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  1. Article ; Online: Improving timeliness of hepatitis B vaccine administration in an urban safety net level III NICU.

    Hayashi, Madoka / Grover, Theresa R / Small, Steve / Staples, Tessa / Roosevelt, Genie

    BMJ quality & safety

    2021  Volume 30, Issue 11, Page(s) 911–919

    Abstract: Objective: To avoid preventable consequences of perinatal hepatitis B infection, all infants should be given hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) within 24 hours of birth if birth weight is ≥2 kg and at 30 days of life or at discharge if <2 kg, to provide highest ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To avoid preventable consequences of perinatal hepatitis B infection, all infants should be given hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) within 24 hours of birth if birth weight is ≥2 kg and at 30 days of life or at discharge if <2 kg, to provide highest seroprotection rates while ensuring universal vaccination prior to discharge. We aimed to achieve timely HBV administration in >80% of eligible infants in both birthweight groups and decrease infants discharged home without receiving HBV to <1% over an 18-month period and sustain results for an additional 15 months.
    Methods: Data were collected from June 2016 to May 2020 in a level III neonatal intensive care unit. A multidisciplinary team identified barriers and interventions through Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles from September 2017 to February 2019: using pharmacists as champions, overcoming legal barriers, staff education and best practice alerts (BPAs) embedded in electronic health records. Statistical process control (SPC) p charts were used to evaluate the primary outcome measure, monthly percentage of infants receiving timely HBV administration stratified by birthweight categories (≥2 and <2 kg). For infants receiving HBV outside the time frame, absolute difference of timeliness was calculated.
    Results: Mean timely HBV administration improved from 45% to 95% (≥2 kg) and from 45% to 85% (<2 kg) with special cause variation in SPC charts. Infants discharged without receiving HBV decreased from 4.6% to 0.22%. Of those given HBV outside the recommended time frame, median absolute time between recommended and actual administration time decreased significantly: from 3.5 days (IQR 1.6, 8.6) to 0.3 day (IQR 0.1, 0.8) (p<0.001) in ≥2 kg group and from 6 days (IQR 1, 15) to 1 day (IQR 1, 6.5) (p=0.009) in <2 kg group.
    Conclusions: Using a multidisciplinary approach, we significantly improved and sustained timely HBV administration and nearly eliminated infants discharged home without receiving HBV. Pharmacists as champions and BPAs were critical to our success.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Hepatitis B/prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Pregnancy ; Vaccination
    Chemical Substances Hepatitis B Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2592909-4
    ISSN 2044-5423 ; 2044-5415
    ISSN (online) 2044-5423
    ISSN 2044-5415
    DOI 10.1136/bmjqs-2020-012869
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  2. Article ; Online: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

    Grover, Theresa R / Rintoul, Natalie E / Hedrick, Holly L

    Seminars in perinatology

    2018  Volume 42, Issue 2, Page(s) 96–103

    Abstract: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe congenital anomaly which impairs normal pulmonary development leading to acute and chronic respiratory failure, pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension, and mortality. CDH is the most common non- ... ...

    Abstract Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe congenital anomaly which impairs normal pulmonary development leading to acute and chronic respiratory failure, pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension, and mortality. CDH is the most common non-cardiac indication for neonatal ECMO. Prenatal and postnatal predictors of CDH severity aid in patient selection. Centers vary in preferred mode of ECMO and timing of CDH repair. Survivors of severe CDH with ECMO are at risk for long-term sequelae including neurodevelopmental delays.
    MeSH term(s) Developmental Disabilities/physiopathology ; Developmental Disabilities/prevention & control ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/mortality ; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/physiopathology ; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/therapy ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Survival Rate
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 752403-1
    ISSN 1558-075X ; 0146-0005
    ISSN (online) 1558-075X
    ISSN 0146-0005
    DOI 10.1053/j.semperi.2017.12.005
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  3. Article: Diuretic Use and Subsequent Electrolyte Supplementation in a Level IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

    Dartois, Lauren L / Levek, Claire / Grover, Theresa R / Murphy, Michael E / Ross, Emma L

    The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG

    2020  Volume 25, Issue 2, Page(s) 124–130

    Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between diuretic use, serum electrolyte concentrations, and supplementation requirements in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.: Methods: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between diuretic use, serum electrolyte concentrations, and supplementation requirements in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.
    Methods: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study conducted in a freestanding children's hospital Level IV NICU. Data were collected for all infants younger than 6 months, admitted to the NICU between January 2015 and May 2017, who received 2 or more consecutive doses of furosemide, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, and/or hydrochlorothiazide/spironolactone. The primary outcome was the composite of the incidence of electrolyte abnormalities and/or electrolyte supplementation requirement within 30 days of diuretic exposure.
    Results: A total of 72 patients met inclusion criteria, with a median gestational age of 30 weeks. Overall, 92% of patients exposed to diuretics experienced derangement in at least 1 serum electrolyte and/or required electrolyte supplementation during diuretic therapy. Patients born at 36 to 41 weeks' gestational age, receiving thiazide diuretics, experienced a significantly lower rate of the primary outcome (37%, p ≤ 0.001). The most common electrolytes affected by diuretic use were potassium and bicarbonate, with the highest incidence of the primary outcome for potassium occurring in patients receiving furosemide (p = 0.0196). Last, the median total daily dose of chlorothiazide in patients with an adverse event was 15 mg/kg/day, compared with 10 mg/kg/day in patients without an adverse event (p = 0.0041).
    Conclusions: Use of diuretics in young infants is likely to cause electrolyte derangements and/or require electrolyte supplementation. Patients born at earlier gestational ages may be at higher risk for developing such adverse effects.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3028543-4
    ISSN 1551-6776
    ISSN 1551-6776
    DOI 10.5863/1551-6776-25.2.124
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  4. Article: The diverse role of inhaled nitric oxide in experimental BPD: reduced fibrin deposition and improved lung growth.

    Grover, Theresa R

    American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology

    2007  Volume 293, Issue 1, Page(s) L33–4

    MeSH term(s) Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Birth Weight ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/chemically induced ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/metabolism ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Fibrin/metabolism ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lung/growth & development ; Nitric Oxide/administration & dosage
    Chemical Substances Nitric Oxide (31C4KY9ESH) ; Fibrin (9001-31-4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-05-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1013184-x
    ISSN 1522-1504 ; 1040-0605
    ISSN (online) 1522-1504
    ISSN 1040-0605
    DOI 10.1152/ajplung.00167.2007
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    Zs.A 2749: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article ; Online: A Multicenter Collaborative to Improve Postoperative Pain Management in the NICU.

    Bapat, Roopali / Duran, Melissa / Piazza, Anthony / Pallotto, Eugenia K / Joe, Priscilla / Chuo, John / Mingrone, Teresa / Hawes, Judith / Powell, Melissa / Falciglia, Gustave H / Grover, Theresa R / Rintoul, Natalie / MacPherson, M J / Rose, Aaron / Brozanski, Beverly

    Pediatrics

    2023  Volume 152, Issue 2

    Abstract: Objectives: This quality improvement initiative aimed to decrease unrelieved postoperative pain and improve family satisfaction with pain management.: Methods: NICUs within the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium that care for infants with ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: This quality improvement initiative aimed to decrease unrelieved postoperative pain and improve family satisfaction with pain management.
    Methods: NICUs within the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium that care for infants with complex surgical problems participated in this collaborative. Each of these centers formed multidisciplinary teams to develop aims, interventions, and measurement strategies to test in multiple Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles. Centers were encouraged to adopt evidence-based interventions from the Clinical Practice Recommendations, which included pain assessment tools, pain score documentation, nonpharmacologic treatment measures, pain management guidelines, communication of a pain treatment plan, routine discussion of pain scores during team rounds, and parental involvement in pain management. Teams submitted data on a minimum of 10 surgeries per month, spanning from January to July 2019 (baseline), August 2019 to June 2021 (improvement work period), and July 2021 to December 2021 (sustain period).
    Results: The percentage of patients with unrelieved pain in the 24-hour postoperative period decreased by 35% from 19.5% to 12.6%. Family satisfaction with pain management measured on a 3-point Likert scale with positive responses ≥2 increased from 93% to 96%. Compliance with appropriate pain assessment and numeric documentation of postoperative pain scores according to local NICU policy increased from 53% to 66%. The balancing measure of the percentage of patients with any consecutive sedation scores showed a decrease from 20.8% at baseline to 13.3%. All improvements were maintained during the sustain period.
    Conclusions: Standardization of pain management and workflow in the postoperative period across disciplines can improve pain control in infants.
    MeSH term(s) Infant, Newborn ; Infant ; Child ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Pain Management ; Quality Improvement ; Anesthesia ; Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Multicenter Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207677-9
    ISSN 1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
    ISSN (online) 1098-4275
    ISSN 0031-4005
    DOI 10.1542/peds.2022-059860
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  6. Article ; Online: Free-breathing magnetic resonance imaging with radial k-space sampling for neonates and infants to reduce anesthesia.

    Browne, Lorna P / Malone, LaDonna J / Englund, Erin K / Fujiwara, Takashi / Fluta, Chris / Lu, Quin / Grover, Theresa R / Fuhr, Peter G / Barker, Alex J

    Pediatric radiology

    2022  Volume 52, Issue 7, Page(s) 1326–1337

    Abstract: Background: Conventional chest and abdominal MRI require breath-holds to reduce motion artifacts. Neonates and infants require general anesthesia with intubation to enable breath-held acquisitions.: Objective: We aimed to validate a free-breathing ... ...

    Abstract Background: Conventional chest and abdominal MRI require breath-holds to reduce motion artifacts. Neonates and infants require general anesthesia with intubation to enable breath-held acquisitions.
    Objective: We aimed to validate a free-breathing approach to reduce general anesthesia using a motion-insensitive radial acquisition with respiratory gating.
    Materials and methods: We retrospectively enrolled children <3 years old who were referred for MRI of the chest or abdomen. They were divided into two groups according to MRI protocol: (1) breath-held scans under general anesthesia with T2-weighted single-shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE) and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted modified Dixon, and (2) free-breathing scans using radial sequences (T2-W MultiVane XD and contrast-enhanced T1-W three-dimensional [3-D] Vane XD). Two readers graded image quality and motion artifacts.
    Results: We included 23 studies in the free-breathing cohort and 22 in the breath-hold cohort. The overall imaging scores for the free-breathing radial T2-W sequence were similar to the scores for the breath-held T2-W SSFSE sequence (chest, 3.6 vs. 3.2, P=0.07; abdomen, 3.9 vs. 3.7, P=0.66). The free-breathing 3-D radial T1-W sequence also had image quality scores that were similar to the breath-held T1-W sequence (chest, 4.0 vs. 3.0, P=0.06; abdomen, 3.7 vs. 3.9, P=0.15). Increased motion was seen in the abdomen on the radial T2-W sequence (P<0.001), but increased motion was not different in the chest (P=0.73) or in contrast-enhanced T1-W sequences (chest, P=0.39; abdomen, P=0.15). The mean total sequence time was longer in free-breathing compared to breath-held exams (P<0.01); however, this did not translate to longer overall exam times (P=0.94).
    Conclusion: Motion-insensitive radial sequences used for infants and neonates were of similar image quality to breath-held sequences and had decreased sedation and intubation.
    MeSH term(s) Anesthesia ; Artifacts ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Contrast Media ; Humans ; Image Enhancement/methods ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Respiration ; Retrospective Studies
    Chemical Substances Contrast Media
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-16
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 124459-0
    ISSN 1432-1998 ; 0301-0449
    ISSN (online) 1432-1998
    ISSN 0301-0449
    DOI 10.1007/s00247-022-05298-7
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  7. Article ; Online: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in quaternary neonatal intensive care units: a multicenter study.

    Ali, Noorjahan / Lam, Teresa / Gray, Megan M / Clausen, David / Riley, Melissa / Grover, Theresa R / Sawyer, Taylor

    Resuscitation

    2020  Volume 159, Page(s) 77–84

    Abstract: Background: The reported incidence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in quaternary NICU is approximately 10-times higher than in the delivery room. However, the etiologies and outcomes of CPR in quaternary NICUs are poorly understood. We ... ...

    Abstract Background: The reported incidence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in quaternary NICU is approximately 10-times higher than in the delivery room. However, the etiologies and outcomes of CPR in quaternary NICUs are poorly understood. We hypothesized that demographic characteristics, diagnoses, interventions, and arrest etiologies would be associated with survival to discharge after CPR.
    Methods: Multicenter retrospective cohort study of four quaternary NICUs over six years (2011-2016). Demographics, resuscitation event data, and post-arrest outcomes were analyzed. The primary outcome was survival to discharge.
    Results: Of 17,358 patients admitted to four NICUs, 200 (1.1%) experienced a CPR event, and 45.5% of those survived to discharge. Acute respiratory compromise leading to cardiopulmonary arrest occurred in 182 (91%) of the CPR events. Most neonates requiring CPR were on mechanical ventilation (79%) and had central venous access (90%) at the time of arrest. Treatments at the time of the arrest associated with decreased survival to discharge included mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, or vasopressor therapy (p < 0.01). Etiologies of arrest associated with decreased survival to discharge included multisystem organ failure, septic shock, and pneumothorax (p < 0.05). Longer duration of CPR was associated with decreased survival to discharge. The odds of surviving to discharge decreased for infants who had a primarily cardiac arrest and for infants who received epinephrine during the arrest.
    Conclusion: Approximately 1% of neonates admitted to quaternary NICUs require CPR. The most common etiology of arrest is acute respiratory compromise on a ventilator. CPR events with respiratory etiology have a favorable outcome as compared to non-respiratory causes.
    MeSH term(s) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Epinephrine ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Retrospective Studies
    Chemical Substances Epinephrine (YKH834O4BH)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-24
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
    ZDB-ID 189901-6
    ISSN 1873-1570 ; 0300-9572
    ISSN (online) 1873-1570
    ISSN 0300-9572
    DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.12.010
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    Zs.A 1048: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: Prevalence and Predictors of Back-Transport Closer to Maternal Residence After Acute Neonatal Care in a Regional NICU.

    Bourque, Stephanie L / Levek, Claire / Melara, Diane L / Grover, Theresa R / Hwang, Sunah S

    Maternal and child health journal

    2018  Volume 23, Issue 2, Page(s) 212–219

    Abstract: Objectives To describe the demographics, clinical characteristics and referral patterns of premature infants to a regional level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); to determine the prevalence and predictors of back-transport of infants ≤ 32 weeks ... ...

    Abstract Objectives To describe the demographics, clinical characteristics and referral patterns of premature infants to a regional level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); to determine the prevalence and predictors of back-transport of infants ≤ 32 weeks gestational age in a level IV NICU; for infants not back-transported closer to maternal residence, determine the length of stay beyond attainment of clinical stability. Methods Data (2010-2014) from the Children's Hospital Neonatal Database and individual chart review for infants ≤ 32 weeks admitted to a level IV NICU whose maternal residence was outside the metro area were included. Bivariate associations of maternal and infant characteristics with back-transport were estimated using two-sample t tests and Fisher's exact test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to measure independent predictors of back-transport. Clinical stability was defined as the attainment of full volume enteral feedings and low flow nasal cannula. Results A total of 223 infants were eligible for analysis; of whom 26% were back-transported after acute care. In the adjusted analysis, insurance status, distance from maternal residence and gestational age were significantly associated with back-transport. For infants not back-transported closer to maternal residence, median length of stay in the level IV NICU beyond attainment of clinical stability was 28.5 days. Conclusion for Practice Predictors of back-transport include private insurance, greater distance of maternal residence from NICU and younger gestational age. Many preterm infants admitted to a regional NICU for acute care remained hospitalized in a level IV NICU after achieving clinical stability, for which care in a NICU closer to maternal residence may be appropriate.
    MeSH term(s) Cohort Studies ; Colorado ; Female ; Geographic Mapping ; Health Services Accessibility/standards ; Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data ; Housing/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/organization & administration ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/statistics & numerical data ; Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mothers/statistics & numerical data ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1339905-6
    ISSN 1573-6628 ; 1092-7875
    ISSN (online) 1573-6628
    ISSN 1092-7875
    DOI 10.1007/s10995-018-2635-6
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  9. Article ; Online: Central Line Utilization and Complications in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

    Grover, Theresa R / Weems, Mark F / Brozanski, Beverly / Daniel, John / Haberman, Beth / Rintoul, Natalie / Walden, Alyssa / Hedrick, Holly / Mahmood, Burhan / Seabrook, Ruth / Murthy, Karna / Zaniletti, Isabella / Keene, Sarah

    American journal of perinatology

    2021  Volume 29, Issue 14, Page(s) 1524–1532

    Abstract: Objective: Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) require multiple invasive interventions carrying inherent risks, including central venous and arterial line placement. We hypothesized that specific clinical or catheter characteristics are ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) require multiple invasive interventions carrying inherent risks, including central venous and arterial line placement. We hypothesized that specific clinical or catheter characteristics are associated with higher risk of nonelective removal (NER) due to complications and may be amenable to efforts to reduce patient harm.
    Study design: Infants with CDH were identified in the Children's Hospital's Neonatal Database (CHND) from 2010 to 2016. Central line use, duration, and complications resulting in NER are described and analyzed by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use.
    Results: A total of 1,106 CDH infants were included; nearly all (98%) had a central line placed, (average of three central lines) with a total dwell time of 22 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 14-39). Umbilical arterial and venous lines were most common, followed by extremity peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs); 12% (361/3,027 central lines) were removed secondary to complications. Malposition was the most frequent indication for NER and was twice as likely in infants with intrathoracic liver position. One quarter of central lines in those receiving ECMO was placed while receiving this therapy.
    Conclusion: Central lines are an important component of intensive care for infants with CDH. Careful selection of line type and location and understanding of common complications may attenuate the need for early removal and reduce risk of infection, obstruction, and malposition in this high-risk group of patients.
    Key points: · Central line placement near universal in congenital diaphragmatic hernia infants.. · Mean of three lines placed per patient; total duration 22 days.. · Clinical patient characteristics affect risk..
    MeSH term(s) Catheterization, Central Venous/adverse effects ; Catheterization, Peripheral ; Central Venous Catheters ; Child ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods ; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/complications ; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/therapy ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Retrospective Studies
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 605671-4
    ISSN 1098-8785 ; 0735-1631
    ISSN (online) 1098-8785
    ISSN 0735-1631
    DOI 10.1055/s-0041-1722941
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  10. Article ; Online: Analgesia, Sedation, and Neuromuscular Blockade in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

    Weems, Mark F / Grover, Theresa R / Seabrook, Ruth / DiGeronimo, Robert / Gien, Jason / Keene, Sarah / Rintoul, Natalie / Daniel, John M / Johnson, Yvette / Guner, Yigit / Zaniletti, Isabella / Murthy, Karna

    American journal of perinatology

    2021  Volume 40, Issue 4, Page(s) 415–423

    Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the use, duration, and intercenter variation of analgesia and sedation in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).: Study design: This is a retrospective analysis of analgesia, sedation, and ...

    Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the use, duration, and intercenter variation of analgesia and sedation in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).
    Study design: This is a retrospective analysis of analgesia, sedation, and neuromuscular blockade use in neonates with CDH. Patient data from 2010 to 2016 were abstracted from the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Database and linked to the Pediatric Health Information System. Patients were excluded if they also had non-CDH conditions likely to affect the use of the study medications.
    Results: A total of 1,063 patients were identified, 81% survived, and 30% were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Opioid (99.8%), sedative (93.4%), and neuromuscular blockade (87.9%) use was common. Frequency of use was higher and duration was longer among CDH patients treated with ECMO. Unadjusted duration of use varied 5.6-fold for benzodiazepines (median: 14 days) and 7.4-fold for opioids (median: 16 days). Risk-adjusted duration of use varied among centers, and prolonged use of both opioids and benzodiazepines ≥5 days was associated with increased mortality (
    Conclusion: Opioids, sedatives, and neuromuscular blockade were used commonly in infants with CDH with variable duration across centers. Prolonged combined use ≥5 days is associated with mortality.
    Key points: · Use of analgesia and sedation varies across children's hospital NICUs.. · Prolonged opioid and benzodiazepine use is associated with increased mortality.. · Postsurgery sedation and neuromuscular blockade are associated with mortality..
    MeSH term(s) Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Infant ; Child ; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/therapy ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Retrospective Studies ; Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use ; Benzodiazepines ; Analgesia
    Chemical Substances Analgesics, Opioid ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Benzodiazepines (12794-10-4)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 605671-4
    ISSN 1098-8785 ; 0735-1631
    ISSN (online) 1098-8785
    ISSN 0735-1631
    DOI 10.1055/s-0041-1729877
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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