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Artikel ; Online: An assessment of the airborne longevity of group A Streptococcus.

Oswin, Henry P / Blake, Evie / Haddrell, Allen E / Finn, Adam / Sriskandan, Shiranee / Reid, Jonathan P / Halliday, Alice / Goenka, Anu

Microbiology (Reading, England)

2024 Band 170, Heft 1

Abstract: Group A streptococcus (GAS) infections result in more than 500 000 deaths annually. Despite mounting evidence for airborne transmission of GAS, little is known about its stability in aerosol. Measurements of GAS airborne stability were carried out using ... ...

Abstract	Group A streptococcus (GAS) infections result in more than 500 000 deaths annually. Despite mounting evidence for airborne transmission of GAS, little is known about its stability in aerosol. Measurements of GAS airborne stability were carried out using the Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosols onto a Substrate (CELEBS) instrument. CELEBS measurements with two different isolates of GAS suggest that it is aerostable, with approximately 70 % of bacteria remaining viable after 20 min of levitation at 50 % relative humidity (RH), with lower survival as RH was reduced. GAS airborne viability loss was driven primarily by desiccation and efflorescence (i.e. salt crystallization), with high pH also potentially playing a role, given reduced survival in bicarbonate containing droplet compositions. At low enough RH for efflorescence to occur, a greater proportion of organic components in the droplet appeared to protect the bacteria from efflorescence. These first insights into the aerosol stability of GAS indicate that airborne transmission of these respiratory tract bacteria may occur, and that both the composition of the droplet containing the bacteria, and the RH of the air affect the duration of bacterial survival in this environment. Future studies will explore a broader range of droplet and air compositions and include a larger selection of GAS strains.
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Streptococcus pyogenes ; Sodium Chloride ; Aerosols
Chemische Substanzen	Sodium Chloride (451W47IQ8X) ; Aerosols
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2024-01-05
Erscheinungsland	England
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1180712-x
ISSN	1465-2080 ; 1350-0872
ISSN (online)	1465-2080
ISSN	1350-0872
DOI	10.1099/mic.0.001421
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Predisposing factors to acquisition of acute respiratory tract infections in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hammond, Ashley / Halliday, Alice / Thornton, Hannah V / Hay, Alastair D

BMC infectious diseases

2021 Band 21, Heft 1, Seite(n) 1254

Abstract: Background: Preventing respiratory tract infections (RTIs) could have profound effects on quality of life, primary care workload, antibiotic prescribing and stewardship. We aimed to identify factors that increase and decrease RTI acquisition within ... ...

Abstract	Background: Preventing respiratory tract infections (RTIs) could have profound effects on quality of life, primary care workload, antibiotic prescribing and stewardship. We aimed to identify factors that increase and decrease RTI acquisition within Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries. Methods: Systematic search of Medline, Embase, Cochrane and ISI Web of Knowledge for studies conducted up to July 2020 reporting predisposing factors for community RTI acquisition. Pooled odds ratios were calculated using a random-effects model. Results: 23 studies investigated risk factors associated with community-acquired pneumonia (n = 15); any RTI (n = 4); influenza like illness (n = 2); and lower RTI (n = 2). Demographic, lifestyle and social factors were: underweight BMI (pooled odds ratio (OR Conclusions: We identified several modifiable risk factors associated with increased likelihood of acquiring RTIs in the community, including low BMI, contact with children and pets. Modification of risk factors and increased awareness of vulnerable groups could reduce morbidity, mortality and antibiotic use associated with RTIs. Prospero registration: CRD42019134176.
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Causality ; Child ; Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy ; Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Quality of Life ; Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
Chemische Substanzen	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2021-12-14
Erscheinungsland	England
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review
ISSN	1471-2334
ISSN (online)	1471-2334
DOI	10.1186/s12879-021-06954-3
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Predicting progression to active tuberculosis: A rate-limiting step on the path to elimination.

Lalvani, Ajit / Berrocal-Almanza, Luis C / Halliday, Alice

PLoS medicine

2019 Band 16, Heft 5, Seite(n) e1002814

Abstract: In a Perspective, Ajit Lalvani and colleagues discuss new approaches to predicting progression to active tuberculosis. ...

Abstract	In a Perspective, Ajit Lalvani and colleagues discuss new approaches to predicting progression to active tuberculosis.
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use ; Disease Progression ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma Release Tests ; Latent Tuberculosis/diagnosis ; Latent Tuberculosis/drug therapy ; Latent Tuberculosis/epidemiology ; Latent Tuberculosis/transmission ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Risk Factors ; Tuberculin Test ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/transmission
Chemische Substanzen	Antitubercular Agents
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2019-05-24
Erscheinungsland	United States
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2185925-5
ISSN	1549-1676 ; 1549-1277
ISSN (online)	1549-1676
ISSN	1549-1277
DOI	10.1371/journal.pmed.1002814
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific mucosal antibodies in saliva following concomitant COVID-19 and influenza vaccination in the ComFluCOV trial.

Baum, Holly E / Thirard, Russell / Halliday, Alice / Baos, Sarah / Thomas, Amy C / Harris, Rosie A / Oliver, Elizabeth / Culliford, Lucy / Hitchings, Benjamin / Todd, Rachel / Gupta, Kapil / Goenka, Anu / Finn, Adam / Rogers, Chris A / Lazarus, Rajeka

Vaccine

2024 Band 42, Heft 12, Seite(n) 2945–2950

Abstract: The ComFluCOV trial randomized 679 participants to receive an age-appropriate influenza vaccine, or placebo, alongside their second COVID-19 vaccine. Concomitant administration was shown to be safe, and to preserve systemic immune responses to both ... ...

Abstract	The ComFluCOV trial randomized 679 participants to receive an age-appropriate influenza vaccine, or placebo, alongside their second COVID-19 vaccine. Concomitant administration was shown to be safe, and to preserve systemic immune responses to both vaccines. Here we report on a secondary outcome of the trial investigating SARS-CoV-2-specific mucosal antibody responses. Anti-spike IgG and IgA levels in saliva were measured with in-house ELISAs. Concomitant administration of an influenza vaccine did not affect salivary anti-spike IgG positivity rates to Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 (99.1 cf. 95.6%), or AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 (67.8% cf. 64.9%), at 3-weeks post-vaccination relative to placebo. Furthermore, saliva IgG positively correlated with serum titres highlighting the potential utility of saliva for assessing differences in immunogenicity in future vaccine studies. Mucosal IgA was not detected in response to either COVID-19 vaccine, reinforcing the need for novel vaccines capable of inducing sterilising immunity or otherwise reducing transmission. The trial is registered as ISRCTN 14391248.
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Humans ; Antibodies, Viral ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Immunoglobulin G ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; Saliva ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination
Chemische Substanzen	Antibodies, Viral ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Immunoglobulin G ; Influenza Vaccines
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2024-04-04
Erscheinungsland	Netherlands
Dokumenttyp	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.061
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Immunodiagnosis of active tuberculosis.

Halliday, Alice / Masonou, Tereza / Tolosa-Wright, Mica / Mandagere, Vinay / Lalvani, Ajit

Expert review of respiratory medicine

2019 Band 13, Heft 6, Seite(n) 521–532

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Introduction
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Humans ; Immunologic Tests ; Tuberculosis/diagnosis
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2019-05-28
Erscheinungsland	England
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2479146-5
ISSN	1747-6356 ; 1747-6348
ISSN (online)	1747-6356
ISSN	1747-6348
DOI	10.1080/17476348.2019.1615888
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Eosinophil-Mediated Immune Control of Adult Filarial Nematode Infection Can Proceed in the Absence of IL-4 Receptor Signaling.

Pionnier, Nicolas / Sjoberg, Hanna / Furlong-Silva, Julio / Marriott, Amy / Halliday, Alice / Archer, John / Steven, Andrew / Taylor, Mark J / Turner, Joseph D

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

2020 Band 205, Heft 3, Seite(n) 731–740

Abstract: Helminth infections are accompanied by eosinophilia in parasitized tissues. Eosinophils are effectors of immunity to tissue helminths. We previously reported that in the context of experimental filarial nematode infection, optimum tissue eosinophil ... ...

Abstract	Helminth infections are accompanied by eosinophilia in parasitized tissues. Eosinophils are effectors of immunity to tissue helminths. We previously reported that in the context of experimental filarial nematode infection, optimum tissue eosinophil recruitment was coordinated by local macrophage populations following IL-4R-dependent in situ proliferation and alternative activation. However, in the current study, we identify that control of chronic adult filarial worm infection is evident in IL-4Rα-deficient (IL-4Rα
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Animals ; Brugia malayi/immunology ; Eosinophils/immunology ; Eosinophils/pathology ; Filariasis/genetics ; Filariasis/immunology ; Filariasis/pathology ; Gerbillinae ; Interleukin-13/genetics ; Interleukin-13/immunology ; Interleukin-4/genetics ; Interleukin-4/immunology ; Interleukin-5/genetics ; Interleukin-5/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Knockout ; Receptors, CCR3/genetics ; Receptors, CCR3/immunology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics ; Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology ; Th2 Cells/immunology ; Th2 Cells/pathology
Chemische Substanzen	Ccr3 protein, mouse ; Il4 protein, mouse ; Il4ra protein, mouse ; Interleukin-13 ; Interleukin-5 ; Receptors, CCR3 ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; Interleukin-4 (207137-56-2)
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2020-06-22
Erscheinungsland	United States
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3056-9
ISSN	1550-6606 ; 0022-1767 ; 1048-3233 ; 1047-7381
ISSN (online)	1550-6606
ISSN	0022-1767 ; 1048-3233 ; 1047-7381
DOI	10.4049/jimmunol.1901244
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a role in controlling cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo, but does not require activation by parasite lipophosphoglycan.

Halliday, Alice / Bates, Paul A / Chance, Michael L / Taylor, Mark J

Parasites & vectors

2016 Band 9, Heft 1, Seite(n) 532

Abstract: Background: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Despite several studies reporting involvement of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the recognition of surface glycolipids from ...

Abstract	Background: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Despite several studies reporting involvement of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the recognition of surface glycolipids from Leishmania parasites in vitro, the role of TLR2 and its co-receptors during cutaneous leishmaniasis infection in vivo is unknown. Methods: To explore the role of TLR2 and its co-receptors in cutaneous leishmaniasis, mice deficient in either TLR2, 4, 1 or 6, or wild-type (WT) controls, were infected with either Leishmania major promastigotes, L. mexicana promastigotes, L. mexicana amastigotes, or LPG1 Results: Mice deficient in TLR2 and TLR4 presented with larger lesions and higher parasite burdens than WT controls. Mice lacking TLR2 co-receptors TLR1 or TLR6 did not show exacerbated infection, suggesting that TLR2 does not require either co-receptor in the recognition of Leishmania infection. Furthermore, it appears that lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is not the major mediator of TLR2 activation during infection with L. mexicana, as parasites lacking LPG (axenic amastigotes and LPG1 Conclusions: TLR2 deficiency leads to exacerbation of disease and parasite burden through promotion of Th2 immunity. TLR2 activation in vivo occurs independently of parasite LPG, suggesting other parasite ligands are involved in TLR2 recognition of Leishmania.
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood ; Antigens, Helminth/immunology ; Antigens, Helminth/pharmacology ; Cytokines/biosynthesis ; Cytokines/blood ; Cytokines/immunology ; Glycosphingolipids/deficiency ; Glycosphingolipids/genetics ; Glycosphingolipids/immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Leishmania major/immunology ; Leishmania mexicana/immunology ; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology ; Lymph Nodes/cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Parasite Load ; Th2 Cells/immunology ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/deficiency ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology ; Toll-Like Receptors/deficiency ; Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
Chemische Substanzen	Antibodies, Protozoan ; Antigens, Helminth ; Cytokines ; Glycosphingolipids ; Immunoglobulin G ; Toll-Like Receptor 2 ; Toll-Like Receptors ; lipophosphonoglycan
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2016-10-06
Erscheinungsland	England
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305 ; 1756-3305
ISSN (online)	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/s13071-016-1807-8
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel: The TLR2/6 ligand PAM2CSK4 is a Th2 polarizing adjuvant in Leishmania major and Brugia malayi murine vaccine models

Halliday, Alice / Joseph D. Turner / Ana Guimarães / Paul A. Bates / Mark J. Taylor

Parasites & vectors. 2016 Dec., v. 9, no. 1

2016

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, and are the target of new vaccine adjuvants. TLR2 plays a role in parasite recognition and activation of immune responses during ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, and are the target of new vaccine adjuvants. TLR2 plays a role in parasite recognition and activation of immune responses during cutaneous leishmaniasis infection, suggesting that TLR2 could be targeted by adjuvants for use in Leishmania vaccines. We therefore explored using Pam₂CSK₄ (Pam2) and Pam₃CSK₄ (Pam3) lipopeptide adjuvants, which activate TLR2/6 and TLR2/1 heterodimers respectively, in vaccine models for parasitic infections. METHODS: The use of lipopeptide adjuvants was explored using two vaccine models. For cutaneous leishmaniasis, the lipopeptide adjuvants Pam2 and Pam3 were compared to that of the Th1-driving double-stranded DNA TLR9 agonist CpG for their ability to improve the efficacy of the autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) vaccine to protect against L. major infection. The ability of Pam2 to enhance the efficacy of a soluble Brugia malayi microfilariae extract (BmMfE) vaccine to protect against filarial infection was also assessed in a peritoneal infection model of B. malayi filariasis. Parasite antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses were assessed post-challenge. RESULTS: The use of lipopeptides in ALM-containing vaccines did not provide any protection upon infection with L. major, and Pam2 exacerbated the disease severity in vaccinated mice post-challenge. Pam2, and to a lesser extent Pam3, were able to elevate antigen-specific immune responses post-challenge in this model, but these responses displayed a skewed Th2 phenotype as characterised by elevated levels of IgG1. In the B. malayi vaccine model, the use of Pam2 as an adjuvant with BmMfE induced significant protective immunity to the same level as inclusion of an Alum adjuvant. Here, both Pam2 and Alum were found to enhance antigen-specific antibody production post-challenge, and Pam2 significantly elevated levels of antigen-specific IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 produced by splenocytes. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that TLR2/6-targeting ligands could be considered as adjuvants for vaccines that require robust Th2 and/or antibody-dependent immunity.
Schlagwörter	Brugia malayi ; DNA ; Leishmania major ; Toll-like receptor 2 ; Toll-like receptor 9 ; agonists ; alum ; antibody formation ; autoclaving ; cutaneous leishmaniasis ; disease severity ; filariasis ; humoral immunity ; immunoglobulin G ; interleukin-13 ; interleukin-4 ; interleukin-5 ; ligands ; lipopeptides ; mice ; microfilariae ; models ; parasites ; pathogens ; phenotype ; splenocytes ; vaccine adjuvants ; vaccines
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsverlauf	2016-12
Umfang	p. 96.
Erscheinungsort	BioMed Central
Dokumenttyp	Artikel
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/s13071-016-1381-0
Datenquelle	NAL Katalog (AGRICOLA)

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Artikel: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a role in controlling cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo, but does not require activation by parasite lipophosphoglycan

Halliday, Alice / Paul A. Bates / Michael L. Chance / Mark J. Taylor

Parasites & vectors. 2016 Dec., v. 9, no. 1

2016

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Despite several studies reporting involvement of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the recognition of surface glycolipids from ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Despite several studies reporting involvement of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the recognition of surface glycolipids from Leishmania parasites in vitro, the role of TLR2 and its co-receptors during cutaneous leishmaniasis infection in vivo is unknown. METHODS: To explore the role of TLR2 and its co-receptors in cutaneous leishmaniasis, mice deficient in either TLR2, 4, 1 or 6, or wild-type (WT) controls, were infected with either Leishmania major promastigotes, L. mexicana promastigotes, L. mexicana amastigotes, or LPG1 ⁻/⁻ L. mexicana promastigotes. For each infection, lesion sizes were monitored and parasite burden was assessed at various time points. To assess immune responses, draining lymph node (DLN) cells were re-stimulated with parasite antigens and the production of cytokines and parasite-specific antibody isotypes in blood was determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Mice deficient in TLR2 and TLR4 presented with larger lesions and higher parasite burdens than WT controls. Mice lacking TLR2 co-receptors TLR1 or TLR6 did not show exacerbated infection, suggesting that TLR2 does not require either co-receptor in the recognition of Leishmania infection. Furthermore, it appears that lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is not the major mediator of TLR2 activation during infection with L. mexicana, as parasites lacking LPG (axenic amastigotes and LPG1 ⁻/⁻ promastigotes) also resulted in exacerbated disease in TLR2⁻/⁻ mice. Infected TLR2⁻/⁻ mice show a skewed Th2 immune response to Leishmania parasites, as demonstrated by elevated IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10 production by DLN cells from L. mexicana infected mice in response to antigen. Furthermore, L. major infected TLR2⁻/⁻ mice have elevated antigen-specific IgG1 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: TLR2 deficiency leads to exacerbation of disease and parasite burden through promotion of Th2 immunity. TLR2 activation in vivo occurs independently of parasite LPG, suggesting other parasite ligands are involved in TLR2 recognition of Leishmania.
Schlagwörter	Leishmania major ; Leishmania mexicana ; Toll-like receptor 1 ; Toll-like receptor 2 ; Toll-like receptor 4 ; Toll-like receptor 6 ; amastigotes ; antibodies ; antigens ; blood ; cutaneous leishmaniasis ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; glycolipids ; immune response ; immunoglobulin G ; interleukin-10 ; interleukin-13 ; interleukin-4 ; ligands ; liquid petroleum gas ; lymph nodes ; mice ; parasites ; promastigotes
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsverlauf	2016-12
Umfang	p. 532.
Erscheinungsort	BioMed Central
Dokumenttyp	Artikel
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/s13071-016-1807-8
Datenquelle	NAL Katalog (AGRICOLA)

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Artikel ; Online: Prolonged T-cell activation and long COVID symptoms independently associate with severe COVID-19 at 3 months.

Santopaolo, Marianna / Gregorova, Michaela / Hamilton, Fergus / Arnold, David / Long, Anna / Lacey, Aurora / Oliver, Elizabeth / Halliday, Alice / Baum, Holly / Hamilton, Kristy / Milligan, Rachel / Pearce, Olivia / Knezevic, Lea / Morales Aza, Begonia / Milne, Alice / Milodowski, Emily / Jones, Eben / Lazarus, Rajeka / Goenka, Anu /

Finn, Adam / Maskell, Nicholas / Davidson, Andrew D / Gillespie, Kathleen / Wooldridge, Linda / Rivino, Laura

eLife

2023 Band 12

Abstract: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) causes immune perturbations which may persist long term, and patients frequently report ongoing symptoms for months after recovery. We assessed immune activation at 3-12 months post hospital admission in 187 samples from ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) causes immune perturbations which may persist long term, and patients frequently report ongoing symptoms for months after recovery. We assessed immune activation at 3-12 months post hospital admission in 187 samples from 63 patients with mild, moderate, or severe disease and investigated whether it associates with long COVID. At 3 months, patients with severe disease displayed persistent activation of CD4
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Humans ; COVID-19 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; SARS-CoV-2/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism
Chemische Substanzen	Cytokines
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2023-06-13
Erscheinungsland	England
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2687154-3
ISSN	2050-084X ; 2050-084X
ISSN (online)	2050-084X
ISSN	2050-084X
DOI	10.7554/eLife.85009
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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