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Article ; Online: Evaluating child helmet protection and testing standards: A study using PIPER child head models aged 1.5, 3, 6, and 18 years.

Li, Xiaogai / von Schantz, Anna / Fahlstedt, Madelen / Halldin, Peter

2024 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) e0286827

Abstract: The anatomy of children's heads is unique and distinct from adults, with smaller and softer skulls and unfused fontanels and sutures. Despite this, most current helmet testing standards for children use the same peak linear acceleration threshold as for ... ...

Abstract	The anatomy of children's heads is unique and distinct from adults, with smaller and softer skulls and unfused fontanels and sutures. Despite this, most current helmet testing standards for children use the same peak linear acceleration threshold as for adults. It is unclear whether this is reasonable and otherwise what thresholds should be. To answer these questions, helmet-protected head responses for different ages are needed which is however lacking today. In this study, we apply continuously scalable PIPER child head models of 1.5, 3, and 6 years old (YO), and an upgraded 18YO to study child helmet protection under extensive linear and oblique impacts. The results of this study reveal an age-dependence trend in both global kinematics and tissue response, with younger children experiencing higher levels of acceleration and velocity, as well as increased skull stress and brain strain. These findings indicate the need for better protection for younger children, suggesting that youth helmets should have a lower linear kinematic threshold, with a preliminary value of 150g for 1.5-year-old helmets. However, the results also show a different trend in rotational kinematics, indicating that the threshold of rotational velocity for a 1.5YO is similar to that for adults. The results also support the current use of small-sized adult headforms for testing child helmets before new child headforms are available.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Humans ; Infant ; Head Protective Devices ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Head ; Skull ; Acceleration ; Craniocerebral Trauma/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0286827
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Oblique impact responses of Hybrid III and a new headform with more biofidelic coefficient of friction and moments of inertia.

Yu, Xiancheng / Halldin, Peter / Ghajari, Mazdak

Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology

2022 Volume 10, Page(s) 860435

Abstract: New oblique impact methods for evaluating head injury mitigation effects of helmets are emerging, which mandate measuring both translational and rotational kinematics of the headform. These methods need headforms with biofidelic mass, moments of inertia ( ...

Abstract	New oblique impact methods for evaluating head injury mitigation effects of helmets are emerging, which mandate measuring both translational and rotational kinematics of the headform. These methods need headforms with biofidelic mass, moments of inertia (MoIs), and coefficient of friction (CoF). To fulfill this need, working group 11 of the European standardization head protection committee (CEN/TC158) has been working on the development of a new headform with realistic MoIs and CoF, based on recent biomechanics research on the human head. In this study, we used a version of this headform (Cellbond) to test a motorcycle helmet under the oblique impact at 8 m/s at five different locations. We also used the Hybrid III headform, which is commonly used in the helmet oblique impact. We tested whether there is a difference between the predictions of the headforms in terms of injury metrics based on head kinematics, including peak translational and rotational acceleration, peak rotational velocity, and BrIC (brain injury criterion). We also used the Imperial College finite element model of the human head to predict the strain and strain rate across the brain and tested whether there is a difference between the headforms in terms of the predicted strain and strain rate. We found that the Cellbond headform produced similar or higher peak translational accelerations depending on the impact location (-3.2% in the front-side impact to 24.3% in the rear impact). The Cellbond headform, however, produced significantly lower peak rotational acceleration (-41.8% in a rear impact to -62.7% in a side impact), peak rotational velocity (-29.5% in a side impact to -47.6% in a rear impact), and BrIC (-29% in a rear-side impact to -45.3% in a rear impact). The 90th percentile values of the maximum brain strain and strain rate were also significantly lower using this headform. Our results suggest that MoIs and CoF have significant effects on headform rotational kinematics, and consequently brain deformation, during the helmeted oblique impact. Future helmet standards and rating methods should use headforms with realistic MoIs and CoF (e.g., the Cellbond headform) to ensure more accurate representation of the head in laboratory impact tests.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2719493-0
ISSN	2296-4185
ISSN	2296-4185
DOI	10.3389/fbioe.2022.860435
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Article ; Online: High-speed helmeted head impacts in motorcycling: A computational study.

Meng, Shiyang / Cernicchi, Alessandro / Kleiven, Svein / Halldin, Peter

Accident; analysis and prevention

2019 Volume 134, Page(s) 105297

Abstract: The motorcyclist is exposed to the risk of falling and impacting ground head-first at a wide range of travelling speeds - from a speed limit of less than 50 km/h on the urban road to the race circuit where speed can reach well above 200 km/h. However, ... ...

Abstract	The motorcyclist is exposed to the risk of falling and impacting ground head-first at a wide range of travelling speeds - from a speed limit of less than 50 km/h on the urban road to the race circuit where speed can reach well above 200 km/h. However, motorcycle helmets today are tested at a single and much lower impact speed, i.e. 30 km/h. There is a knowledge gap in understanding the dynamics and head impact responses at high travelling speeds due to the limitation of existing laboratory rigs. This study used a finite element head model coupled with a motorcycle helmet model to simulate head-first falls at travelling speed (or tangential velocity at impact) from 0 to 216 km/h. The effect of different falling heights (1.6 m and 0.25 m) and coefficient of frictions (0.20 and 0.45) between the helmet outer shell and ground were also examined. The simulation results were analysed together with the analytical model to better comprehend rolling and/or sliding phenomena that are often observed in helmet oblique impacts. Three types of helmet-to-ground interactions are found when the helmet impacts ground from low to high tangential velocities: (1) helmet rolling without slipping; (2) a combination of sliding and rolling; and (3) continuous sliding. The tangential impulse transmitted to the head-helmet system, peak angular head kinematics and brain strain increase almost linearly with the tangential velocity when the helmet rolls but plateaus when the helmet slides. The critical tangential velocity at which the motion transit from the rolling regime to the sliding regime depends on both the falling height and friction coefficient. Typically, for a fall height of 1.63 m and a friction coefficient of 0.45, the rolling/sliding transition occurs at a tangential velocity of 10.8 m/s (38.9 km/h). Low sliding resistance in helmet design, i.e. by the means of a lower friction coefficient between the helmet outer shell and ground, has shown a higher reduction of brain tissue strain in the sliding regime than in the rolling regime. This study uncovers the underlying dynamics of rolling and sliding phenomena in high-speed oblique impacts, which largely affect head impact biomechanics. Besides, the study highlights the importance of testing helmets at speeds covering both the rolling and sliding regime since potential designs for improved head protection at high-speed impacts can be more distinguishable in the sliding regime than in the rolling regime.
MeSH term(s)	Acceleration ; Accidents, Traffic/classification ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Craniocerebral Trauma/etiology ; Craniocerebral Trauma/prevention & control ; Friction ; Head Protective Devices ; Humans ; Motorcycles/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	210223-7
ISSN	1879-2057 ; 0001-4575
ISSN (online)	1879-2057
ISSN	0001-4575
DOI	10.1016/j.aap.2019.105297
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Article ; Online: The protective effect of a helmet in three bicycle accidents--A finite element study.

Fahlstedt, Madelen / Halldin, Peter / Kleiven, Svein

Accident; analysis and prevention

2016 Volume 91, Page(s) 135–143

Abstract: There is some controversy regarding the effectiveness of helmets in preventing head injuries among cyclists. Epidemiological, experimental and computer simulation studies have suggested that helmets do indeed have a protective effect, whereas other ... ...

Abstract	There is some controversy regarding the effectiveness of helmets in preventing head injuries among cyclists. Epidemiological, experimental and computer simulation studies have suggested that helmets do indeed have a protective effect, whereas other studies based on epidemiological data have argued that there is no evidence that the helmet protects the brain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of a helmet in single bicycle accident reconstructions using detailed finite element simulations. Strain in the brain tissue, which is associated with brain injuries, was reduced by up to 43% for the accident cases studied when a helmet was included. This resulted in a reduction of the risk of concussion of up to 54%. The stress to the skull bone went from fracture level of 80 MPa down to 13-16 MPa when a helmet was included and the skull fracture risk was reduced by up to 98% based on linear acceleration. Even with a 10% increased riding velocity for the helmeted impacts, to take into account possible increased risk taking, the risk of concussion was still reduced by up to 46% when compared with the unhelmeted impacts with original velocity. The results of this study show that the brain injury risk and risk of skull fracture could have been reduced in these three cases if a helmet had been worn.
MeSH term(s)	Accidents, Traffic ; Bicycling/injuries ; Brain Concussion/prevention & control ; Brain Contusion/prevention & control ; Computer Simulation ; Craniocerebral Trauma/prevention & control ; Finite Element Analysis ; Head Protective Devices ; Humans ; Skull Fractures/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	210223-7
ISSN	1879-2057 ; 0001-4575
ISSN (online)	1879-2057
ISSN	0001-4575
DOI	10.1016/j.aap.2016.02.025
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Article ; Online: Comparison of multibody and finite element human body models in pedestrian accidents with the focus on head kinematics.

Fahlstedt, Madelen / Halldin, Peter / Kleiven, Svein

Traffic injury prevention

2016 Volume 17, Issue 3, Page(s) 320–327

Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the difference in head kinematics between the TNO and THUMS models in pedestrian accident situations.: Methods: The TNO pedestrian model (version 7.4.2) and the THUMS pedestrian model ...

Abstract	Objective: The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the difference in head kinematics between the TNO and THUMS models in pedestrian accident situations. Methods: The TNO pedestrian model (version 7.4.2) and the THUMS pedestrian model (version 1.4) were compared in one experiment setup and 14 different accident scenarios where the vehicle velocity, leg posture, pedestrian velocity, and pedestrian's initial orientation were altered. In all simulations, the pedestrian model was impacted by a sedan. The head trajectory, head rotation, and head impact velocity were compared, as was the trend when various different parameters were altered. Results: The multibody model had a larger head wrap-around distance for all accident scenarios. The maximum differences of the head's center of gravity between the models in the global x-, y-, and z-directions at impact were 13.9, 5.8, and 5.6 cm, respectively. The maximum difference between the models in head rotation around the head's inferior-superior axis at head impact was 36°. The head impact velocity differed up to 2.4 m/s between the models. The 2 models showed similar trends for the head trajectory when the various parameters were altered. Conclusions: There are differences in kinematics between the THUMS and TNO pedestrian models. However, these model differences are of the same magnitude as those induced by other uncertainties in the accident reconstructions, such as initial leg posture and pedestrian velocity.
MeSH term(s)	Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Finite Element Analysis ; Head/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Pedestrians
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2089818-6
ISSN	1538-957X ; 1538-9588
ISSN (online)	1538-957X
ISSN	1538-9588
DOI	10.1080/15389588.2015.1067803
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Article: The Influence of Neck Muscle Tonus and Posture on Brain Tissue Strain in Pedestrian Head Impacts.

Alvarez, Victor S / Halldin, Peter / Kleiven, Svein

Stapp car crash journal

2015 Volume 58, Page(s) 63–101

Abstract: Pedestrians are one of the least protected groups in urban traffic and frequently suffer fatal head injuries. An important boundary condition for the head is the cervical spine, and it has previously been demonstrated that neck muscle activation is ... ...

Abstract	Pedestrians are one of the least protected groups in urban traffic and frequently suffer fatal head injuries. An important boundary condition for the head is the cervical spine, and it has previously been demonstrated that neck muscle activation is important for head kinematics during inertial loading. It has also been shown in a recent numerical study that a tensed neck musculature also has some influence on head kinematics during a pedestrian impact situation. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence on head kinematics and injury metrics during the isolated time of head impact by comparing a pedestrian with relaxed neck and a pedestrian with increased tonus. The human body Finite Element model THUMS Version 1.4 was connected to head and neck models developed at KTH and used in pedestrian-to-vehicle impact simulations with a generalized hood, so that the head would impact a surface with an identical impact response in all simulations. In order to isolate the influence of muscle tonus, the model was activated shortly before head impact so the head would have the same initial position prior to impact among different tonus. A symmetric and asymmetric muscle activation scheme that used high level of activation was used in order to create two extremes to investigate. It was found that for the muscle tones used in this study, the influence on the strain in the brain was very minor, in general about 1-14% change. A relatively large increase was observed in a secondary peak in maximum strains in only one of the simulated cases.
MeSH term(s)	Acceleration ; Accidents, Traffic ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Craniocerebral Trauma/etiology ; Craniocerebral Trauma/physiopathology ; Finite Element Analysis ; Head ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Muscle Tonus/physiology ; Neck ; Neck Muscles/physiology ; Posture/physiology ; Walking/injuries ; Walking/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-05-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2037200-0
ISSN	1532-8546 ; 0585-086X
ISSN	1532-8546 ; 0585-086X
DOI	10.4271/2014-22-0003
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Article: Finite Element Analysis of Long Posterior Transpedicular Instrumentation for Cervicothoracic Fractures Related to Ankylosing Spondylitis.

Robinson, Yohan / Lison Almkvist, Viktor / Olerud, Claes / Halldin, Peter / Fahlstedt, Madelen

Global spine journal

2018 Volume 8, Issue 6, Page(s) 570–578

Abstract: Study design: Biomechanical finite element model analysis.: Objectives: Spinal fractures related to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are often treated by long posterior stabilization. The objective of this study is to develop a finite element model (FEM) ... ...

Abstract	Study design: Biomechanical finite element model analysis. Objectives: Spinal fractures related to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are often treated by long posterior stabilization. The objective of this study is to develop a finite element model (FEM) for spinal fractures related to AS and to establish a biomechanical foundation for long posterior stabilization of cervicothoracic fractures related to AS. Methods: An existing FEM (consisting of 2 separately developed models) including the cervical and thoracic spine were adapted to the conditions of AS (all discs fused, C0-C1 and C1-C2 mobile). A fracture at the level C6-C7 was simulated. Besides a normal spine (no AS, no fracture) and the uninstrumented fractured spine 4 different posterior transpedicular instrumentations were tested. Three loads (1.5 Results: All posterior stabilization methods could normalize the axial stability at the fracture site as measured with gap distance. The maximum stress at the cranial instrumentation end (C3-C4) was slightly greater if every level was instrumented, than in the skipped level model. The skipped level instrumentation achieved similar rotatory stability as the long multilevel instrumentation. Conclusions: Skipping instrumentation levels without giving up instrumentation length reduced stresses in the ossified tissue within the range of the instrumentation and did not decrease the stability in a FEM of a cervicothoracic fracture related to AS. Considering the risks associated with every additional screw placed, the skipped level instrumentation has advantages regarding patient safety.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2648287-3
ISSN	2192-5690 ; 2192-5682
ISSN (online)	2192-5690
ISSN	2192-5682
DOI	10.1177/2192568217745068
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Article ; Online: Ranking and Rating Bicycle Helmet Safety Performance in Oblique Impacts Using Eight Different Brain Injury Models.

Fahlstedt, Madelen / Abayazid, Fady / Panzer, Matthew B / Trotta, Antonia / Zhao, Wei / Ghajari, Mazdak / Gilchrist, Michael D / Ji, Songbai / Kleiven, Svein / Li, Xiaogai / Annaidh, Aisling Ní / Halldin, Peter

Annals of biomedical engineering

2021 Volume 49, Issue 3, Page(s) 1097–1109

Abstract: Bicycle helmets are shown to offer protection against head injuries. Rating methods and test standards are used to evaluate different helmet designs and safety performance. Both strain-based injury criteria obtained from finite element brain injury ... ...

Abstract	Bicycle helmets are shown to offer protection against head injuries. Rating methods and test standards are used to evaluate different helmet designs and safety performance. Both strain-based injury criteria obtained from finite element brain injury models and metrics derived from global kinematic responses can be used to evaluate helmet safety performance. Little is known about how different injury models or injury metrics would rank and rate different helmets. The objective of this study was to determine how eight brain models and eight metrics based on global kinematics rank and rate a large number of bicycle helmets (n=17) subjected to oblique impacts. The results showed that the ranking and rating are influenced by the choice of model and metric. Kendall's tau varied between 0.50 and 0.95 when the ranking was based on maximum principal strain from brain models. One specific helmet was rated as 2-star when using one brain model but as 4-star by another model. This could cause confusion for consumers rather than inform them of the relative safety performance of a helmet. Therefore, we suggest that the biomechanics community should create a norm or recommendation for future ranking and rating methods.
MeSH term(s)	Accidents ; Bicycling ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Injuries/physiopathology ; Brain Injuries/prevention & control ; Equipment Design ; Head Protective Devices/standards ; Humans ; Models, Biological
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	185984-5
ISSN	1573-9686 ; 0191-5649 ; 0090-6964
ISSN (online)	1573-9686
ISSN	0191-5649 ; 0090-6964
DOI	10.1007/s10439-020-02703-w
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Article ; Online: How does a three-dimensional continuum muscle model affect the kinematics and muscle strains of a finite element neck model compared to a discrete muscle model in rear-end, frontal, and lateral impacts.

Hedenstierna, Sofia / Halldin, Peter

Spine

2008 Volume 33, Issue 8, Page(s) E236–45

Abstract: Study design: A finite element (FE) model of the human neck with incorporated continuum or discrete muscles was used to simulate experimental impacts in rear, frontal, and lateral directions.: Objective: The aim of this study was to determine how a ... ...

Abstract	Study design: A finite element (FE) model of the human neck with incorporated continuum or discrete muscles was used to simulate experimental impacts in rear, frontal, and lateral directions. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine how a continuum muscle model influences the impact behavior of a FE human neck model compared with a discrete muscle model. Summary of background data: Most FE neck models used for impact analysis today include a spring element musculature and are limited to discrete geometries and nodal output results. A solid-element muscle model was thought to improve the behavior of the model by adding properties such as tissue inertia and compressive stiffness and by improving the geometry. It would also predict the strain distribution within the continuum elements. Methods: A passive continuum muscle model with nonlinear viscoelastic materials was incorporated into the KTH neck model together with active spring muscles and used in impact simulations. The resulting head and vertebral kinematics was compared with the results from a discrete muscle model as well as volunteer corridors. The muscle strain prediction was compared between the 2 muscle models. Results: The head and vertebral kinematics were within the volunteer corridors for both models when activated. The continuum model behaved more stiffly than the discrete model and needed less active force to fit the experimental results. The largest difference was seen in the rear impact. The strain predicted by the continuum model was lower than for the discrete model. Conclusion: The continuum muscle model stiffened the response of the KTH neck model compared with a discrete model, and the strain prediction in the muscles was improved.
MeSH term(s)	Accidents, Traffic ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cervical Vertebrae/injuries ; Cervical Vertebrae/physiopathology ; Finite Element Analysis ; Head Movements/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Neck Muscles/physiopathology ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Whiplash Injuries/physiopathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-04-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	752024-4
ISSN	1528-1159 ; 0362-2436
ISSN (online)	1528-1159
ISSN	0362-2436
DOI	10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816b8812
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Article ; Online: Correlation between injury pattern and Finite Element analysis in biomechanical reconstructions of Traumatic Brain Injuries.

Fahlstedt, Madelen / Depreitere, Bart / Halldin, Peter / Vander Sloten, Jos / Kleiven, Svein

Journal of biomechanics

2015 Volume 48, Issue 7, Page(s) 1331–1335

Abstract: At present, Finite Element (FE) analyses are often used as a tool to better understand the mechanisms of head injury. Previously, these models have been compared to cadaver experiments, with the next step under development being accident reconstructions. ...

Abstract	At present, Finite Element (FE) analyses are often used as a tool to better understand the mechanisms of head injury. Previously, these models have been compared to cadaver experiments, with the next step under development being accident reconstructions. Thus far, the main focus has been on deriving an injury threshold and little effort has been put into correlating the documented injury location with the response displayed by the FE model. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to introduce a novel image correlation method that compares the response of the FE model with medical images. The injuries shown on the medical images were compared to the strain pattern in the FE model and evaluated by two indices; the Overlap Index (OI) and the Location Index (LI). As the name suggests, OI measures the area which indicates both injury in the medical images and high strain values in the FE images. LI evaluates the difference in center of mass in the medical and FE images. A perfect match would give an OI and LI equal to 1. This method was applied to three bicycle accident reconstructions. The reconstructions gave an average OI between 0.01 and 0.19 for the three cases and between 0.39 and 0.88 for LI. Performing injury reconstructions are a challenge as the information from the accidents often is uncertain. The suggested method evaluates the response in an objective way which can be used in future injury reconstruction studies.
MeSH term(s)	Accidents ; Aged ; Bicycling ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Brain Injuries/physiopathology ; Computer Simulation ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Female ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Anatomic ; Models, Theoretical ; Probability
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-05-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218076-5
ISSN	1873-2380 ; 0021-9290
ISSN (online)	1873-2380
ISSN	0021-9290
DOI	10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.057
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