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Article ; Online: Phenological physiology: seasonal patterns of plant stress tolerance in a changing climate.

Grossman, Jake J

2022 Volume 237, Issue 5, Page(s) 1508–1524

Abstract: The physiological challenges posed by climate change for seasonal, perennial plants include increased risk of heat waves, postbudbreak freezing ('false springs'), and droughts. Although considerable physiological work has shown that the traits conferring ...

Abstract	The physiological challenges posed by climate change for seasonal, perennial plants include increased risk of heat waves, postbudbreak freezing ('false springs'), and droughts. Although considerable physiological work has shown that the traits conferring tolerance to these stressors - thermotolerance, cold hardiness, and water deficit stress, respectively - are not static in time, they are frequently treated as such. In this review, I synthesize the recent literature on predictable seasonal - and therefore, phenological - patterns of acclimation and deacclimation to heat, cold, and water-deficit stress in perennials, focusing on woody plants native to temperate climates. I highlight promising, high-throughput techniques for quantifying thermotolerance, cold hardiness, and drought tolerance. For each of these forms of stress tolerance, I summarize the current balance of evidence regarding temporal patterns over the course of a year and suggest a characteristic temporal scale in these responses to environmental stress. In doing so, I offer a synthetic framework of 'phenological physiology', in which understanding and leveraging seasonally recurring (phenological) patterns of physiological stress acclimation can facilitate climate change adaptation and mitigation.
MeSH term(s)	Seasons ; Plants ; Acclimatization/physiology ; Water ; Climate Change ; Cold Temperature
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.18617
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Article ; Online: Phenological physiology: seasonal patterns of plant stress tolerance in a changing climate

Grossman, Jake J.

New Phytologist. 2023 Mar., v. 237, no. 5 p.1508-1524

2023

Abstract: The physiological challenges posed by climate change for seasonal, perennial plants include increased risk of heat waves, postbudbreak freezing (‘false springs’), and droughts. Although considerable physiological work has shown that the traits conferring ...

Abstract	The physiological challenges posed by climate change for seasonal, perennial plants include increased risk of heat waves, postbudbreak freezing (‘false springs’), and droughts. Although considerable physiological work has shown that the traits conferring tolerance to these stressors – thermotolerance, cold hardiness, and water deficit stress, respectively – are not static in time, they are frequently treated as such. In this review, I synthesize the recent literature on predictable seasonal – and therefore, phenological – patterns of acclimation and deacclimation to heat, cold, and water‐deficit stress in perennials, focusing on woody plants native to temperate climates. I highlight promising, high‐throughput techniques for quantifying thermotolerance, cold hardiness, and drought tolerance. For each of these forms of stress tolerance, I summarize the current balance of evidence regarding temporal patterns over the course of a year and suggest a characteristic temporal scale in these responses to environmental stress. In doing so, I offer a synthetic framework of ‘phenological physiology’, in which understanding and leveraging seasonally recurring (phenological) patterns of physiological stress acclimation can facilitate climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Keywords	acclimation ; climate ; climate change ; cold ; cold tolerance ; deacclimation ; drought tolerance ; heat ; heat tolerance ; phenology ; physiology ; plant stress ; risk ; stress tolerance ; temporal variation ; water stress
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-03
Size	p. 1508-1524.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	REVIEW
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.18617
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Evidence of Constrained Divergence and Conservatism in Climatic Niches of the Temperate Maples (Acer L.)

Grossman, Jake J

Forests. 2021 Apr. 26, v. 12, no. 5

2021

Abstract: Research highlights: The availability of global distribution data and new, fossil-calibrated phylogenies has made it possible to compare the climatic niches of the temperate maple (Acer L.) taxa and assess phylogenetic and continental patterns in niche ... ...

Abstract	Research highlights: The availability of global distribution data and new, fossil-calibrated phylogenies has made it possible to compare the climatic niches of the temperate maple (Acer L.) taxa and assess phylogenetic and continental patterns in niche overlap. Background and Objectives: The maples have radiated from East Asia into two other temperate continental bioregions, North America and Eurasia (Europe and West Asia), over a roughly 60-million-year period. During this time, the Earth’s climate experienced pronounced cooling and drying, culminating in cyclic periods of widespread temperate glaciation in the Pliocene to Pleistocene. The objective of this study is to use newly available data to model the climatic niches of 60% of the temperate maples and assess patterns of niche divergence, constraint, and conservatism in the genus’s radiation out of East Asia. Materials and Methods: I assembled global occurrence data and associated climatic information for 71 maple taxa, including all species endemic to temperate North America and Eurasia and their closely related East Asian congeners. I constructed Maxent niche models for all taxa and compared the climatic niches of 184 taxa pairs and assessed phylogenetic signal in key niche axes for each taxon and in niche overlap at the continental and global scale. Results: Maxent models define a fundamental climatic niche for temperate maples and suggest that drought-intolerant taxa have been lost from the Eurasian maple flora, with little continental difference in temperature optima or breadth. Niche axes and niche overlap show minimal evidence of phylogenetic signal, suggesting adaptive evolution. Pairwise niche comparisons reveal infrequent niche overlap continentally and globally, even among sister pairs, with few taxa pairs sharing ecological niche space, providing evidence for constrained divergence within the genus’s fundamental climatic niche. Evidence of niche conservatism is limited to three somewhat geographically isolated regions of high maple diversity (western North America, the Caucasus, and Japan). Conclusions: Over 60 million years of hemispheric radiation on a cooling and drying planet, the maple genus experienced divergent, though constrained, climatic niche evolution. High climatic niche diversity across spatial and phylogenetic scales along with very limited niche overlap or conservatism suggests that the radiation of the genus has largely been one of adaptive diversification.
Keywords	Acer ; Japan ; Pleistocene epoch ; Pliocene epoch ; climate ; cooling ; evolutionary adaptation ; flora ; geographical distribution ; glaciation ; niche conservatism ; niches ; phylogeny ; temperature ; Caucasus region ; Eurasia ; Europe ; North America ; West Asia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0426
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2527081-3
ISSN	1999-4907
ISSN	1999-4907
DOI	10.3390/f12050535
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Standardization of electrolyte leakage data and a novel liquid nitrogen control improve measurements of cold hardiness in woody tissue.

Kovaleski, Alisson P / Grossman, Jake J

Plant methods

2021 Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) 53

Abstract: Background: A variety of basic and applied research programs in plant biology require the accurate and reliable determination of plant tissue cold hardiness. Over the past 50 years, the electrolyte leakage method has emerged as a popular and practical ... ...

Abstract	Background: A variety of basic and applied research programs in plant biology require the accurate and reliable determination of plant tissue cold hardiness. Over the past 50 years, the electrolyte leakage method has emerged as a popular and practical method for quantifying the amount of damage inflicted on plant tissue by exposure to freezing temperatures. Numerous approaches for carrying out this method and analyzing the resultant data have emerged. These include multiple systems for standardizing and modeling raw electrolyte leakage data and multiple protocols for boiling or autoclaving samples in order to maximize leakage as a positive control. We compare four different routines for standardization of leakage data and assess a novel control method-immersion in liquid nitrogen in lieu of traditional autoclaving-and apply them to woody twigs collected from 12 maple (Acer) species in early spring. We compare leakage data from these samples using each of four previously published forms of data analysis and autoclaving vs. liquid nitrogen controls and validate each of these approaches against visual estimates of freezing damage and differential thermal analysis. Results: Through presentation of our own data and re-analysis of previously published findings, we show that standardization of raw data against estimates of both minimum and maximum attainable freezing damage allows for reliable estimation of cold hardiness at the species level and across studies in diverse systems. Furthermore, use of our novel liquid nitrogen control produces data commensurate across studies and enhances the consistency and realism of the electrolyte leakage method, especially for very cold hardy samples. Conclusion: Future leakage studies that relativize data against minimum and maximum leakage and that employ our updated liquid nitrogen control will contribute generalizable, repeatable, and realistic data to the existing body of cold hardiness research in woody plants. Data from studies conducted using a liquid nitrogen (and not an autoclaving) control can still be compared to previously published data, especially when raw data are standardized using the best-performing approach among those we assessed. Electrolyte leakage of woody twigs emerges as a useful technique for quickly assessing the probability of tissue death in response to freezing in dormant plants. Differential thermal analysis may provide different and complementary information on cold hardiness.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1746-4811
ISSN	1746-4811
DOI	10.1186/s13007-021-00755-0
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Article ; Online: Temperate woody species across the angiosperm phylogeny acquire tolerance to water deficit stress during the growing season.

Grossman, Jake J / Coe, Henry B / Fey, Olivia / Fraser, Natalie / Salaam, Musa / Semper, Chelsea / Williamson, Ceci G

The New phytologist

2024

Abstract: Understanding the capacity of temperate trees to acclimate to limited soil water has become essential in the face of increasing drought risk due to climate change. We documented seasonal - or phenological - patterns in acclimation to water deficit stress ...

Abstract	Understanding the capacity of temperate trees to acclimate to limited soil water has become essential in the face of increasing drought risk due to climate change. We documented seasonal - or phenological - patterns in acclimation to water deficit stress in stems and leaves of tree species spanning the angiosperm phylogeny. Over 3 yr of field observations carried out in two US arboreta, we measured stem vulnerability to embolism (36 individuals of 7 Species) and turgor loss point (119 individuals of 27 species) over the growing season. We also conducted a growth chamber experiment on 20 individuals of one species to assess the mechanistic relationship between soil water restriction and acclimation. In three-quarters of species measured, plants became less vulnerable to embolism and/or loss of turgor over the growing season. We were able to stimulate this acclimatory effect by withholding water in the growth chamber experiment. Temperate angiosperms are capable of acclimation to soil water deficit stress, showing maximum vulnerability to soil water deficits following budbreak and becoming more resilient to damage over the course of the growing season or in response to simulated drought. The species-specific tempo and extent of this acclimatory potential constitutes preadaptive climate change resilience.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.19692
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Standardization of electrolyte leakage data and a novel liquid nitrogen control improve measurements of cold hardiness in woody tissue

Kovaleski, Alisson P / Grossman, Jake J

Plant methods. 2021 Dec., v. 17, no. 1

2021

Abstract: BACKGROUND: A variety of basic and applied research programs in plant biology require the accurate and reliable determination of plant tissue cold hardiness. Over the past 50 years, the electrolyte leakage method has emerged as a popular and practical ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: A variety of basic and applied research programs in plant biology require the accurate and reliable determination of plant tissue cold hardiness. Over the past 50 years, the electrolyte leakage method has emerged as a popular and practical method for quantifying the amount of damage inflicted on plant tissue by exposure to freezing temperatures. Numerous approaches for carrying out this method and analyzing the resultant data have emerged. These include multiple systems for standardizing and modeling raw electrolyte leakage data and multiple protocols for boiling or autoclaving samples in order to maximize leakage as a positive control. We compare four different routines for standardization of leakage data and assess a novel control method—immersion in liquid nitrogen in lieu of traditional autoclaving—and apply them to woody twigs collected from 12 maple (Acer) species in early spring. We compare leakage data from these samples using each of four previously published forms of data analysis and autoclaving vs. liquid nitrogen controls and validate each of these approaches against visual estimates of freezing damage and differential thermal analysis. RESULTS: Through presentation of our own data and re-analysis of previously published findings, we show that standardization of raw data against estimates of both minimum and maximum attainable freezing damage allows for reliable estimation of cold hardiness at the species level and across studies in diverse systems. Furthermore, use of our novel liquid nitrogen control produces data commensurate across studies and enhances the consistency and realism of the electrolyte leakage method, especially for very cold hardy samples. CONCLUSION: Future leakage studies that relativize data against minimum and maximum leakage and that employ our updated liquid nitrogen control will contribute generalizable, repeatable, and realistic data to the existing body of cold hardiness research in woody plants. Data from studies conducted using a liquid nitrogen (and not an autoclaving) control can still be compared to previously published data, especially when raw data are standardized using the best-performing approach among those we assessed. Electrolyte leakage of woody twigs emerges as a useful technique for quickly assessing the probability of tissue death in response to freezing in dormant plants. Differential thermal analysis may provide different and complementary information on cold hardiness.
Keywords	Acer ; applied research ; autoclaving ; cold ; cold tolerance ; death ; differential thermal analysis ; electrolyte leakage ; liquid nitrogen ; plant tissues ; probability ; spring
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-12
Size	p. 53.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article
ISSN	1746-4811
DOI	10.1186/s13007-021-00755-0
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Drought and freezing vulnerability of the isolated hybrid aspen

Deacon, Nicholas J / Grossman, Jake J / Cavender-Bares, Jeannine

Ecology and evolution

2019 Volume 9, Issue 14, Page(s) 8062–8074

Abstract: Aim: We assessed the vulnerability of an isolated, relictual Pleistocene hybrid aspen population of conservation interest (: Location: North American Midwest; USA.: Methods: Unique genets from the hybrid Niobrara River population and from the two ... ...

Abstract	Aim: We assessed the vulnerability of an isolated, relictual Pleistocene hybrid aspen population of conservation interest ( Location: North American Midwest; USA. Methods: Unique genets from the hybrid Niobrara River population and from the two parental populations were propagated in a common garden from rhizome cuttings. We tracked their phenology before and after bud break and measured their vulnerability to freezing (stem electrolyte leakage and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence) and to drought (stem hydraulic conductance, leaf osmotic potential, stomatal pore index, and gas exchange). Results: Populus grandidentata Main conclusions: The Niobrara River hybrid population is vulnerable to drought due to its combination of inherited drought avoidance and tolerance traits. As climate changes,
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.5364
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Article: Eucalypts in Agroforestry, Reforestation, and Smallholders’ Conceptions of “Nativeness”: A Multiple Case Study of Plantation Owners in Eastern Paraguay

Grossman, Jake J

Small-scale forestry. 2015 Mar., v. 14, no. 1

2015

Abstract: Despite claims that plantations both enhance and undermine the quality, valuation and protection of natural forests, plantation forestry continues to expand worldwide. In Paraguay, changes in environmental policy, extension practices, and public ... ...

Abstract	Despite claims that plantations both enhance and undermine the quality, valuation and protection of natural forests, plantation forestry continues to expand worldwide. In Paraguay, changes in environmental policy, extension practices, and public perception of eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) have promoted a boom in plantation production of these species over the last 20 years. Smallholders, faced with the dilemma of accelerating environmental degradation juxtaposed with persistent economic need, have widely adopted eucalypt forestry due to the quick growth, low establishment cost and high commercial value of eucalypt plantations. The consequences of this recent, rapid change for smallholder land management remain uncharacterized. Mixed methods analysis of a multiple-case study of 45 families was employed to describe the evolving ecological context of small-scale eucalypt forestry in Eastern Paraguay. This study suggests that eucalypts play a complex, potentially sustainable role in the study area. Producers have integrated agroforestry into eucalypt management and report replacing crop and cattle production with eucalypts in the mosaic of regional land-use. Eucalypts are also integral to participants’ views on reforestation of deforested land and fit ambiguously into their concepts of reforestation and species’ nativeness. Understanding the evolving role of eucalypts in Eastern Paraguay is of critical importance to policymakers and foresters promoting sustainable management.
Keywords	Eucalyptus ; agroforestry ; case studies ; cattle production ; environmental degradation ; environmental policy ; foresters ; forests ; land use ; nonindustrial private forests ; plantation forestry ; plantations ; reforestation ; Paraguay
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-03
Size	p. 39-57.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2365256-1
ISSN	1873-7854 ; 1873-7617
ISSN (online)	1873-7854
ISSN	1873-7617
DOI	10.1007/s11842-014-9272-8
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Article: Functional diversity of leaf litter mixtures slows decomposition of labile but not recalcitrant carbon over two years

Grossman, Jake J / Cavender‐Bares, Jeannine / Hobbie, Sarah E

Ecological monographs. 2020 Aug., v. 90, no. 3

2020

Abstract: The decomposition of leaf litter constitutes a major pathway of carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Though it is well established that litter decomposition varies among species, most leaf litter decomposes not alone, but in mixture ... ...

Abstract	The decomposition of leaf litter constitutes a major pathway of carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Though it is well established that litter decomposition varies among species, most leaf litter decomposes not alone, but in mixture with litter from heterospecifics. The consequences of this mixing, and of the role of multiple dimensions of plant biodiversity, for litter decomposition are ambiguous, with past research suggesting that mixing diverse litter can speed up, slow down, or have no effect on decomposition. Furthermore, different chemical constituents of litter decompose at different rates, and the consequences of diversity for each of these rates are not completely understood. We created litterbags corresponding to 49 different litter mixtures ranging from one to 12 temperate forest species and allowed them to decompose over 2 yr in a common garden in temperate eastern Minnesota, USA. Following collections at 2, 4, 12, and 24 months, we assessed total mass loss and changes in four classes of litter carbon (soluble cell contents, hemicellulose and bound proteins, cellulose, and lignin/acid unhydrolyzable recalcitrants). Species varied in litter decomposition rate (losing from 8% to 41% of total mass) and they lost soluble cell contents (up to 64% of ash‐free mass) and hemicellulose and bound proteins (69%) much more rapidly over 2 yr than they lost cellulose (40%) and acid‐unhydrolyzable residues (12%). A variety of macro‐ and micronutrients supported litter decomposition, with calcium, in particular, promoting it. In mixtures of litter from 2, 5, or 12 species, neither species richness nor phylogenetic diversity was associated with deviations from expected decomposition rates based on monocultures. Yet more functionally diverse litter mixtures lost labile carbon (soluble cell contents and hemicellulose) significantly more slowly than expected. This novel finding of the effect of litter diversity not on total litter decomposition, but on the decomposition of a particular class of litter compounds elucidates potential consequences of biodiversity for cycling of nutrients and energy in forest ecosystems.
Keywords	biodegradation ; calcium ; cellulose ; energy ; forest ecosystems ; functional diversity ; hemicellulose ; labile carbon ; lignin ; mixing ; nutrients ; phylogeny ; plant litter ; proteins ; species richness ; temperate forests ; Minnesota
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-08
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	410216-2
ISSN	1557-7015 ; 0012-9615
ISSN (online)	1557-7015
ISSN	0012-9615
DOI	10.1002/ecm.1407
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Article: A case study of smallholder eucalyptus plantation silviculture in Eastern Paraguay

Grossman, Jake J

Forestry chronicle. 2012 , v. 88, no. 5

2012

Abstract: Smallholder eucalyptus (Eucalyptus species) plantation forestry is common among rural farmers in Eastern Paraguay. Yet there has been no systematic study of the silvicultural practices utilized by smallholder plantation owners in the region. In response, ...

Abstract	Smallholder eucalyptus (Eucalyptus species) plantation forestry is common among rural farmers in Eastern Paraguay. Yet there has been no systematic study of the silvicultural practices utilized by smallholder plantation owners in the region. In response, I conducted a case study of semi-structured interviews with 45 eucalyptus-owning smallholders. My study characterizes the households that have adopted eucalyptus forestry and the management of these plantations. Silvicultural practices varied among households and, for some parameters, among regions. Improved extension efforts could enable eucalyptus plantation owners in the study population to improve production both for commercial sale and domestic use.
Keywords	Eucalyptus ; case studies ; farmers ; households ; interviews ; plantation forestry ; plantations ; silvicultural practices ; Paraguay
Language	English
Size	p. 528-534.
Document type	Article
Note	Summary in French.
ZDB-ID	348848-2
ISSN	0015-7546
ISSN	0015-7546
DOI	10.5558/tfc2012-101
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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