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  1. Article ; Online: Physiology of the weight-loss plateau in response to diet restriction, GLP-1 receptor agonism, and bariatric surgery.

    Hall, Kevin D

    Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)

    2024  

    Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate why different weight-loss interventions result in varying durations of weight loss prior to approaching plateaus.: Methods: A validated mathematical model of energy metabolism and body ... ...

    Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate why different weight-loss interventions result in varying durations of weight loss prior to approaching plateaus.
    Methods: A validated mathematical model of energy metabolism and body composition dynamics was used to simulate mean weight- and fat-loss trajectories in response to diet restriction, semaglutide 2.4 mg, tirzepatide 10 mg, and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery interventions. Each intervention was simulated by adjusting two model parameters affecting energy intake to fit the mean weight-loss data. One parameter represented the persistent shift of the system from baseline equilibrium, and the other parameter represented the strength of the feedback control circuit relating weight loss to increased appetite.
    Results: RYGB surgery resulted in a persistent intervention magnitude more than threefold greater than diet restriction and about double that of tirzepatide and semaglutide. All interventions except diet restriction substantially weakened the appetite feedback control circuit, resulting in an extended period of weight loss prior to the plateau.
    Conclusions: These preliminary mathematical modeling results suggest that both glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonism and RYGB surgery interventions act to weaken the appetite feedback control circuit that regulates body weight and induce greater persistent effects to shift the body weight equilibrium compared with diet restriction.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2230457-5
    ISSN 1930-739X ; 1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
    ISSN (online) 1930-739X
    ISSN 1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
    DOI 10.1002/oby.24027
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Physiology of the Weight Loss Plateau after Calorie Restriction, GLP-1 Receptor Agonism, and Bariatric Surgery.

    Hall, Kevin D

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Objective: To investigate why different weight loss interventions result in varying durations of weight loss prior to approaching plateaus.: Methods: A validated mathematical model of energy balance and body composition dynamics was used to simulate ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To investigate why different weight loss interventions result in varying durations of weight loss prior to approaching plateaus.
    Methods: A validated mathematical model of energy balance and body composition dynamics was used to simulate mean weight loss trajectories in response to intensive calorie restriction, semaglutide 2.4 mg, tirzepatide 10 mg, and Roux en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery interventions. Each intervention was simulated by varying two model parameters affecting energy intake to fit the observed mean weight loss data. One parameter represented the persistent magnitude of the intervention to shift the system from baseline equilibrium and the other parameter represented the strength of the feedback control circuit relating weight loss to increased appetite.
    Results: RYGB surgery resulted in a persistent intervention magnitude more than 4-fold greater than calorie restriction and about double that of tirzepatide and semaglutide. All interventions except calorie restriction substantially weakened the appetite feedback control circuit resulting in an extended period of weight loss prior to the plateau.
    Conclusions: These preliminary mathematical modeling results suggest that both GLP-1 receptor agonism and RYGB surgery interventions act to weaken the appetite feedback control circuit regulating body weight and induce greater persistent effects to shift the body weight equilibrium as compared to intensive calorie restriction.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.11.05.565699
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: From dearth to excess: the rise of obesity in an ultra-processed food system.

    Hall, Kevin D

    Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

    2023  Volume 378, Issue 1885, Page(s) 20220214

    Abstract: More people now have obesity than suffer from starvation thanks to our modern food system. Agriculture was transformed over the 20th century by a variety of technological advancements that relied heavily on fossil fuels. In the United States, government ... ...

    Abstract More people now have obesity than suffer from starvation thanks to our modern food system. Agriculture was transformed over the 20th century by a variety of technological advancements that relied heavily on fossil fuels. In the United States, government policies and economic incentives led to surplus production of cheap inputs to processed food industries that produced a wide variety of heavily marketed, convenient, rewarding, timesaving, and relatively inexpensive ultra-processed foods. The energy available in the food supply increased by much more than the population needs, albeit with large inequities in nutrition security. While most of the rise in
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Food ; Food, Processed ; Refuse Disposal ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Obesity/etiology ; Diet ; Food Handling
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 208382-6
    ISSN 1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    ISSN (online) 1471-2970
    ISSN 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    DOI 10.1098/rstb.2022.0214
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Energy compensation and metabolic adaptation: "The Biggest Loser" study reinterpreted.

    Hall, Kevin D

    Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)

    2021  Volume 30, Issue 1, Page(s) 11–13

    Abstract: The Biggest Loser" weight-loss competition offered a unique opportunity to investigate human energy metabolism and body composition before, during, and after an extreme lifestyle intervention. Here, I reinterpret the results of "The Biggest Loser" study ...

    Abstract "The Biggest Loser" weight-loss competition offered a unique opportunity to investigate human energy metabolism and body composition before, during, and after an extreme lifestyle intervention. Here, I reinterpret the results of "The Biggest Loser" study in the context of a constrained model of human energy expenditure. Specifically, "The Biggest Loser" contestants engaged in large, sustained increases in physical activity that may have caused compensatory metabolic adaptations to substantially decrease resting metabolic rate and thereby minimize changes in total energy expenditure. This interpretation helps explain why the magnitude of persistent metabolic adaptation was largest in contestants with the greatest increases in sustained physical activity and why weight-loss interventions involving lower levels of physical activity have not measured similarly large metabolic adaptations. Additional longitudinal studies quantifying the interrelationships between various components of energy expenditure and energy intake are needed to better understand the dynamics of human body weight regulation.
    MeSH term(s) Body Composition/physiology ; Body Weight/physiology ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Humans ; Weight Loss/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 2230457-5
    ISSN 1930-739X ; 1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
    ISSN (online) 1930-739X
    ISSN 1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
    DOI 10.1002/oby.23308
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  5. Article ; Online: Models of body weight and fatness regulation.

    Speakman, John R / Hall, Kevin D

    Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

    2023  Volume 378, Issue 1888, Page(s) 20220231

    Abstract: Body weight and fatness appear to be regulated phenomena. Several different theoretical models are available to capture the essence of this idea. These include the set-point, dynamic equilibrium, adiposity force, control theory-settling point, Hall-Guo, ... ...

    Abstract Body weight and fatness appear to be regulated phenomena. Several different theoretical models are available to capture the essence of this idea. These include the set-point, dynamic equilibrium, adiposity force, control theory-settling point, Hall-Guo, operation point and dual intervention point (DIP) models. The set-point model posits a single reference point around which levels of fat are regulated. The dynamic equilibrium model suggests that the apparent regulation of body fat around a reference point is an illusion owing to the necessary impacts of weight change on energy expenditure. Control theory focuses on the importance of feedback gain and suggests set-point and dynamic equilibrium are ends of a continuum of feedback gain. Control theory models have also been called 'settling point' models. The Hall-Guo, operation point and DIP models also bring together the set-point and dynamic equilibrium ideas into a single framework. The DIP proposes a zone of indifference where dynamic equilibrium 'regulation' predominates, bounded by upper and lower intervention points beyond which physiological mechanisms are activated. The drifty gene hypothesis is an idea explaining where this individual variation in the upper intervention point might come from. We conclude that further experiments to test between the models are sorely required. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Body Weight ; Obesity/etiology ; Adipose Tissue ; Energy Metabolism ; Illusions
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 208382-6
    ISSN 1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    ISSN (online) 1471-2970
    ISSN 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    DOI 10.1098/rstb.2022.0231
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  6. Article ; Online: Challenges of human nutrition research.

    Hall, Kevin D

    Science (New York, N.Y.)

    2020  Volume 367, Issue 6484, Page(s) 1298–1300

    MeSH term(s) Biomedical Research/economics ; Diet ; Humans ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Nutritional Sciences ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Research Design
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
    DOI 10.1126/science.aba3807
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  7. Article ; Online: Mystery or method? Evaluating claims of increased energy expenditure during a ketogenic diet.

    Hall, Kevin D

    PloS one

    2019  Volume 14, Issue 12, Page(s) e0225944

    MeSH term(s) Body Composition ; Diet, Ketogenic ; Energy Metabolism ; Exercise ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; Overweight
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-12-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0225944
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  8. Article ; Online: Challenges Interpreting Inpatient and Outpatient Human Nutrition Studies.

    Hall, Kevin D

    Cell metabolism

    2019  Volume 30, Issue 2, Page(s) 227–228

    MeSH term(s) Diet ; Eating ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Outpatients ; Weight Gain
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2176834-1
    ISSN 1932-7420 ; 1550-4131
    ISSN (online) 1932-7420
    ISSN 1550-4131
    DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.015
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  9. Article: Management of Gastrointestinal Toxicities From Ixazomib: Tips to Curb Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, and Constipation.

    Hall, Kevin H

    Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.)

    2019  Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 89–90

    MeSH term(s) Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Boron Compounds/administration & dosage ; Boron Compounds/adverse effects ; Boron Compounds/therapeutic use ; Constipation/chemically induced ; Constipation/prevention & control ; Constipation/therapy ; Diarrhea/chemically induced ; Diarrhea/prevention & control ; Diarrhea/therapy ; Glycine/administration & dosage ; Glycine/adverse effects ; Glycine/analogs & derivatives ; Glycine/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy ; Nausea/chemically induced ; Nausea/prevention & control ; Nausea/therapy ; Proteasome Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Proteasome Inhibitors/adverse effects ; Proteasome Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Vomiting/chemically induced ; Vomiting/prevention & control ; Vomiting/therapy
    Chemical Substances Antineoplastic Agents ; Boron Compounds ; Proteasome Inhibitors ; ixazomib (71050168A2) ; Glycine (TE7660XO1C)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-03-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Clinical Trial, Phase III ; Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 1067950-9
    ISSN 0890-9091
    ISSN 0890-9091
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: The Potential Role of Protein Leverage in the US Obesity Epidemic.

    Hall, Kevin D

    Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)

    2019  Volume 27, Issue 8, Page(s) 1222–1224

    Abstract: The protein leverage model of obesity posits that decreasing the protein fraction of the diet leads to compensatory increases in total energy intake in an attempt to maintain a target amount of absolute protein consumed. The resulting increased energy ... ...

    Abstract The protein leverage model of obesity posits that decreasing the protein fraction of the diet leads to compensatory increases in total energy intake in an attempt to maintain a target amount of absolute protein consumed. The resulting increased energy intake thereby causes weight gain. According to food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, while the absolute protein content of the US food supply has increased since the early 1970s, the fraction of available calories from protein has decreased by ~1% because of greater increases in available carbohydrate and fat. Counterintuitively, even such a small decrease in the protein fraction of the food supply has the potential to result in relatively large increases in energy intake according to the protein leverage model. Therefore, while the protein leverage effect is unlikely to fully explain the obesity epidemic, its potential contribution should not be ignored.
    MeSH term(s) Diet/adverse effects ; Dietary Carbohydrates/analysis ; Dietary Proteins/analysis ; Energy Intake ; Food Analysis ; Food Supply ; Humans ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Obesity/etiology ; United States/epidemiology ; Weight Gain
    Chemical Substances Dietary Carbohydrates ; Dietary Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 2230457-5
    ISSN 1930-739X ; 1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
    ISSN (online) 1930-739X
    ISSN 1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
    DOI 10.1002/oby.22520
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