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Article: Développement des soins pharmaceutiques de l’infertilité féminine à l’officine : enquête sur la perception et les attentes des patientes.

Molina, Camille / Metz, Paul / Barry, Bernard / Hache, Guillaume

2023 Volume 81, Issue 5, Page(s) 893–899

Abstract: Infertility is defined as not being able to get pregnant after one year or longer of unprotected sex. The infertility rate is increasing in France and pharmaceutical care should adapt to this issue. The objective of this study was to assess how women ... ...

Title translation	Opportunity to develop pharmaceutical care for female infertility in community pharmacy: Results from a survey on patients' perceptions and expectations.
Abstract	Infertility is defined as not being able to get pregnant after one year or longer of unprotected sex. The infertility rate is increasing in France and pharmaceutical care should adapt to this issue. The objective of this study was to assess how women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) perceived ART-related pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies and to suggest ways of improving the service. Method: We conducted a study with patients undergoing ART at the Institute of Reproductive Medicine in Marseille, using a questionnaire. The questions concerned the perception of care given at the community pharmacy on various aspects related to medication, on a scale of 1 (not at all satisfied) to 10 (very satisfied). The last question was an open-ended question about patient's expectations. Results: In all, 105 patients answered the questionnaire. The average age of women was 34.5±4.8-years-old. The scores obtained concerning the perception of support on the themes explored varied between 2.8±2.8 for the lowest score and 4.2±3.4 out of 10 for the highest. In all, 79.6% of the respondents were in favor of the development of specific support in community pharmacies, especially about administration methods, management of adverse effects and management of waste linked to treatment. Conclusion: Women undergoing ART are willing to receive pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies. In order to meet their expectations, it is necessary to develop dedicated training programs.
MeSH term(s)	Infertility, Female/drug therapy ; Humans ; Female ; Community Pharmacy Services ; Adult ; France ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Perception
Language	French
Publishing date	2023-03-23
Publishing country	France
Document type	English Abstract ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	307-4
ISSN	0003-4509
ISSN	0003-4509
DOI	10.1016/j.pharma.2023.03.004
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Article ; Online: Implementation of a patient-teaching workshop to improve pharmacy students' competencies in patient-centered communication: a case report.

Hache, Caroline / Honoré, Stéphane / Hache, Guillaume

BMC medical education

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 555

Abstract: Background: The pharmacist-patient relationship has evolved over recent decades and the development of clinical pharmacy requires pharmacists to take patient-centered responsibilities. This requires a specific set of skills, such as patient-centered ... ...

Abstract	Background: The pharmacist-patient relationship has evolved over recent decades and the development of clinical pharmacy requires pharmacists to take patient-centered responsibilities. This requires a specific set of skills, such as patient-centered communication. Evaluation of students' competencies in patient-centered communication is challenging in academic settings and complementary assessment methods may be designed in order to overcome the limits of traditional preceptors' ratings or objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). There is increasing interest in a more active patient role in healthcare professional education and there are very few reports about patient-led education in pharmacies. Thus, the objective of this work was to implement a patient-teaching workshop and to assess its impact on pharmacy students' competencies in patient-centered communication. Methods: The workshop was developed in collaboration between four patients, a senior clinical pharmacist and a lecturer in education sciences and implemented in the hospital pharmacy residency program. The main course objective was acquiring the three competencies of the Calgary-Cambridge guide to the medical interview: (i) building a relationship, (ii) conducting structured interview and (iii) gathering information. The learning process integrated: working on participants' perception of pharmacists-patient communication, a first simulated interview, didactic learning and a second simulated interview. After simulated interviews, patients and peer residents assessed learner's performance with a competency chart and provided individual feedback. Assessment methods included comparisons between the first and second interview scores and an anonymous post-course survey. Results: Forty-seven residents and 19 patient teachers attended the session. Competency scores were higher after the second interview in all three competencies as rated by both patients (+ 25%) and peer residents (+ 29%). Residents expressed a high satisfaction and reported learning about conducting interviews and soft skills contributing to the development of a relationship with patients. "The involvement of patients" was expressed as most appreciated in the majority of the evaluation charts (87%) and the residents valued the importance of collaborative and interprofessional learning during the workshop. Three themes emerged: (1) patients' expertise, (2) reliability and (3) relationship, which underlined that the students estimated the patients were credible sources of information in this pedagogical context. Conclusion: This patient-teaching approach improved patient-centered competencies of pharmacy residents and promoted partnership between patients and pharmacy students.
MeSH term(s)	Communication ; Curriculum ; Education, Pharmacy/methods ; Humans ; Patient-Centered Care ; Pharmacists ; Reproducibility of Results ; Students, Pharmacy
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2044473-4
ISSN	1472-6920 ; 1472-6920
ISSN (online)	1472-6920
ISSN	1472-6920
DOI	10.1186/s12909-022-03618-x
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Article ; Online: Elderly patients whose hospitalization was medication-related were more likely to receive medication recommendations by clinical pharmacist than patients whose hospitalization was unlikely medication-related in non-geriatric units.

Protzenko, Dorian / Nakache, Jérémie / De la Brosse, Sonia / Honoré, Stéphane / Hache, Guillaume

Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP

2023 Volume 19, Issue 10, Page(s) 1386–1390

Abstract: Background: Elderly patients are often polymedicated, and drug-related hospitalizations are common in this population. In our hospital, pharmacists from the mobile geriatric team (MGT) coordinate medication reviews (MR) for elderly patients hospitalized ...

Abstract	Background: Elderly patients are often polymedicated, and drug-related hospitalizations are common in this population. In our hospital, pharmacists from the mobile geriatric team (MGT) coordinate medication reviews (MR) for elderly patients hospitalized in non-geriatric wards, to prevent iatrogenic. Objective: The aim of this work is to determine whether the drug-related origin of hospitalizations can be considered as a targeting criterion for performing MRs. Material and method: We conducted a retrospective study of data from patients who received a MGT's MR between March 2021 and December 2022, from a single center of more than 1000 beds. The drug-related origin of the hospitalization was estimated as probable or unlikely by the AT-HARM10 tool. Between the two groups, we compared the number of potentially inappropriate prescriptions detected by the PIM-check and START/STOPP tools, drug-drug interactions (DI), unintended discrepancies (UDI) at entry reconciliation, the drug burden index (DBI), and the number of drug-related problems (DRP) i.e., START/STOPP score + DI + UDI. Linear regression of the number of DRP by AT-HARM10 score was computed. Results: 110 patients were included. 56 hospitalizations were estimated MRH and 54 non-MRH. Mean age (85.1 ± 7.0), ADL (3.8 ± 1.9), IADL (2.0 ± 1.6), and number of medications at entry (8.9 ± 3.8) were comparable in the 2 groups. Compared with non-MRH group, MRH group had a higher number of START/STOPP criteria (5.7 ± 3.5 vs 3.0 ± 2.6; p < 0.05), PIM-check overuses (2.1 ± 1.7 vs 1.4 ± 1.4; p < 0.05), DI (8.4 ± 9.0 vs 4.7 ± 4.7; p < 0.05), UDI at entry (4.0 ± 3.34 vs 2.2 ± 2.1; p < 0.05), and higher DBI score (0.9 ± 0.7 vs 0.3 ± 0.4; p < 0.05). The number of DRP was higher in group P (17.6 ± 10.8 vs 9.8 ± 6.3; p < 0.00.5). Linear regression showed a positive correlation between AT-HARM10 score and the number of DRP (r = 0.5, p < 0.05) with a coefficient of 7.7 (CI95% = [4.3; 11.1]) and an intercept of 9.8. Discussion: These results allow us to consider AT-HARM10 score as a targeting criterion for performing MR for elderly patients, as part of a curative approach to drug iatrogenic for these patients.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Pharmacists ; Retrospective Studies ; Hospitalization ; Inappropriate Prescribing/prevention & control ; Iatrogenic Disease
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2192059-X
ISSN	1934-8150 ; 1551-7411
ISSN (online)	1934-8150
ISSN	1551-7411
DOI	10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.06.002
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Article ; Online: Kidney disease and stroke: epidemiology and potential mechanisms of susceptibility.

Bobot, Mickaël / Suissa, Laurent / Hak, Jean-François / Burtey, Stéphane / Guillet, Benjamin / Hache, Guillaume

Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association

2023 Volume 38, Issue 9, Page(s) 1940–1951

Abstract: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke compared with the general population. Both acute and chronic kidney impairment are independently associated with poor outcome after the onset of a ...

Abstract	Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke compared with the general population. Both acute and chronic kidney impairment are independently associated with poor outcome after the onset of a stroke, after adjustment for confounders. End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is associated with a 7- and 9-fold increased incidence of both ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, respectively, poorer neurological outcome and a 3-fold higher mortality. Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in 12% of patients with stroke and is associated with a 4-fold increased mortality and unfavourable functional outcome. CKD patients seem to have less access to revascularisation techniques like thrombolysis and thrombectomy despite their poorer prognosis. Even if CKD patients could benefit from these specific treatments in acute ischaemic stroke, their prognosis remains poor. After thrombolysis, CKD is associated with a 40% increased risk of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), a 20% increase in mortality and poorer functional neurological outcomes. After thrombectomy, CKD is not associated with ICH but is still associated with increased mortality, and AKI with unfavourable outcome and mortality. The beneficial impact of gliflozins on the prevention of stroke is still uncertain. Non-traditional risk factors of stroke, like uraemic toxins, can lead to chronic cerebrovascular disease predisposing to stroke in CKD, notably through an increase in the blood-brain barrier permeability and impaired coagulation and thrombosis mechanisms. Preclinical and clinical studies are needed to specifically assess the impact of these non-traditional risk factors on stroke incidence and outcomes, aiming to optimize and identify potential therapeutic targets.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Stroke/etiology ; Stroke/complications ; Brain Ischemia ; Retrospective Studies ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Acute Kidney Injury/epidemiology ; Acute Kidney Injury/etiology ; Ischemia
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	90594-x
ISSN	1460-2385 ; 0931-0509
ISSN (online)	1460-2385
ISSN	0931-0509
DOI	10.1093/ndt/gfad029
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Zs.A 2198: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MO 329: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Active involvement of patients in pharmacist education has a positive impact on students' perspective: a pilot study.

Hache, Caroline / Honoré, Stéphane / Hache, Guillaume

BMC medical education

2020 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 322

Abstract: Background: Patient-led education contributes to the implementation of practical experience of working with patients in health care professional curricula. There are few descriptions of patients' involvement in pharmacists' training and most often, the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Patient-led education contributes to the implementation of practical experience of working with patients in health care professional curricula. There are few descriptions of patients' involvement in pharmacists' training and most often, the patients have been used as passive props to facilitate training. More recently, greater emphasis has been given to a more active form of patient involvement but the application in the curriculum of pharmacy has not been conceptualized. Thus, the aim of our study was to implement a workshop involving patients as partners in undergraduate pharmacy educational programme, and to evaluate its impact of on students' perspectives. Method: On a prospective observational study basis, the impact was assessed in terms of relevance, learning outcomes and achievement transfer using the Kirkpatrick training assessment method. In addition, we evaluated social representations of the students before and after the workshop. Results: Ninety-four students attended the sessions. All participants were satisfied and emphasized the relevance of the involvement of patients. Postworkshop scores were significantly improved in both competencies to be acquired. At the end of the workshop, students reported two to three actions to implement in order to meet patients' expectations, illustrating an intent to transfer learning outcomes in professional context. Interestingly, about patients' expectations on pharmacist's role, students' social representations had evolved significantly after the session. Conclusion: These results highlight the positive impact of the innovative workshops and the additive value of patients' involvement in the pharmacy undergraduate programme.
MeSH term(s)	Curriculum ; Education, Pharmacy ; Humans ; Learning ; Pharmacists ; Pilot Projects ; Students ; Students, Pharmacy
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study
ZDB-ID	2044473-4
ISSN	1472-6920 ; 1472-6920
ISSN (online)	1472-6920
ISSN	1472-6920
DOI	10.1186/s12909-020-02241-y
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Article ; Online: Validation d’une version française de l’outil AT-HARM10 pour la détection des hospitalisations liées au médicament.

Capelle, Héloïse / Baldin, Coralie / Caunes, Pierre / Pons, Isabelle / Meguerditchian, Céline / Argenson, Jean-Noël / Daumas, Aurélie / Hache, Guillaume

Therapie

2023

Abstract: Admissions of the elderly related to medication errors are frequent in hospital, more than half would be avoidable, but there is currently no validated method in French to identify them. The objective of this work was to validate the French version of ... ...

Title translation	Validation of the French version of the Assessment Tool for Hospital Admissions Related to Medications (AT-HARM10) to detect drug-related hospitalizations.
Abstract	Admissions of the elderly related to medication errors are frequent in hospital, more than half would be avoidable, but there is currently no validated method in French to identify them. The objective of this work was to validate the French version of the AT-HARM10 tool in order to use it for patients admitted in our healthcare facilities. The tool has 10 questions. A positive response to any of the first 3 questions identify admissions that are unlikely to be drug-related. A positive response to one of the following 7 questions identify possible medication-related admissions. For semantic and linguistic validation, we performed cross-validation with forward-backward translation. To clinically validate the method, we conducted a retrospective study including patients over 65 admitted to short-stay units (UHCD) and to orthopedic surgery units in two French hospitals. Two hundred and sixty-six (266) patients were included ; 166 patients admitted to UHCD (mean age 86.0±5.7 years; sex ratio 0.66; mean number of drugs prescribed 7.7±3.8) and 100 patients admitted to orthopedic units (mean age 85.2±6.1 years; sex ratio 0.43; mean number of prescribed drugs 6.4±3.6). We identified 55 % of admissions probably related to medication in UHCD and 76 % in orthopedic units (p<0.05). The most represented item was P5 in both groups (Might [side] effects of the medications the patient was taking [prescribed or not prescribed] prior to hospitalization have caused the admission [including over-treatment] ? The validated AT-HARM10 tool is now integrated into our clinical pharmacy practices and medication reviews are offered as a priority to patients admitted for iatrogenic reasons.
Language	French
Publishing date	2023-11-17
Publishing country	France
Document type	English Abstract ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603474-3
ISSN	1958-5578 ; 0040-5957
ISSN (online)	1958-5578
ISSN	0040-5957
DOI	10.1016/j.therap.2023.10.015
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Article ; Online: Mortality, cardiac and cerebral damages reduction by IL-1 inhibition in a murine model of TTP.

Muller, Romain / Cauchois, Raphael / Lagarde, Marie / Roffino, Sandrine / Genovesio, Cecile / Fernandez, Samantha / Hache, Guillaume / Guillet, Benjamin / Kara, Yeter / Marlinge, Marion / Lenting, Peter J / Poullin, Pascale / Dignat-George, Françoise / Tellier, Edwige / Kaplanski, Gilles

Blood

2024

Abstract: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a rare but fatal disease if untreated, is due to alteration in Von Willebrand factor cleavage resulting in capillary microthrombi formation and ischemic organ damage. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), has been shown to ... ...

Abstract	Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a rare but fatal disease if untreated, is due to alteration in Von Willebrand factor cleavage resulting in capillary microthrombi formation and ischemic organ damage. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), has been shown to drive sterile inflammation following ischemia and could play an essential contribution to post-ischemic organ damage in TTP. Our objectives were to evaluate IL-1 involvement during TTP and to test the efficacy of the recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, anakinra, in a murine TTP model. We retrospectively measured plasmatic IL-1 concentrations in TTP patients and controls. TTP patients exhibited elevated plasma IL-1α and β concentrations, which correlated with disease course and survival. In a TTP mouse model, we administered anakinra (IL-1 inhibitor) or placebo for 5 days and evaluated the efficacy of this treatment. Anakinra significantly reduced mortality of mice (P<0.001). Anakinra significantly decreased TTP-induced cardiac damages as assessed by blood troponin concentrations, evaluation of left ventricular function by echocardiography, [18F]FDG PET of myocardial glucose metabolism, and cardiac histology. Anakinra also significantly reduced brain TTP-induced damages, evaluated through blood PS100b concentrations, nuclear imaging and histology. We finally showed that IL-1α and β trigger endothelial degranulation in vitro, leading to the release of Von Willebrand factor. In conclusion, Anakinra significantly reduced TTP mortality in a pre-clinical model of the disease by inhibiting both endothelial degranulation and post-ischemic inflammation, supporting further evaluations in humans.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80069-7
ISSN	1528-0020 ; 0006-4971
ISSN (online)	1528-0020
ISSN	0006-4971
DOI	10.1182/blood.2023021974
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Article: Sublingual Atropine Administration as a Tool to Decrease Salivary Glands' PSMA-Ligand Uptake: A Preclinical Proof of Concept Study Using [

Nail, Vincent / Louis, Béatrice / Moyon, Anaïs / Chabert, Adrien / Balasse, Laure / Fernandez, Samantha / Hache, Guillaume / Garrigue, Philippe / Taïeb, David / Guillet, Benjamin

Pharmaceutics

2022 Volume 14, Issue 6

Abstract: Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-directed radionuclide therapy has gained an important role in the management of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer. Although extremely promising, the prolongation in survival and amelioration of ... ...

Abstract	Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-directed radionuclide therapy has gained an important role in the management of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer. Although extremely promising, the prolongation in survival and amelioration of disease-related symptoms must be balanced against the direct toxicities of the treatment. Xerostomia is amongst the most common and debilitating of these, particularly when using an alpha emitter. It is therefore of main importance to develop new preventive strategies. This preclinical study has evaluated the effect of α-adrenergic and anticholinergic drugs on [99mTc]TcO4− Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT) and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 Positron Emission Tomography (PET/CT). Methods: The effects of phenylephrine, scopolamine, atropine, and ipratropium on salivary glands uptake were evaluated in non-tumor-bearing mice by [99mTc]TcO4− microSPECT/CT. The most efficient identified strategy was evaluated in non-tumor-bearing and xenografted mice by [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT. Results: Scopolamine and atropine showed a significant decrease in the parotid glands’ uptake on SPECT/CT whereas phenylephrine and ipratropium failed. Atropine premedication (sublingual route), which was the most effective strategy, also showed a drastic decrease of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 salivary glands’ uptake in both non-tumor-bearing mice (−51.6% for the parotids, p < 0.0001) and human prostate adenocarcinoma xenografted mice (−26.8% for the parotids, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Premedication with a local administration of atropine could represent a simple, safe, and efficient approach for reducing salivary glands’ uptake.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527217-2
ISSN	1999-4923
ISSN	1999-4923
DOI	10.3390/pharmaceutics14061276
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Article ; Online: Combination of Hydroxychloroquine Plus Azithromycin As Potential Treatment for COVID-19 Patients: Safety Profile, Drug Interactions, and Management of Toxicity.

Hache, Guillaume / Rolain, Jean Marc / Gautret, Philippe / Deharo, Jean-Claude / Brouqui, Philippe / Raoult, Didier / Honoré, Stéphane

Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.)

2021 Volume 27, Issue 3, Page(s) 281–290

Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has recently emerged worldwide. In this context, there is an urgent need to identify safe and effective therapeutic strategies for ... ...

Abstract	The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has recently emerged worldwide. In this context, there is an urgent need to identify safe and effective therapeutic strategies for treatment of such highly contagious disease. We recently reported promising results of combining hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as an early treatment option. Although ongoing clinical trials are challenging the efficacy of this combination, many clinicians claim the authorization to or have already begun to use it to treat COVID-19 patients worldwide. The aim of this article is to share pharmacology considerations contributing to the rationale of this combination, and to provide safety information to prevent toxicity and drug-drug interactions, based on available evidence.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage ; Antiviral Agents/adverse effects ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Azithromycin/administration & dosage ; Azithromycin/adverse effects ; Azithromycin/pharmacology ; Azithromycin/therapeutic use ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Interactions ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine/administration & dosage ; Hydroxychloroquine/adverse effects ; Hydroxychloroquine/pharmacology ; Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antiviral Agents ; Hydroxychloroquine (4QWG6N8QKH) ; Azithromycin (83905-01-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1290490-9
ISSN	1931-8448 ; 1076-6294
ISSN (online)	1931-8448
ISSN	1076-6294
DOI	10.1089/mdr.2020.0232
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Article ; Online: The clinical meaning of levodopa equivalent daily dose in Parkinson's disease.

Julien, Charlotte / Hache, Guillaume / Dulac, Morgane / Dubrou, Cléa / Castelnovo, Giovanni / Giordana, Caroline / Azulay, Jean-Philippe / Fluchère, Frédérique

Fundamental & clinical pharmacology

2021 Volume 35, Issue 3, Page(s) 620–630

Abstract: Levodopa (L-dopa) remains the basis of pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, L-dopa therapy is associated with the development of complications and presents major challenges in the long-term treatment. Thus, other medications ... ...

Abstract	Levodopa (L-dopa) remains the basis of pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, L-dopa therapy is associated with the development of complications and presents major challenges in the long-term treatment. Thus, other medications may be suggested to delay and/or reduce the doses of L-dopa in order to prevent complications. The interpretation of treatment evolution reported in clinical trials on PD may be tricky, especially due to some variability in medications and dose regimens. Some authors have suggested a conversion factor to generate a total L-dopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), calculated as a sum of each parkinsonian medication. Therefore, LEDD provides an artificial summary of the total daily medication a patient is receiving, and to date, there is no report focusing on the clinical interpretation of this parameter. Thus, based on a 3-year, multi-center retrospective study assessing the impact of second-line therapy initiation on LEDD in PD patients, the aim of our article was to discuss LEDD as a quantitative outcome to estimate the impact of second-line therapies on medication regimens; and in the second part of the discussion, to provide a narrative review of the clinical outcomes associated with LEDD in the literature.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antiparkinson Agents/administration & dosage ; Antiparkinson Agents/adverse effects ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Dosage Calculations ; Female ; Humans ; Levodopa/administration & dosage ; Levodopa/adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage ; Neuroprotective Agents/adverse effects ; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy ; Retrospective Studies
Chemical Substances	Antiparkinson Agents ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Levodopa (46627O600J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	639134-5
ISSN	1472-8206 ; 0767-3981
ISSN (online)	1472-8206
ISSN	0767-3981
DOI	10.1111/fcp.12646
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