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  1. Article: Have We Taken Advantage of the Quarantine to Develop Healthy Habits? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Spanish COVID-19 Situation by Gender.

    Corbí, Miguel / Del Líbano, Mario / Alonso-Centeno, Almudena / Gutiérrez-García, Aida

    Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 7

    Abstract: The confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic led to changes in people's lifestyles, which in part provided an opportunity to develop habits at home. The aims were: (1) to verify if the psychological well-being (PWB) of people related to healthy habits, ...

    Abstract The confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic led to changes in people's lifestyles, which in part provided an opportunity to develop habits at home. The aims were: (1) to verify if the psychological well-being (PWB) of people related to healthy habits, and if physical activity (PA) and diet mediated this relationship; (2) to test if there were differences in this model of relationships between women and men; (3) to analyze if there were differences in healthy habits, PA, diet, and PWB depending on gender; (4) to test if there were differences in healthy habits, PA, diet, and PWB depending on living area; (5) and to assess if there were interaction effects of gender and living area in healthy habits, PA, diet, and PWB. Using a cross-sectional design, we obtained a sample of 1509 participants (18-78 years, 1020 women). Diet and PA fully mediated the relationship between PWB and healthy habits, and women developed more healthy habits than men, whereas men had higher levels of PA and PWB. We also found that people who lived in rural areas during confinement practiced more PA and had lower PWB levels than those who lived in urban areas. These results can help in the planning of strategies to promote healthy habits.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-04
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2721009-1
    ISSN 2227-9032
    ISSN 2227-9032
    DOI 10.3390/healthcare9070844
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Psychological Well-Being and Home Conditions during COVID-19 Confinement. Internet Addiction and Nostalgia as Mediators.

    Del Líbano, Mario / Corbí, Miguel / Gutiérrez-García, Aida / Alonso-Centeno, Almudena

    International journal of environmental research and public health

    2021  Volume 18, Issue 14

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge for all confined populations, dealing with their home resources and suffering changes in their psychological well-being. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between home conditions (i.e., having ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic posed a challenge for all confined populations, dealing with their home resources and suffering changes in their psychological well-being. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between home conditions (i.e., having children, square meters of the house and square meters of the terrace or similar) and psychological well-being, and to test whether this relationship is mediated by Internet addiction and nostalgia. The sample was composed of 1509 people, aged between 18 to 78 years (67.6% women). Structural Equations Models and 2 × 2 ANOVAs were analyzed. It was found that better home conditions mean greater psychological well-being, and that this relationship is partially mediated, in a negative sense, by Internet addiction and nostalgia, especially after day 45 of confinement and with greater intensity in women. These results provide evidence about how psychological well-being can be preserved during a confinement situation, which may be useful for planning healthy strategies in similar circumstances in the future.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anxiety ; COVID-19 ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Internet Addiction Disorder ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-10
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1660-4601
    ISSN (online) 1660-4601
    DOI 10.3390/ijerph18147386
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Neural time course and brain sources of facial attractiveness vs. trustworthiness judgment.

    Calvo, Manuel G / Gutiérrez-García, Aida / Beltrán, David

    Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience

    2018  Volume 18, Issue 6, Page(s) 1233–1247

    Abstract: Prior research has shown that the more (or less) attractive a face is judged, the more (or less) trustworthy the person is deemed and that some common neural networks are recruited during facial attractiveness and trustworthiness evaluation. To interpret ...

    Abstract Prior research has shown that the more (or less) attractive a face is judged, the more (or less) trustworthy the person is deemed and that some common neural networks are recruited during facial attractiveness and trustworthiness evaluation. To interpret the relationship between attractiveness and trustworthiness (e.g., whether perception of personal trustworthiness may depend on perception of facial attractiveness), we investigated their relative neural processing time course. An event-related potential (ERP) paradigm was used, with localization of brain sources of the scalp neural activity. Face stimuli with a neutral, angry, happy, or surprised expression were presented in an attractiveness judgment, a trustworthiness judgment, or a control (no explicit social judgment) task. Emotional facial expression processing occurred earlier (N170 and EPN, 150-290 ms post-stimulus onset) than attractiveness and trustworthiness processing (P3b, 400-700 ms). Importantly, right-central ERP (C2, C4, C6) differences reflecting discrimination between "yes" (attractive or trustworthy) and "no" (unattractive or untrustworthy) decisions occurred at least 400 ms earlier for attractiveness than for trustworthiness, in the absence of LRP motor preparation differences. Neural source analysis indicated that facial processing brain networks (e.g., LG, FG, and IPL-extending to pSTS), also right-lateralized, were involved in the discrimination time course differences. This suggests that attractiveness impressions precede and might prime trustworthiness inferences and that the neural time course differences reflect truly facial encoding processes.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Beauty ; Brain/physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials/physiology ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Judgment/physiology ; Male ; Social Perception ; Time Factors ; Trust ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2029088-3
    ISSN 1531-135X ; 1530-7026
    ISSN (online) 1531-135X
    ISSN 1530-7026
    DOI 10.3758/s13415-018-0634-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Social anxiety and detection of facial untrustworthiness: Spatio-temporal oculomotor profiles.

    Gutiérrez-García, Aida / Calvo, Manuel G / Eysenck, Michael W

    Psychiatry research

    2018  Volume 262, Page(s) 55–62

    Abstract: Cognitive models posit that social anxiety is associated with biased attention to and interpretation of ambiguous social cues as threatening. We investigated attentional bias (selective early fixation on the eye region) to account for the tendency to ... ...

    Abstract Cognitive models posit that social anxiety is associated with biased attention to and interpretation of ambiguous social cues as threatening. We investigated attentional bias (selective early fixation on the eye region) to account for the tendency to distrust ambiguous smiling faces with non-happy eyes (interpretative bias). Eye movements and fixations were recorded while observers viewed video-clips displaying dynamic facial expressions. Low (LSA) and high (HSA) socially anxious undergraduates with clinical levels of anxiety judged expressers' trustworthiness. Social anxiety was unrelated to trustworthiness ratings for faces with congruent happy eyes and a smile, and for neutral expressions. However, social anxiety was associated with reduced trustworthiness rating for faces with an ambiguous smile, when the eyes slightly changed to neutrality, surprise, fear, or anger. Importantly, HSA observers looked earlier and longer at the eye region, whereas LSA observers preferentially looked at the smiling mouth region. This attentional bias in social anxiety generalizes to all the facial expressions, while the interpretative bias is specific for ambiguous faces. Such biases are adaptive, as they facilitate an early detection of expressive incongruences and the recognition of untrustworthy expressers (e.g., with fake smiles), with no false alarms when judging truly happy or neutral faces.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anxiety/physiopathology ; Anxiety/psychology ; Attentional Bias ; Cues ; Deception ; Emotions ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Facial Expression ; Facial Recognition ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Phobia, Social/physiopathology ; Phobia, Social/psychology ; Smiling/psychology ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Students/psychology ; Trust/psychology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-20
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 445361-x
    ISSN 1872-7123 ; 1872-7506 ; 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
    ISSN (online) 1872-7123 ; 1872-7506
    ISSN 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
    DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.031
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Facial attractiveness impressions precede trustworthiness inferences: lower detection thresholds and faster decision latencies.

    Gutiérrez-García, Aida / Beltrán, David / Calvo, Manuel G

    Cognition & emotion

    2018  Volume 33, Issue 2, Page(s) 378–385

    Abstract: Prior research has found a relationship between perceived facial attractiveness and perceived personal trustworthiness. We examined the time course of attractiveness relative to trustworthiness evaluation of emotional and neutral faces. This served to ... ...

    Abstract Prior research has found a relationship between perceived facial attractiveness and perceived personal trustworthiness. We examined the time course of attractiveness relative to trustworthiness evaluation of emotional and neutral faces. This served to explore whether attractiveness might be used as an easily accessible cue and a quick shortcut for judging trustworthiness. Detection thresholds and judgment latencies as a function of expressive intensity were measured. Significant correlations between attractiveness and trustworthiness consistently held for six emotional expressions at four intensities, and neutral faces. Importantly, perceived attractiveness preceded perceived trustworthiness, with lower detection thresholds and shorter decision latencies. This reveals a time course advantage for attractiveness, and suggests that earlier attractiveness impressions could bias trustworthiness inferences. A heuristic cognitive mechanism is hypothesised to ease processing demands by relying on simple and observable clues (attractiveness) as a substitute for more complex and not easily accessible information (trustworthiness).
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Beauty ; Cues ; Decision Making/physiology ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Judgment/physiology ; Male ; Social Desirability ; Social Perception ; Students/psychology ; Time ; Trust/psychology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639123-0
    ISSN 1464-0600 ; 0269-9931
    ISSN (online) 1464-0600
    ISSN 0269-9931
    DOI 10.1080/02699931.2018.1444583
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Time course of selective attention to face regions in social anxiety: eye-tracking and computational modelling.

    Calvo, Manuel G / Gutiérrez-García, Aida / Fernández-Martín, Andrés

    Cognition & emotion

    2018  Volume 33, Issue 7, Page(s) 1481–1488

    Abstract: We investigated the time course of selective attention to face regions during judgment of dis/approval by low (LSA) and high (HSA) social anxiety undergraduates (with clinical levels on questionnaire measures). The viewers' gaze direction was assessed ... ...

    Abstract We investigated the time course of selective attention to face regions during judgment of dis/approval by low (LSA) and high (HSA) social anxiety undergraduates (with clinical levels on questionnaire measures). The viewers' gaze direction was assessed and the stimulus visual saliency of face regions was computed, for video-clips displaying dynamic facial expressions. Social anxiety was related to perception of disapproval from faces with an ambiguous smile (i.e. with non-happy eyes), but not those with congruent happy eyes and a smile. HSA observers selectively looked earlier at the eye region, whereas LSA ones preferentially looked at the smiling mouth. Consistently, gaze allocation was
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anxiety/physiopathology ; Anxiety/psychology ; Attention/physiology ; Eye ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Face ; Facial Expression ; Fear ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Judgment/physiology ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Smiling ; Students/psychology ; Time ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639123-0
    ISSN 1464-0600 ; 0269-9931
    ISSN (online) 1464-0600
    ISSN 0269-9931
    DOI 10.1080/02699931.2018.1558045
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Social anxiety and perception of (un)trustworthiness in smiling faces.

    Gutiérrez-García, Aida / Calvo, Manuel G

    Psychiatry research

    2016  Volume 244, Page(s) 28–36

    Abstract: In social environments the smile can be driven by different motives and convey different emotions. This makes a smiling face ambiguous and amenable to alternative interpretations. We investigated how social anxiety is related to trustworthiness ... ...

    Abstract In social environments the smile can be driven by different motives and convey different emotions. This makes a smiling face ambiguous and amenable to alternative interpretations. We investigated how social anxiety is related to trustworthiness evaluation of morphed dynamic smiling faces depending on changes in the eye expression. Socially anxious and non-anxious participants judged the un/trustworthiness of people with different smiles. Social anxiety was related to reduced trustworthiness of (a) faces with a neutral mouth unfolding to a smile when the eyes were neutral at the beginning or end of the dynamic sequence, and (b) faces with a smiling mouth when happy eyes slightly changed towards neutrality, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust, or anger. In contrast, social anxiety was not related to trustworthiness judgments for non-ambiguous expressions unfolding from neutral (eyes and mouth) to happy (eyes and mouth) or from happy to neutral. Socially anxious individuals are characterized by an interpretation bias towards mistrusting any ambiguous smile due to the presence of non-happy eyes.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anger/physiology ; Emotions/physiology ; Facial Expression ; Fear/physiology ; Fear/psychology ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Judgment/physiology ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Phobia, Social/diagnosis ; Phobia, Social/psychology ; Random Allocation ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Smiling/physiology ; Smiling/psychology ; Social Perception ; Trust/psychology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-07-09
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 445361-x
    ISSN 1872-7123 ; 1872-7506 ; 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
    ISSN (online) 1872-7123 ; 1872-7506
    ISSN 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
    DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Social anxiety and trustworthiness judgments of dynamic facial expressions of emotion.

    Gutiérrez-García, Aida / Calvo, Manuel G

    Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry

    2016  Volume 52, Page(s) 119–127

    Abstract: Background and objectives: Perception of trustworthiness in other people is essential for successful social interaction. Facial expressions-as conveyers of feelings and intentions-are an important source of this information. We investigated how social ... ...

    Abstract Background and objectives: Perception of trustworthiness in other people is essential for successful social interaction. Facial expressions-as conveyers of feelings and intentions-are an important source of this information. We investigated how social anxiety is related to biases in the judgment of faces towards un/trustworthiness depending on type of emotional expression and expressive intensity.
    Methods: Undergraduates with clinical levels of social anxiety and low-anxiety controls were presented with 1-s video-clips displaying facial happiness, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise, or neutrality, at various levels of emotional intensity. Participants judged how trustworthy the expressers looked like.
    Results: Social anxiety was associated with enhanced distrust towards angry and disgusted expressions, and this occurred at lower intensity thresholds, relative to non-anxious controls. There was no effect for other negative expressions (sadness and fear), basically ambiguous expressions (surprise and neutral), or happy faces.
    Limitations: The social anxiety and the control groups consisted of more females than males, although this gender disproportion was the same in both groups. Also, the expressive speed rate was different for the various intensity conditions, although such differences were equated for all the expressions and for both groups.
    Conclusions: Individuals with high social anxiety overestimate perceived social danger even from subtle facial cues, thus exhibiting a threat-related interpretative bias in the form of untrustworthiness judgments. Such a bias is, nevertheless, limited to facial expressions conveying direct threat such as hostility and rejection.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Emotions/physiology ; Facial Expression ; Fear/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Judgment/physiology ; Male ; Phobia, Social/physiopathology ; Phobia, Social/psychology ; Photic Stimulation ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Social Perception ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 280250-8
    ISSN 1873-7943 ; 0005-7916
    ISSN (online) 1873-7943
    ISSN 0005-7916
    DOI 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.04.003
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Selective eye fixations on diagnostic face regions of dynamic emotional expressions: KDEF-dyn database.

    Calvo, Manuel G / Fernández-Martín, Andrés / Gutiérrez-García, Aida / Lundqvist, Daniel

    Scientific reports

    2018  Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 17039

    Abstract: Prior research using static facial stimuli (photographs) has identified diagnostic face regions (i.e., functional for recognition) of emotional expressions. In the current study, we aimed to determine attentional orienting, engagement, and time course of ...

    Abstract Prior research using static facial stimuli (photographs) has identified diagnostic face regions (i.e., functional for recognition) of emotional expressions. In the current study, we aimed to determine attentional orienting, engagement, and time course of fixation on diagnostic regions. To this end, we assessed the eye movements of observers inspecting dynamic expressions that changed from a neutral to an emotional face. A new stimulus set (KDEF-dyn) was developed, which comprises 240 video-clips of 40 human models portraying six basic emotions (happy, sad, angry, fearful, disgusted, and surprised). For validation purposes, 72 observers categorized the expressions while gaze behavior was measured (probability of first fixation, entry time, gaze duration, and number of fixations). Specific visual scanpath profiles characterized each emotional expression: The eye region was looked at earlier and longer for angry and sad faces; the mouth region, for happy faces; and the nose/cheek region, for disgusted faces; the eye and the mouth regions attracted attention in a more balanced manner for surprise and fear. These profiles reflected enhanced selective attention to expression-specific diagnostic face regions. The KDEF-dyn stimuli and the validation data will be available to the scientific community as a useful tool for research on emotional facial expression processing.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Databases, Factual ; Emotions ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-35259-w
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: What makes a smiling face look happy? Visual saliency, distinctiveness, and affect.

    Calvo, Manuel G / Gutiérrez-García, Aida / Del Líbano, Mario

    Psychological research

    2016  Volume 82, Issue 2, Page(s) 296–309

    Abstract: We investigated the relative contribution of (a) perceptual (eyes and mouth visual saliency), (b) conceptual or categorical (eye expression distinctiveness), and (c) affective (rated valence and arousal) factors, and (d) specific morphological facial ... ...

    Abstract We investigated the relative contribution of (a) perceptual (eyes and mouth visual saliency), (b) conceptual or categorical (eye expression distinctiveness), and (c) affective (rated valence and arousal) factors, and (d) specific morphological facial features (Action Units; AUs), to the recognition of facial happiness. The face stimuli conveyed truly happy expressions with a smiling mouth and happy eyes, or blended expressions with a smile but non-happy eyes (neutral, sad, fearful, disgusted, surprised, or angry). Saliency, distinctiveness, affect, and AUs served as predictors; the probability of judging a face as happy was the criterion. Both for truly happy and for blended expressions, the probability of perceiving happiness increased mainly as a function of positive valence of the facial configuration. In addition, for blended expressions, the probability of being (wrongly) perceived as happy increased as a function of (a) delayed saliency and (b) reduced distinctiveness of the non-happy eyes, and (c) enhanced AU 6 (cheek raiser) or (d) reduced AUs 4, 5, and 9 (brow lowerer, upper lid raiser, and nose wrinkler, respectively). Importantly, the later the eyes become visually salient relative to the smiling mouth, the more likely it is that faces will look happy.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Eye Movements ; Face ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Smiling/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-11-29
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1463034-5
    ISSN 1430-2772 ; 0340-0727
    ISSN (online) 1430-2772
    ISSN 0340-0727
    DOI 10.1007/s00426-016-0829-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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