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Article: Nitrosative Stress in Astronaut Skeletal Muscle in Spaceflight.

Blottner, Dieter / Moriggi, Manuela / Trautmann, Gabor / Furlan, Sandra / Block, Katharina / Gutsmann, Martina / Torretta, Enrica / Barbacini, Pietro / Capitanio, Daniele / Rittweger, Joern / Limper, Ulrich / Volpe, Pompeo / Gelfi, Cecilia / Salanova, Michele

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 13, Issue 4

Abstract: Long-duration mission (LDM) astronauts from the International Space Station (ISS) (>180 ISS days) revealed a close-to-normal sarcolemmal nitric oxide synthase type-1 (NOS1) immunoexpression in myofibers together with biochemical and quantitative qPCR ... ...

Abstract	Long-duration mission (LDM) astronauts from the International Space Station (ISS) (>180 ISS days) revealed a close-to-normal sarcolemmal nitric oxide synthase type-1 (NOS1) immunoexpression in myofibers together with biochemical and quantitative qPCR changes in deep calf soleus muscle. Nitro-DIGE analyses identified functional proteins (structural, metabolic, mitochondrial) that were over-nitrosylated post- vs. preflight. In a short-duration mission (SDM) astronaut (9 ISS days), s-nitrosylation of a nodal protein of the glycolytic flux, specific proteins in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, respiratory chain, and over-nitrosylation of creatine kinase M-types as signs of impaired ATP production and muscle contraction proteins were seen. S-nitrosylation of serotransferrin (TF) or carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA3b and 3c) represented signs of acute response microgravity muscle maladaptation. LDM nitrosoprofiles reflected recovery of mitochondrial activity, contraction proteins, and iron transporter TF as signs of muscle adaptation to microgravity. Nitrosated antioxidant proteins, alcohol dehydrogenase 5/S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (ADH5/GSNOR), and selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) levels indicated signs of altered redox homeostasis and reduced protection from nitrosative stress in spaceflight. This work presents a novel spaceflight-generated dataset on s-nitrosylated muscle protein signatures from astronauts that helps both to better understand the structural and molecular networks associated to muscular nitrosative stress and to design countermeasures to dysfunction and impaired performance control in human spaceflight missions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704216-9
ISSN	2076-3921
ISSN	2076-3921
DOI	10.3390/antiox13040432
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Article ; Online: Opposite Regulation of Homer Signal at the NMJ Postsynaptic Micro Domain between Slow- and Fast-Twitch Muscles in an Experimentally Induced Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis (EAMG) Mouse Model.

Schubert, Martin / Pelz, Andreas / Trautmann, Gabor / Block, Katharina / Furlan, Sandra / Gutsmann, Martina / Kohler, Siegfried / Volpe, Pompeo / Blottner, Dieter / Meisel, Andreas / Salanova, Michele

International journal of molecular sciences

2022 Volume 23, Issue 23

Abstract: Accelerated postsynaptic remodelling and disturbance of neuromuscular transmission are common features of autoimmune neurodegenerative diseases. Homer protein isoform expression, crosslinking activity and neuromuscular subcellular localisation are ... ...

Abstract	Accelerated postsynaptic remodelling and disturbance of neuromuscular transmission are common features of autoimmune neurodegenerative diseases. Homer protein isoform expression, crosslinking activity and neuromuscular subcellular localisation are studied in mouse hind limb muscles of an experimentally induced autoimmune model of Myasthenia Gravis (EAMG) and correlated to motor end plate integrity.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2019364-6
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
ISSN (online)	1422-0067
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
DOI	10.3390/ijms232315052
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Article ; Online: Reciprocal Homer1a and Homer2 Isoform Expression Is a Key Mechanism for Muscle

Blottner, Dieter / Trautmann, Gabor / Furlan, Sandra / Gambara, Guido / Block, Katharina / Gutsmann, Martina / Sun, Lian-Wen / Worley, Paul F / Gorza, Luisa / Scano, Martina / Lorenzon, Paola / Vida, Imre / Volpe, Pompeo / Salanova, Michele

International journal of molecular sciences

2021 Volume 23, Issue 1

Abstract: The molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy under extended periods of either disuse or microgravity are not yet fully understood. The transition of Homer isoforms may play a key role during neuromuscular junction (NMJ) imbalance/plasticity in ... ...

Abstract	The molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy under extended periods of either disuse or microgravity are not yet fully understood. The transition of Homer isoforms may play a key role during neuromuscular junction (NMJ) imbalance/plasticity in space. Here, we investigated the expression pattern of Homer short and long isoforms by gene array, qPCR, biochemistry, and laser confocal microscopy in skeletal muscles from male C57Bl/N6 mice (
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Hindlimb Suspension/physiology ; Homer Scaffolding Proteins/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Muscle Proteins/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Muscular Atrophy/metabolism ; Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism ; Protein Isoforms/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Wistar ; Space Flight/methods ; Weightlessness
Chemical Substances	Homer Scaffolding Proteins ; Homer1 protein, mouse ; Homer2 protein, mouse ; Muscle Proteins ; Protein Isoforms
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2019364-6
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
ISSN (online)	1422-0067
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
DOI	10.3390/ijms23010075
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Article: Microgravity-Induced Transcriptome Adaptation in Mouse Paraspinal

Gambara, Guido / Salanova, Michele / Ciciliot, Stefano / Furlan, Sandra / Gutsmann, Martina / Schiffl, Gudrun / Ungethuem, Ute / Volpe, Pompeo / Gunga, Hanns-Christian / Blottner, Dieter

Frontiers in physiology

2017 Volume 8, Page(s) 279

Abstract: Microgravity as well as chronic muscle disuse are two causes of low back pain originated at least in part from paraspinal muscle deconditioning. At present no study investigated the complexity of the molecular changes in human or mouse paraspinal muscles ...

Abstract	Microgravity as well as chronic muscle disuse are two causes of low back pain originated at least in part from paraspinal muscle deconditioning. At present no study investigated the complexity of the molecular changes in human or mouse paraspinal muscles exposed to microgravity. The aim of this study was to evaluate
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564217-0
ISSN	1664-042X
ISSN	1664-042X
DOI	10.3389/fphys.2017.00279
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Article ; Online: Gene Expression Profiling in Slow-Type Calf Soleus Muscle of 30 Days Space-Flown Mice.

Gambara, Guido / Salanova, Michele / Ciciliot, Stefano / Furlan, Sandra / Gutsmann, Martina / Schiffl, Gudrun / Ungethuem, Ute / Volpe, Pompeo / Gunga, Hanns-Christian / Blottner, Dieter

PloS one

2017 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) e0169314

Abstract: Microgravity exposure as well as chronic disuse are two main causes of skeletal muscle atrophy in animals and humans. The antigravity calf soleus is a reference postural muscle to investigate the mechanism of disuse-induced maladaptation and plasticity ... ...

Abstract	Microgravity exposure as well as chronic disuse are two main causes of skeletal muscle atrophy in animals and humans. The antigravity calf soleus is a reference postural muscle to investigate the mechanism of disuse-induced maladaptation and plasticity of human and rodent (rats or mice) skeletal musculature. Here, we report microgravity-induced global gene expression changes in space-flown mouse skeletal muscle and the identification of yet unknown disuse susceptible transcripts found in soleus (a mainly slow phenotype) but not in extensor digitorum longus (a mainly fast phenotype dorsiflexor as functional counterpart to soleus). Adult C57Bl/N6 male mice (n = 5) flew aboard a biosatellite for 30 days on orbit (BION-M1 mission, 2013), a sex and age-matched cohort were housed in standard vivarium cages (n = 5), or in a replicate flight habitat as ground control (n = 5). Next to disuse atrophy signs (reduced size and myofiber phenotype I to II type shift) as much as 680 differentially expressed genes were found in the space-flown soleus, and only 72 in extensor digitorum longus (only 24 genes in common) compared to ground controls. Altered expression of gene transcripts matched key biological processes (contractile machinery, calcium homeostasis, muscle development, cell metabolism, inflammatory and oxidative stress response). Some transcripts (Fzd9, Casq2, Kcnma1, Ppara, Myf6) were further validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Besides previous reports on other leg muscle types we put forth for the first time a complete set of microgravity susceptible gene transcripts in soleus of mice as promising new biomarkers or targets for optimization of physical countermeasures and rehabilitation protocols to overcome disuse atrophy conditions in different clinical settings, rehabilitation and spaceflight.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microarray Analysis ; Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Muscular Atrophy/etiology ; Muscular Atrophy/genetics ; Muscular Atrophy/metabolism ; Space Flight ; Time Factors ; Weightlessness/adverse effects
Language	English
Publishing date	2017
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0169314
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Article ; Online: Nitrosative stress in human skeletal muscle attenuated by exercise countermeasure after chronic disuse.

Salanova, Michele / Schiffl, Gudrun / Gutsmann, Martina / Felsenberg, Dieter / Furlan, Sandra / Volpe, Pompeo / Clarke, Andrew / Blottner, Dieter

Redox biology

2013 Volume 1, Page(s) 514–526

Abstract: Activity-induced nitric oxide (NO) imbalance and "nitrosative stress" are proposed mechanisms of disrupted Ca(2+) homeostasis in atrophic skeletal muscle. We thus mapped S-nitrosylated (SNO) functional muscle proteins in healthy male subjects in a long- ... ...

Abstract	Activity-induced nitric oxide (NO) imbalance and "nitrosative stress" are proposed mechanisms of disrupted Ca(2+) homeostasis in atrophic skeletal muscle. We thus mapped S-nitrosylated (SNO) functional muscle proteins in healthy male subjects in a long-term bed rest study (BBR2-2 Study) without and with exercise as countermeasure in order to assess (i) the negative effects of chronic muscle disuse by nitrosative stress, (ii) to test for possible attenuation by exercise countermeasure in bed rest and (iii) to identify new NO target proteins. Muscle biopsies from calf soleus and hip vastus lateralis were harvested at start (Pre) and at end (End) from a bed rest disuse control group (CTR, n=9) and two bed rest resistive exercise groups either without (RE, n=7) or with superimposed vibration stimuli (RVE, n=7). At subcellular compartments, strong anti-SNO-Cys immunofluorescence patterns in control muscle fibers after bed rest returned to baseline following vibration exercise. Total SNO-protein levels, Nrf-2 gene expression and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling were changed to varying degrees in all groups. Excess SNO-protein levels of specific calcium release/uptake proteins (SNO-RyR1, -SERCA1 and -PMCA) and of contractile myosin heavy chains seen in biopsy samples of chronically disused skeletal muscle were largely reduced by vibration exercise. We also identified NOS1 as a novel NO target in human skeletal muscle controlled by activity driven auto-nitrosylation mechanisms. Our findings suggest that aberrant levels of functional SNO-proteins represent signatures of uncontrolled nitrosative stress management in disused human skeletal muscle that can be offset by exercise as countermeasure.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Bed Rest ; Calcium/metabolism ; Exercise Therapy ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Muscular Atrophy/metabolism ; Muscular Atrophy/rehabilitation ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/metabolism ; Quadriceps Muscle/cytology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	NF-E2-Related Factor 2 ; NFE2L2 protein, human ; Nitric Oxide (31C4KY9ESH) ; NOS1 protein, human (EC 1.14.13.39) ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I (EC 1.14.13.39) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2701011-9
ISSN	2213-2317 ; 2213-2317
ISSN (online)	2213-2317
ISSN	2213-2317
DOI	10.1016/j.redox.2013.10.006
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Article ; Online: Increased myofiber remodelling and NFATc1-myonuclear translocation in rat postural skeletal muscle after experimental vestibular deafferentation.

Luxa, Nicholas / Salanova, Michele / Schiffl, Gudrun / Gutsmann, Martina / Besnard, Stéphane / Denise, Pierre / Clarke, Andrew / Blottner, Dieter

Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation

2013 Volume 23, Issue 4-5, Page(s) 187–193

Abstract: Background: The vestibular system undergoes considerable modification during spaceflight [5]. This is paralleled by microgravity-induced muscle atrophy [6]. However, the possibility of vestibulo-autonomic regulatory mechanisms affecting skeletal muscle ... ...

Abstract	Background: The vestibular system undergoes considerable modification during spaceflight [5]. This is paralleled by microgravity-induced muscle atrophy [6]. However, the possibility of vestibulo-autonomic regulatory mechanisms affecting skeletal muscle structure and function have not yet been addressed. Objective: We hypothesise that the vestibular system affects anti-gravitational skeletal muscle phenotype composition, size and the transcriptional factor called nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1). Methods: In a laboratory study, we examined the morphological and histochemical properties including intramyocellular NFATc1 changes in slow-type soleus muscle of chemically labyrinthectomized rats (VLx; n=8) compared to a control group (Sham; n=6) after a period of one month. Results and conclusion: Neurochemical vestibular deafferentation resulted in smaller myofibre sizes, altered myofibre phenotype composition, high yields of hybrid fibre formation, and reduced myonuclear NFATc1 accumulation as signs of slow-type myofibre atrophy, myofibre type remodelling, and altered nuclear transcriptional activity in the postural soleus muscle of rats. We propose that vestibulo-autonomic modification of skeletal muscles occurs during prolonged microgravity. Our findings are likely to have implications for vestibular rehabilitation in clinical settings.
MeSH term(s)	Anatomy, Cross-Sectional ; Animals ; Biomarkers ; Cell Size ; Denervation ; Ear, Inner/physiology ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/pathology ; Phenotype ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Vestibule, Labyrinth/physiology ; Weightlessness ; Weightlessness Simulation
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; NFATC1 protein, rat ; Transcription Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2013
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1051840-x
ISSN	1878-6464 ; 0957-4271
ISSN (online)	1878-6464
ISSN	0957-4271
DOI	10.3233/VES-130499
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Article ; Online: Expression and regulation of Homer in human skeletal muscle during neuromuscular junction adaptation to disuse and exercise.

Salanova, Michele / Bortoloso, Elena / Schiffl, Gudrun / Gutsmann, Martina / Belavy, Daniel L / Felsenberg, Dieter / Furlan, Sandra / Volpe, Pompeo / Blottner, Dieter

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

2011 Volume 25, Issue 12, Page(s) 4312–4325

Abstract: Protein calcium sensors of the Homer family have been proposed to modulate the activity of various ion channels and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), the transcription factor modulating skeletal muscle differentiation. We monitored Homer ... ...

Abstract	Protein calcium sensors of the Homer family have been proposed to modulate the activity of various ion channels and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), the transcription factor modulating skeletal muscle differentiation. We monitored Homer expression and subcellular localization in human skeletal muscle biopsies following 60 d of bedrest [Second Berlin Bedrest Study (BBR2-2)]. Soleus (SOL) and vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies were taken at start (pre) and at end (end) of bedrest from healthy male volunteers of a control group without exercise (CTR; n=9), a resistive-only exercise group (RE; n=7), and a combined resistive/vibration exercise group (RVE; n=7). Confocal analysis showed Homer immunoreactivity at the postsynaptic microdomain of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) at bedrest start. After bedrest, Homer immunoreactivity decreased (CTR), remained unchanged (RE), or increased (RVE) at the NMJ. Homer2 mRNA and protein were differently regulated in a muscle-specific way. Activated NFATc1 translocates from cytoplasm to nucleus; increased amounts of NFATc1-immunopositive slow-type myonuclei were found in RVE myofibers of both muscles. Pulldown assays identified NFATc1 and Homer as molecular partners in skeletal muscle. A direct motor nerve control of Homer2 was confirmed in rat NMJs by in vivo denervation. Homer2 is localized at the NMJ and is part of the calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway. RVE has additional benefit over RE as countermeasure preventing disuse-induced neuromuscular maladaptation during bedrest.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bed Rest/adverse effects ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Exercise/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Homer Scaffolding Proteins ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Muscle Denervation ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Muscular Disorders, Atrophic/genetics ; Muscular Disorders, Atrophic/metabolism ; Muscular Disorders, Atrophic/prevention & control ; NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Resistance Training ; Signal Transduction ; Vibration/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Carrier Proteins ; DNA Primers ; Homer Scaffolding Proteins ; Homer2 protein, rat ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; NFATC1 protein, human ; RNA, Messenger ; Recombinant Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639186-2
ISSN	1530-6860 ; 0892-6638
ISSN (online)	1530-6860
ISSN	0892-6638
DOI	10.1096/fj.11-186049
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Article ; Online: Disuse deterioration of human skeletal muscle challenged by resistive exercise superimposed with vibration: evidence from structural and proteomic analysis.

Salanova, Michele / Gelfi, Cecilia / Moriggi, Manuela / Vasso, Michele / Viganò, Agnese / Minafra, Luigi / Bonifacio, Gaetano / Schiffl, Gudrun / Gutsmann, Martina / Felsenberg, Dieter / Cerretelli, Paolo / Blottner, Dieter

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

2014 Volume 28, Issue 11, Page(s) 4748–4763

Abstract: In the present bed rest (BR) study, 23 volunteers were randomized into 3 subgroups: 60 d BR control (Ctr); BR with resistive exercise (RE; lower-limb load); and resistive vibration exercise (RVE; RE with superimposed vibration). The aim was to analyze by ...

Abstract	In the present bed rest (BR) study, 23 volunteers were randomized into 3 subgroups: 60 d BR control (Ctr); BR with resistive exercise (RE; lower-limb load); and resistive vibration exercise (RVE; RE with superimposed vibration). The aim was to analyze by confocal and electron microscopy the effects of vibration on myofibril and filament integrity in soleus (Sol) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle; differential proteomics of contractile, cytoskeletal, and costameric proteins (TN-C, ROCK1, and FAK); and expression of PGC1α and atrophy-related master genes MuRF1 and MuRF2. RVE (but not RE) preserved myofiber size and phenotype in Sol and VL by overexpressing MYBPC1 (42%, P ≤ 0.01), WDR1 (39%, P ≤ 0.01), sarcosin (84%, P ≤ 0.01), and CKM (20%, P ≤ 0.01) and prevented myofibrillar ultrastructural damage as detectable by MuRF1 expression. In Sol, cytoskeletal and contractile proteins were normalized by RVE, and TN-C increased (59%, P ≤ 0.01); the latter also with RE (108%, P ≤ 0.01). In VL, the outcomes of both RVE (acting on sarcosin and desmin) and RE (by way of troponinT-slow and MYL2) were similar. RVE appears to be a highly efficient countermeasure protocol against muscle atrophy and ultrastructural and molecular dysregulation induced by chronic disuse.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Bed Rest/methods ; Exercise Therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/pathology ; Muscular Atrophy/metabolism ; Muscular Atrophy/therapy ; Proteomics ; Vibration ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-08-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639186-2
ISSN	1530-6860 ; 0892-6638
ISSN (online)	1530-6860
ISSN	0892-6638
DOI	10.1096/fj.14-252825
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Article: Localization of NOS-1 in the sarcolemma region of a subpopulation of atrial cardiomyocytes including myoendocrine cells and NOS-3 in vascular and endocardial endothelial cells of the rat heart.

Miethke, Alexander / Feussner, Markus / Planitzer, Gerit / Richter, Heidrun / Gutsmann, Martina / Gossrau, Reinhart

Acta histochemica

2003 Volume 105, Issue 1, Page(s) 43–55

Abstract: Cellular localization patterns of NOS isoforms 1 and 3 (nNOS and eNOS, respectively) in the mammalian heart under basal (non-stimulated) working conditions are still a matter of discussion. Therefore, this issue was reinvestigated in rats using RT-PCR, ... ...

Abstract	Cellular localization patterns of NOS isoforms 1 and 3 (nNOS and eNOS, respectively) in the mammalian heart under basal (non-stimulated) working conditions are still a matter of discussion. Therefore, this issue was reinvestigated in rats using RT-PCR, Western blotting, catalytic histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Tongue and extensor digitorum longus muscles served as positive controls for NOS-1 and NOS-3. RT-PCR revealed NOS-1 mRNA and NOS-3 mRNA in atria and ventricles. Western blotting showed NOS-1 protein in atria and NOS-3 protein in the walls of both heart chambers. Localization of the activity of urea-resistant (and therefore specific) NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-D) and NOS-1 immunohistochemistry showed that NOS-1 is present in the sarcolemma region of a subpopulation of atrial cardiomyocytes but not in working and impulse-conducting cardiomyocytes of atria and ventricles. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) immunohistochemistry revealed that a minority of the NOS-1-expressing atrial cardiomyocytes are myoendocrine cells. eNOS immunostaining was present in endothelial cells of capillaries of the conducting and working myocardium and endocardial cells. Image analysis of the activity of urea-resistant NOS diaphorase showed that NOS-1 activity is lower in the sarcolemma region of atrial cardiomyocytes than in that of tongue and extensor digitorum longus myofibers. These data suggest that, in the non-stimulated rat heart. NOS-1 is expressed in a subpopulation of atrial cardiomyocytes including myoendocrine cells, and that NOS-3 is expressed in the vascular and endocardial endothelium.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Endocardium/cytology ; Endocardium/enzymology ; Endocrine Glands/cytology ; Endocrine Glands/enzymology ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology ; Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; Heart Atria/cytology ; Heart Atria/enzymology ; Male ; Myocytes, Cardiac/classification ; Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology ; Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology ; NADPH Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sarcolemma/enzymology
Chemical Substances	RNA, Messenger ; Nitric Oxide Synthase (EC 1.14.13.39) ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I (EC 1.14.13.39) ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III (EC 1.14.13.39) ; Nos1 protein, rat (EC 1.14.13.39) ; Nos3 protein, rat (EC 1.14.13.39) ; NADPH Dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2003
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	77-2
ISSN	1618-0372 ; 0065-1281
ISSN (online)	1618-0372
ISSN	0065-1281
DOI	10.1078/0065-1281-00692
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