical discussion in the associative learning literature has focused on when and how a cue changes in its associability. A series of new findings in human learning preparations (collectively referred to as the "outcome ... ...

Abstract	Much empirical work and theoretical discussion in the associative learning literature has focused on when and how a cue changes in its associability. A series of new findings in human learning preparations (collectively referred to as the "outcome predictability" effect) appear to show that outcomes vary in their capacity to enter into novel associations as a product of their associative history. This effect is reminiscent of how cues change in associability as a consequence of their reinforcement history. We review the new findings within a broader associative literature that has previously investigated how conditioning can modify the effectiveness of outcome events to motivate new learning. A variety of explanations arising from this review are then critically considered. The article concludes by identifying novel questions brought into focus by the outcome predictability effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Association Learning/physiology ; Attention/physiology ; Cues ; Humans ; Models, Psychological ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2329-8464
ISSN (online)	2329-8464
DOI	10.1037/xan0000195
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Article ; Online: The outcome predictability bias is evident in overt attention.

Griffiths, Oren / Le Pelley, Mike E

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition

2019 Volume 45, Issue 3, Page(s) 290–300

Abstract: Previous studies of human associative learning have demonstrated that people's experience with a cueing stimulus will change how that cue is treated during subsequent learning. Typically, studies have shown that people pay more attention to cues that ... ...

Abstract	Previous studies of human associative learning have demonstrated that people's experience with a cueing stimulus will change how that cue is treated during subsequent learning. Typically, studies have shown that people pay more attention to cues that were informative in the past, and learn new information about these cues more rapidly (these cues are said to have a higher associability). It has recently been shown that to-be-predicted events (outcomes) can also differ in their associability as a consequence of prior experience. However, to date there is no direct evidence that this change in associability is accompanied by a change in attention, which would provide stronger evidence of a parallel with the effects observed previously with cueing stimuli. In two experiments, we examined this question by tracking eye-gaze to provide a measure of participants' overt attention, as they completed a cued visual search task in which outcome predictability was manipulated. The prior predictability of an outcome stimulus biased eye-gaze and learning rate, in a manner reminiscent of the gaze biases observed in tasks that manipulate cue associability. The present results support the view that outcomes, like cues, can vary in the degree to which they attract both attention and learning resources, as a function of their associative history. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Anticipation, Psychological/physiology ; Association Learning/physiology ; Attention/physiology ; Attentional Bias/physiology ; Cues ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2329-8464
ISSN (online)	2329-8464
DOI	10.1037/xan0000210
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Article ; Online: Sensory attenuation is modulated by the contrasting effects of predictability and control.

Harrison, Anthony W / Mannion, Damien J / Jack, Bradley N / Griffiths, Oren / Hughes, Gethin / Whitford, Thomas J

NeuroImage

2021 Volume 237, Page(s) 118103

Abstract: Self-generated stimuli have been found to elicit a reduced sensory response compared with externally-generated stimuli. However, much of the literature has not adequately controlled for differences in the temporal predictability and temporal control of ... ...

Abstract	Self-generated stimuli have been found to elicit a reduced sensory response compared with externally-generated stimuli. However, much of the literature has not adequately controlled for differences in the temporal predictability and temporal control of stimuli. In two experiments, we compared the N1 (and P2) components of the auditory-evoked potential to self- and externally-generated tones that differed with respect to these two factors. In Experiment 1 (n = 42), we found that increasing temporal predictability reduced N1 amplitude in a manner that may often account for the observed reduction in sensory response to self-generated sounds. We also observed that reducing temporal control over the tones resulted in a reduction in N1 amplitude. The contrasting effects of temporal predictability and temporal control on N1 amplitude meant that sensory attenuation prevailed when controlling for each. Experiment 2 (n = 38) explored the potential effect of selective attention on the results of Experiment 1 by modifying task requirements such that similar levels of attention were allocated to the visual stimuli across conditions. The results of Experiment 2 replicated those of Experiment 1, and suggested that the observed effects of temporal control and sensory attenuation were not driven by differences in attention. Given that self- and externally-generated sensations commonly differ with respect to both temporal predictability and temporal control, findings of the present study may necessitate a re-evaluation of the experimental paradigms used to study sensory attenuation.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Anticipation, Psychological/physiology ; Auditory Perception/physiology ; Cues ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Time Factors ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1147767-2
ISSN	1095-9572 ; 1053-8119
ISSN (online)	1095-9572
ISSN	1053-8119
DOI	10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118103
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Zs.A 3664: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MO 7: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Two new species of minute land snails from Madagascar: Boucardicus monchenkoi sp. nov. and B. ambindaensis sp. nov. (Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoridae).

Balashov, Igor / Griffiths, Owen

Zootaxa

2015 Volume 4052, Issue 2, Page(s) 237–240

MeSH term(s)	Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy & histology ; Animal Structures/growth & development ; Animals ; Body Size ; Ecosystem ; Madagascar ; Organ Size ; Snails/anatomy & histology ; Snails/classification ; Snails/growth & development
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-12-02
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Letter
ISSN	1175-5334
ISSN (online)	1175-5334
DOI	10.11646/zootaxa.4052.2.9
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Article ; Online: Reinforcement history shapes primary visual cortical responses: An SSVEP study.

Griffiths, Oren / Gwinn, O Scott / Russo, Salvatore / Baetu, Irina / Nicholls, Michael E R

Biological psychology

2020 Volume 158, Page(s) 108004

Abstract: Efficient learning requires allocating limited attentional resources to meaningful stimuli and away from irrelevant stimuli. This prioritization may occur via covert attention, evident in the activity of the visual cortex. We used steady-state visual ... ...

Abstract	Efficient learning requires allocating limited attentional resources to meaningful stimuli and away from irrelevant stimuli. This prioritization may occur via covert attention, evident in the activity of the visual cortex. We used steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) to assess whether associability-driven changes in stimulus processing were evident in visuocortical responses. Participants were trained on a learned-predictiveness protocol, whereby one stimulus on each trial accurately predicted the correct response for that trial, and the other was irrelevant. In a second phase the task was arranged so that all cues were objectively predictive. Participants' overt attention (eye gaze) was affected by each cue's reinforcement history, as was their covert attention (SSVEP responses). These biases persisted into Phase 2 when all stimuli were objectively predictive, thereby demonstrating that learned attentional processes are evident in basic sensory processing, and exert an effect on covert attention above and beyond the effects of overt gaze bias.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Photic Stimulation ; Visual Cortex
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	185105-6
ISSN	1873-6246 ; 0301-0511
ISSN (online)	1873-6246
ISSN	0301-0511
DOI	10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.108004
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Zs.A 1544: Show issues

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