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  1. Article: Identifying veterinary surgeons' barriers to, and potential solutions for, improving antimicrobial stewardship among sheep farmers in Northern Ireland.

    Crawford, Paul E / Hamer, Kim / Lovatt, Fiona / Behnke, Malgorzata C / Robinson, Philip A

    Veterinary record open

    2024  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) e278

    Abstract: Background: In order to improve antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), including changes in antimicrobial prescribing and use, an enhanced understanding is needed of the barriers that veterinary surgeons (vets) encounter to institute such change.: Methods: ...

    Abstract Background: In order to improve antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), including changes in antimicrobial prescribing and use, an enhanced understanding is needed of the barriers that veterinary surgeons (vets) encounter to institute such change.
    Methods: A qualitative approach, using grounded theory, was followed. Interviews and discussion groups, with vets and farm industry stakeholders in Northern Ireland (NI), were undertaken to identify and explore attitudes and behaviours surrounding AMS, with a particular emphasis on the barriers vets encountered and the context within which they were working.
    Results: Seven inter-related themes associated with improving AMS among their sheep farming clients were identified. The first six addressed barriers were working under commercial and practical constraints, farmer behaviour, multiple medicine sources, poor prescribing practice, a perceived lack of incentive or facilitation to improve AMS and a perceived lack of action by regulators to challenge poor AMS. The seventh theme revealed suggestions vets considered that may improve AMS in NI, including greater state intervention in recording and regulating medicine sales.
    Conclusions: Improving AMS will require vets and their client farmers to change behaviour. This will involve concerted effort over an extended period of time to enact and embed change. Veterinary surgeons believe that further action by the industry and state to develop centralised antimicrobial sales recording and by the state to enforce prescribing regulations will aid their efforts. However, critical to achieving this is the development of a sustainable and funded mechanism to create more meaningful farmer-vet consultation around flock health prior to every prescription to improve AMS and sheep welfare.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2782580-2
    ISSN 2052-6113
    ISSN 2052-6113
    DOI 10.1002/vro2.78
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  2. Article ; Online: Antibiotic use in the Northern Irish sheep flock: What lessons can be learnt from medicine records and farmer attitudes to improve stewardship of these essential medicines?

    Crawford, Paul E / Hamer, Kim / Lovatt, Fiona / Behnke, Malgorzata C / Robinson, Philip A

    Preventive veterinary medicine

    2024  Volume 226, Page(s) 106169

    Abstract: Stewardship of antibiotics used in livestock production has come under increasing scrutiny, from both the animal welfare point of view and due to concerns that antibiotic use in livestock may pose a risk to human health through selection pressure to ... ...

    Abstract Stewardship of antibiotics used in livestock production has come under increasing scrutiny, from both the animal welfare point of view and due to concerns that antibiotic use in livestock may pose a risk to human health through selection pressure to drive development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. Despite this concern, however, antibiotic consumption in the sheep sector is currently poorly described. This study determines the range and quantities of antibiotics used in the Northern Irish (NI) sheep flock as well as exploring drivers for their use. A mixed-methods approach was utilised, with an anonymous online scoping survey, analysis of the medicine records from 52 NI sheep farms and semi-structured interviews undertaken with 27 farmers. Eighteen farmers contributed both records and participated in interviews. Veterinary medicine records were derived from two sources: on-farm medicine books (seven) or veterinary practice sales data (51). As six of these farmers provided information from both sources a total of 52 unique farms participated. Overall, antibiotic use in sheep on the 52 farms sampled was low, with a median value of 11.35 mgPCU
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Pregnancy ; Animals ; Sheep ; Humans ; Farmers ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Abortion, Veterinary ; Farms ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sheep Diseases/drug therapy ; Sheep Diseases/prevention & control
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-14
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 43399-8
    ISSN 1873-1716 ; 0167-5877
    ISSN (online) 1873-1716
    ISSN 0167-5877
    DOI 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106169
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  3. Article ; Online: Harnessing technology to control lameness in sheep.

    Hamer, Kim / Busin, Valentina

    The Veterinary record

    2020  Volume 186, Issue 12, Page(s) 382–383

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Data Collection/methods ; Humans ; Lameness, Animal/epidemiology ; Lameness, Animal/prevention & control ; Sentinel Surveillance/veterinary ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology ; Sheep Diseases/prevention & control ; Smartphone ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 390015-0
    ISSN 2042-7670 ; 0042-4900
    ISSN (online) 2042-7670
    ISSN 0042-4900
    DOI 10.1136/vr.m927
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  4. Article: Improving analgesia provision for sheep: An analysis of farm medicine records and attitudes towards pain relief on sheep farms in Northern Ireland.

    Crawford, Paul E / Hamer, Kim / Lovatt, Fiona / Behnke, Malgorzata C / Robinson, Philip A

    Veterinary record open

    2023  Volume 10, Issue 2, Page(s) e75

    Abstract: Background: Management of pain is critical to improve the welfare of farmed livestock and meet consumer expectations. There is limited published information about the use of analgesic drugs in the sheep sector.: Methods: A mixed-method approach was ... ...

    Abstract Background: Management of pain is critical to improve the welfare of farmed livestock and meet consumer expectations. There is limited published information about the use of analgesic drugs in the sheep sector.
    Methods: A mixed-method approach was followed. The range of analgesic drugs used on 52 Northern Irish sheep farms was determined through analysis of medicine purchase records. Through interview and discussion groups, with both farmer and veterinarian participants, attitudes towards the use and adoption of such medicines were explored.
    Results: The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was widespread and highly variable. One-third of farmers in the sample did not purchase any NSAID. Meloxicam was the most commonly purchased NSAID by mass (72%) and standardised dose (73%). During interviews and discussions, farmers outlined the benefits they saw in using NSAIDs and how veterinarians influenced their uptake of these medicines. Use of corticosteroid was evidenced on 50% of the farms that supplied medicine records for analysis.
    Conclusions: Veterinarians can influence farmers to adopt NSAIDs for the provision of analgesia in their sheep and farmers observed the benefits they delivered. However, many farmers are still to be reached with this message, perhaps due to being largely self-sufficient and rarely engaging with veterinarians. Veterinarians have the opportunity to challenge farmers about the provision of analgesia, especially when farmers seek antibiotics for painful conditions such as lameness. Currently, the lack of an authorised product in the UK, with associated treatment guidance and industry promotion, may limit veterinarians' confidence in prescribing drugs for pain control in sheep.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2782580-2
    ISSN 2052-6113
    ISSN 2052-6113
    DOI 10.1002/vro2.75
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  5. Article ; Online: Defining optimal thresholds for digital Brix refractometry to determine IgG concentration in ewe colostrum and lamb serum in Scottish lowland sheep flocks.

    Hamer, Kim / Bellingham, Michelle / Evans, Neil P / Jones, Rheinallt O / Denholm, Katharine S

    Preventive veterinary medicine

    2023  Volume 218, Page(s) 105988

    Abstract: This research aimed to define thresholds for ewe colostrum and lamb serum Brix refractometer measurements in lowland Scottish sheep. This would facilitate the use of this convenient, sheep-side test, enabling quick and accurate identification of poor ... ...

    Abstract This research aimed to define thresholds for ewe colostrum and lamb serum Brix refractometer measurements in lowland Scottish sheep. This would facilitate the use of this convenient, sheep-side test, enabling quick and accurate identification of poor quality colostrum and prevention of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in lambs. Secondary aims were to identify risk factors for poor colostrum quality and FTPI in lambs. Serum samples (n = 233) were collected from lambs between 24 and 48hrs after birth, from four lowland Scottish meat sheep farms. Pre-suckle colostrum samples (n = 112) were also collected from ewes on two of these farms. Farmers provided information on litter size, ewe body condition score, ewe breed and dystocia. Duplicate digital Brix refractometer measurements were compared with immunoglobulin G (IgG) radial immunodiffusion (RID) testing for all colostrum and serum samples. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to redefine thresholds for Brix testing in colostrum and serum. Linear regression models were constructed with colostrum and serum IgG concentration as the outcomes of interest. Colostrum and serum IgG concentrations were highly variable. The prevalence of inadequate colostrum quality (using <50 g/L IgG on RID) was 4.5% (95% CI = 1.5 - 10.1) and the prevalence of FTPI (using <15 g/L IgG in serum on RID) was 7.73% (95% CI = 4.64-11.93). A ewe's colostrum IgG concentration was significantly and positively associated with the serum IgG concentration of her lamb(s) (p = 0.02). ROC analysis defined a Brix threshold for adequate colostrum quality of > 22.10% (sensitivity 80% (95%CI=28.4-99.5), specificity 90% (95%CI=82.3-94.8)). ROC analysis defined a Brix threshold for serum of > 8.65% for adequate passive transfer of immunity in Scottish lambs (sensitivity 94% (95%CI=72.7-99.8), specificity 82% (95%CI=76.6-87.2)). To optimise passive transfer of immunity in lambs, we suggest that ewe colostrum Brix measurements be defined as 'poor' (<22%); 'fair' (22-26%) and 'good' (>26%); and lamb serum as 'poor' (<8%); 'fair' (8-9%) and 'good' (>9%). It is recommended that these tests are used as for flock screening, using samples from multiple animals.
    MeSH term(s) Pregnancy ; Animals ; Sheep ; Female ; Colostrum ; Immunoglobulin G ; Refractometry/veterinary ; Body Fluids ; Scotland ; Animals, Newborn
    Chemical Substances Immunoglobulin G
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 43399-8
    ISSN 1873-1716 ; 0167-5877
    ISSN (online) 1873-1716
    ISSN 0167-5877
    DOI 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105988
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  6. Article ; Online: Sheep scab in Northern Ireland: Its distribution, costs and farmer knowledge about prevention and control.

    Crawford, Paul E / Hamer, Kim / Lovatt, Fiona / Robinson, Philip A

    Preventive veterinary medicine

    2022  Volume 205, Page(s) 105682

    Abstract: Sheep scab (psoroptic mange), which is endemic in the United Kingdom (UK) flock, has a significant, negative impact on sheep welfare. Nothing has previously been published about the distribution of sheep scab in Northern Ireland (NI), nor about Northern ... ...

    Abstract Sheep scab (psoroptic mange), which is endemic in the United Kingdom (UK) flock, has a significant, negative impact on sheep welfare. Nothing has previously been published about the distribution of sheep scab in Northern Ireland (NI), nor about Northern Irish farmers' knowledge and behaviours relating to the disease, its treatment, prevention and control. Between March and June 2021 an online questionnaire on the disease was completed by sheep farmers in NI. Forty-four respondents out of a total of 122 valid returns (36%) indicated that they had at least one outbreak of sheep scab in their flock within the previous five years. These flocks were spread throughout NI and included flocks grazing on common land. Farmers reporting sheep scab in their flock considered movements of sheep between flocks to be the main cause of flock infestation. Respondents demonstrated knowledge gaps in relation to the parasite biology, disease transmission, prevention and treatment options, as well as a lack of awareness of some of the relevant industry guidelines. We highlight that some farmers rely on clinical signs alone to rule out the possibility that newly purchased sheep are infested with sheep scab before mixing them with their flock. This activity poses a high risk for the introduction of sheep scab into previously uninfested flocks. The inadequacy of some farmers' quarantine rules, or their inability to follow them, was also reported by farmers as being the cause of their flock infestation. Sheep scab outbreaks were shown to result in significant financial cost, with some farmers reporting their most recent outbreak had cost over £2500 ($3329). The paper also highlights that in addition to the animal health and welfare impact and financial cost, sheep scab was reported to have a social cost: 94 respondents (79%) agreed that a sheep scab outbreak caused emotional stress to affected farmers. These findings have provided evidence of the widespread nature of sheep scab in the NI flock, and of the knowledge gaps and behaviours which need to be addressed to improve sheep scab control. This will require a combination of focused research, knowledge exchange between farmers, advisors, policy makers and regulators, and co-developed disease control plans at a flock and national level.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Ectoparasitic Infestations/veterinary ; Farmers ; Humans ; Mite Infestations/veterinary ; Northern Ireland/epidemiology ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology ; Sheep Diseases/parasitology ; Sheep Diseases/prevention & control ; United Kingdom
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-30
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 43399-8
    ISSN 1873-1716 ; 0167-5877
    ISSN (online) 1873-1716
    ISSN 0167-5877
    DOI 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105682
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  7. Article: Sheep scab in Northern Ireland: Its distribution, costs and farmer knowledge about prevention and control

    Crawford, Paul E. / Hamer, Kim / Lovatt, Fiona / Robinson, Philip A.

    Preventive veterinary medicine. 2022 Aug., v. 205

    2022  

    Abstract: Sheep scab (psoroptic mange), which is endemic in the United Kingdom (UK) flock, has a significant, negative impact on sheep welfare. Nothing has previously been published about the distribution of sheep scab in Northern Ireland (NI), nor about Northern ... ...

    Abstract Sheep scab (psoroptic mange), which is endemic in the United Kingdom (UK) flock, has a significant, negative impact on sheep welfare. Nothing has previously been published about the distribution of sheep scab in Northern Ireland (NI), nor about Northern Irish farmers’ knowledge and behaviours relating to the disease, its treatment, prevention and control. Between March and June 2021 an online questionnaire on the disease was completed by sheep farmers in NI. Forty-four respondents out of a total of 122 valid returns (36%) indicated that they had at least one outbreak of sheep scab in their flock within the previous five years. These flocks were spread throughout NI and included flocks grazing on common land. Farmers reporting sheep scab in their flock considered movements of sheep between flocks to be the main cause of flock infestation. Respondents demonstrated knowledge gaps in relation to the parasite biology, disease transmission, prevention and treatment options, as well as a lack of awareness of some of the relevant industry guidelines. We highlight that some farmers rely on clinical signs alone to rule out the possibility that newly purchased sheep are infested with sheep scab before mixing them with their flock. This activity poses a high risk for the introduction of sheep scab into previously uninfested flocks. The inadequacy of some farmers’ quarantine rules, or their inability to follow them, was also reported by farmers as being the cause of their flock infestation. Sheep scab outbreaks were shown to result in significant financial cost, with some farmers reporting their most recent outbreak had cost over £2500 ($3329). The paper also highlights that in addition to the animal health and welfare impact and financial cost, sheep scab was reported to have a social cost: 94 respondents (79%) agreed that a sheep scab outbreak caused emotional stress to affected farmers. These findings have provided evidence of the widespread nature of sheep scab in the NI flock, and of the knowledge gaps and behaviours which need to be addressed to improve sheep scab control. This will require a combination of focused research, knowledge exchange between farmers, advisors, policy makers and regulators, and co-developed disease control plans at a flock and national level.
    Keywords Northern Ireland ; animal health ; common lands ; disease control ; disease transmission ; farmers ; flocks ; industry ; information exchange ; issues and policy ; parasites ; psychological stress ; quarantine ; questionnaires ; risk ; sheep ; sheep scab ; veterinary medicine
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-08
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 43399-8
    ISSN 1873-1716 ; 0167-5877
    ISSN (online) 1873-1716
    ISSN 0167-5877
    DOI 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105682
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  8. Article ; Online: Performance of the

    Hamer, Kim / Burgess, Stewart / Busin, Valentina / Sargison, Neil Donald

    The Veterinary record

    2019  Volume 185, Issue 4, Page(s) 107

    Abstract: Psoroptes ... ...

    Abstract Psoroptes ovis
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Mite Infestations/diagnosis ; Mite Infestations/epidemiology ; Mite Infestations/veterinary ; Prevalence ; Psoroptidae ; Scotland/epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/diagnosis ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 390015-0
    ISSN 2042-7670 ; 0042-4900
    ISSN (online) 2042-7670
    ISSN 0042-4900
    DOI 10.1136/vr.105304
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.B 645: Show issues Location:
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    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  9. Article: Performance of the Psoroptes ovis antibody enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in the face of low‐level mite infestation

    Hamer, Kim / Burgess, Stewart / Busin, Valentina / Sargison, Neil Donald

    Veterinary record. 2019 July, v. 185, no. 4

    2019  

    Abstract: Psoroptes ovis mites, the causative agent of sheep scab, can severely compromise sheep welfare and production. However, in subclinical infections, mite detection is difficult increasing the risk of spread. A recent serodiagnostic test, based on detecting ...

    Abstract Psoroptes ovis mites, the causative agent of sheep scab, can severely compromise sheep welfare and production. However, in subclinical infections, mite detection is difficult increasing the risk of spread. A recent serodiagnostic test, based on detecting host antibodies to the P ovis allergen, Pso o 2, has made the detection of subclinical infection possible. The use of this test was demonstrated in subclinical situations, through an opportunistic observational study on an extensive hill farm and a lowland flock with recently introduced, quarantined livestock. Twelve animals were tested from each group. Breeding ewes and lambs on the hill farm had seroprevalences of 16 per cent (12.5–17.8 per cent) and 8.3 per cent (4.8–10.1 per cent), respectively. Quarantined store lambs had a seroprevalence of 16.7 per cent (13.2–18.5 per cent); no evidence of P ovis was found in quarantined replacement ewes. By detecting subclinical infection, this serological test could be a powerful tool in sheep scab control, for quarantine procedures, accreditation programmes, and possibly regional or national eradication protocols.
    Keywords Psoroptes ovis ; allergens ; antibodies ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; etiological agents ; farms ; flocks ; mites ; observational studies ; quarantine ; risk ; seroprevalence ; sheep scab
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-07
    Size p. 107.
    Publishing place BMJ Publishing Group Limited
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 390015-0
    ISSN 2042-7670 ; 0042-4900
    ISSN (online) 2042-7670
    ISSN 0042-4900
    DOI 10.1136/vr.105304
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  10. Article: Multigeneric resistance to monepantel on a UK sheep farm

    Bartley, David J. / Hamer, Kim / Andrews, Leigh / Sargison, Neil D. / Morrison, Alison A.

    Veterinary parasitology. 2019, v. 276

    2019  

    Abstract: The amino acetonitrile derivative, monepantel, represented the first new broad spectrum anthelmintic to be brought to market for use in sheep for over 25 years when it was introduced in 2009. This study characterised monepantel efficacy, using faecal egg ...

    Abstract The amino acetonitrile derivative, monepantel, represented the first new broad spectrum anthelmintic to be brought to market for use in sheep for over 25 years when it was introduced in 2009. This study characterised monepantel efficacy, using faecal egg count reduction and controlled efficacy tests, against gastrointestinal nematodes following a report of treatment failure in a UK lowland sheep flock. Twelve lambs were each artificially administered 15,000 infective larvae that had been propagated from lamb faeces collected from the farm of interest. The controlled efficacy test showed that a recommended dose rate of monepantel (2.5 mg/kg body weight) administered at day 28 post infection was ineffective at removing the infection in the treated lambs. The result demonstrated simultaneous resistance to monepantel in Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Oesophagostomum venulosum with efficacies based on adult worm burden reductions, compared to untreated controls, of 78%, 27% and 22% respectively. Monepantel efficacy based on undifferentiated egg count in treated animals, seven day post administration, compared to untreated controls was 85%. The results raise questions about the origins of, and predisposing factors for, resistance development in the three different species, and reinforces the value of differentiating post treatment faecal egg counts to genus or species level.
    Keywords Oesophagostomum ; Teladorsagia circumcincta ; Trichostrongylus vitrinus ; acetonitrile ; adults ; anthelmintics ; body weight ; efficacy testing ; eggs ; farms ; fecal egg count ; feces ; flocks ; gastrointestinal nematodes ; markets ; veterinary parasitology
    Language English
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 196831-2
    ISSN 1873-2550 ; 0304-4017
    ISSN (online) 1873-2550
    ISSN 0304-4017
    DOI 10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100003
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    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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