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Article: Biodiversity of soil macrofauna in the New Forest: a benchmark study across a national park landscape

Carpenter, Daniel / Hammond, Peter M / Sherlock, Emma / Lidgett, Angela / Leigh, Kerry / Eggleton, Paul

Biodiversity and conservation. 2012 Dec., v. 21, no. 13

2012

Abstract: The New Forest National Park is a hotspot for biodiversity in the UK. A long history of grazing by ponies in the New Forest landscape has created a diverse mosaic of habitats that are of international significance. We investigated patterns of species ... ...

Abstract	The New Forest National Park is a hotspot for biodiversity in the UK. A long history of grazing by ponies in the New Forest landscape has created a diverse mosaic of habitats that are of international significance. We investigated patterns of species diversity and composition across the New Forest landscape by sampling soil, leaf litter and ground macrofauna from woodland, grassland and heathland plots across the entire landscape. We used a spatially replicated design of hand sorted soil pits, Winkler extraction of leaf litter, and pitfall traps. We concentrated on diversity patterns of the following target groups: Coleoptera, Formicidae, Isopoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Opiliones and Lumbricidae. The most striking difference in species assemblages is between wooded and open areas. Woodlands are the most diverse habitats and have a distinct assemblage, largely due to those leaf litter invertebrate species which are only present under a closed canopy. Open areas are less diverse, with diversity particularly low in the wet grasslands. However, the open areas do have a distinct fauna, especially in the wet and dry heaths which are home to a number of rare species, particularly of Formicidae. We discuss the potential conservation problems facing the New Forest and how these might affect soil macrofauna biodiversity in the future and conclude that climate change; over-grazing; and land use changes represent the largest threats. Although a relatively stable landscape which benefits from protection under UK law, changes in grazing intensity or management practices in the New Forest, particularly for some of the habitats of European importance (e.g. wet heathlands), could negatively affect soil macrofauna biodiversity. Climate change may also exacerbate biodiversity decline as a result of increased grazing intensity or changes in management.
Keywords	Chilopoda ; Coleoptera ; Diplopoda ; Formicidae ; Isopoda ; Lumbricidae ; Opiliones ; canopy ; climate change ; fauna ; forests ; grasslands ; habitats ; heathlands ; horses ; land use change ; landscapes ; national forests ; national parks ; overgrazing ; pitfall traps ; plant litter ; soil sampling ; species differences ; species diversity ; woodlands ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-12
Size	p. 3385-3410.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2000787-5
ISSN	1572-9710 ; 0960-3115
ISSN (online)	1572-9710
ISSN	0960-3115
DOI	10.1007/s10531-012-0369-0
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: DNA taxonomy and phylogeography of beetles of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas).

Papadopoulou, Anna / Jones, Alex G / Hammond, Peter M / Vogler, Alfried P

Molecular phylogenetics and evolution

2009 Volume 53, Issue 3, Page(s) 935–947

Abstract: The Falkland biota are generally considered to be derived from the nearest continental source in Patagonian South America, yet they harbor many endemic species whose taxonomy and evolutionary history remains insufficiently understood. Comprehensive ... ...

Abstract	The Falkland biota are generally considered to be derived from the nearest continental source in Patagonian South America, yet they harbor many endemic species whose taxonomy and evolutionary history remains insufficiently understood. Comprehensive sampling of Coleoptera over two field seasons from numerous sites across the Falkland archipelago produced representatives of 55 morphologically separable species, assigned to 35 genera and 13 families of Coleoptera. Partial mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I and 16S ribosomal RNA genes were sequenced for 283 individuals. These sequences formed 55 clusters under a Yule-Coalescent model that largely conformed to Linnean species while deep-level phylogenetic relationships were broadly congruent with the higher level classification. Detailed analysis of the most diverse families Carabidae and Curculionidae addressed the question about the age and persistence in situ of Falkland biota, showing that separation of sister species within genera based on molecular clock estimates pre-dated the Pleistocene in all cases. Intra-specific diversity of mtDNA haplotypes and nucleotide diversity were high in most species, while intra-population variation was equally high and showed local differentiation of populations, but there was no isolation-by-distance relationship. Taken together, these observations indicate that ancient endemics are unlikely to be due to the recent establishment from a source elsewhere, but have persisted in situ. The observed patterns differ greatly from those in climatically similar areas of the Northern Hemisphere. They do not support the view that postglacial ranges of insects near the limits of former glaciations are merely the result of redistribution due to changing climate.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Climate ; Cluster Analysis ; Coleoptera/classification ; Coleoptera/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Falkland Islands ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Chemical Substances	DNA, Mitochondrial ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	33610-5
ISSN	1095-9513 ; 1055-7903
ISSN (online)	1095-9513
ISSN	1055-7903
DOI	10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.027
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Book: From biological warfare to healthcare

Hammond, Peter M / Carter, G. B

Porton Down 1940-2000

2002

Institution	Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research (Great Britain) Porton Down (Research Facility : Great Britain)
Author's details	Peter Hammond and Gradon Carter ; foreword by Jack Melling
MeSH term(s)	Biological Warfare ; Chemical Warfare ; History, 20th Century ; Microbiology/history
Keywords	Great Britain
Language	English
Size	xviii, 280 p. :, ill., port.
Publisher	Palgrave
Publishing place	Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York
Document type	Book
ISBN	9780333753835 ; 0333753836
Database	Catalogue of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM)

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Book ; Online: From biological warfare to healthcare

Hammond, Peter M / Carter, G. B

Porton Down 1940-2000

2002

Abstract: Using primary sources and personal experience, this book traces the origins of microbiology at the government establishments at Porton Down. Begun in secrecy during World War II, early work concentrated on a response to the threat of biological warfare ... ...

Institution	Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research (Great Britain) Chemical & Biological Defence Establishment (Great Britain) ebrary, Inc
Author's details	Peter Hammond and Gradon Carter; foreword by Jack Melling
Abstract	Using primary sources and personal experience, this book traces the origins of microbiology at the government establishments at Porton Down. Begun in secrecy during World War II, early work concentrated on a response to the threat of biological warfare from Germany. It traces Porton's pioneering work on deadly diseases such as anthrax, through to the Centre's modern role in healthcare. It provides an invaluable source of information for scientists and historians alike, particularly for those interested in political and military history
Keywords	Bacteriology/Research ; Biological warfare/Research ; Chemical warfare/Research
Language	English
Size	Online-Ressource (xviii, 280 p), 24 cm
Publisher	Palgrave
Publishing place	Basingstoke, Hampshire
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-269) and index
ISBN	0333753836 ; 9780333753835
Database	Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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Article ; Online: Predator: non-predator ratios in beetle assemblages.

Gaston, Kevin J / Warren, Philip H / Hammond, Peter M

Oecologia

1992 Volume 90, Issue 3, Page(s) 417–421

Abstract: In common with samples from less taxonomically constrained studies, significant correlations exist between the numbers of predatory and non-predatory species in assemblages of terrestrial beetles. Under logarithmic transformation the relationship can be ... ...

Abstract	In common with samples from less taxonomically constrained studies, significant correlations exist between the numbers of predatory and non-predatory species in assemblages of terrestrial beetles. Under logarithmic transformation the relationship can be described reasonably well by a straight line. Explanations for predator: non-predator relationships based on the dynamics of trophic interactions (e.g. competition for prey types or enemy-free space) seem insufficient to explain this pattern, because within beetle assemblages the necessary interactions are so few. Of other proposed determinants, those based on the relationship of local and regional species pools, on energetics, or on non-trophic factors seem the most plausible candidates for explaining proportionality amongst beetles. Much of the deviation from the overall pattern can be accounted for by sampling method and latitude. Temperate samples have a higher proportion of predatory species than tropical, whilst litter and pitfall trap samples have higher proportions of predatory species than Malaise trap and fogging samples.
Language	English
Publishing date	1992-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/BF00317700
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Article: Assemblages of soil macrofauna across a Scottish land‐use intensification gradient: influences of habitat quality, heterogeneity and area

EGGLETON, PAUL / VANBERGEN, ADAM J / JONES, DAVID T / LAMBERT, MATTHEW C / ROCKETT, CAROLE / HAMMOND, PETER M / BECCALONI, JANET / MARRIOTT, DOUGLAS / ROSS, EMMA / GIUSTI, ALESSANDRO

Journal of applied ecology. 2005 Dec., v. 42, no. 6

2005

Abstract: 1 Land‐use intensification strongly influences biodiversity by altering habitat heterogeneity, the distribution of habitat types and their extent. This study explores these effects within mixed semi‐natural/agricultural mosaic habitats in Scotland, ... ...

Abstract	1 Land‐use intensification strongly influences biodiversity by altering habitat heterogeneity, the distribution of habitat types and their extent. This study explores these effects within mixed semi‐natural/agricultural mosaic habitats in Scotland, examining the effect of land‐use intensification on the soil macrofauna at point (m²), landscape (km²) and regional (>� 1 km²) scales. 2 The soil macrofauna in six 1‐km² sampling areas (land‐use units; LUU) were sampled using a combined hand‐sorting and Winkler bag extraction technique. Within each LUU, 16 1‐m² samples were taken in each of 2 successive years. Each LUU had a mixture of land‐use types, representing an agricultural intensification gradient. 3 The following hypotheses were tested: (i) the study area sustains a number of distinct habitats as defined by soil macrofaunal composition; (ii) a greater number of restricted range species are found in semi‐natural habitats; (iii) local (point) species density is related to habitat type; (iv) overall levels of species richness per habitat at regional scales are related to species‐area effects; and (v) landscape‐level species density is correlated with habitat heterogeneity. 4 Initial analysis revealed five distinct habitat types: Caledonian forest (semi‐natural pine forest), closed canopy woodland (pine plantation and broadleaved woodland), riparian habitats (wet woodland and grassland), pasture (improved grassland) and arable (crop fields). 5 As hypothesized, the Caledonian habitat contained a greater number of restricted‐range species than the other habitats. However, conifer plantations contained more restricted range species than expected, given their anthropogenic origin. Species density per m² was most strongly affected by habitat type. At the regional level, the size of the species pool was correlated with the size of habitat areas. There were more species overall in LUU with greater habitat heterogeneity. 6 Synthesis and applications. Caledonian pine forests have high species densities and contain species of conservation value. Mixed conifer plantations also appear to have a surprisingly high invertebrate conservation value. In contrast, intensively managed agricultural habitats have low species densities and conservation value. Generally, mixed land‐use areas have higher species densities than single land‐use areas. This emphasizes the need for careful management of forest systems within the matrix of agricultural habitats to maximize landscape diversity.
Keywords	arsenic ; canopy ; coniferous forests ; conifers ; forest management ; grasslands ; habitats ; pastures ; plantations ; soil fauna ; species diversity ; Scotland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2005-12
Size	p. 1153-1164.
Publishing place	Blackwell Science Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	410405-5
ISSN	1365-2664 ; 0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
ISSN	0021-8901
DOI	10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01090.x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation.

Hunt, Toby / Bergsten, Johannes / Levkanicova, Zuzana / Papadopoulou, Anna / John, Oliver St / Wild, Ruth / Hammond, Peter M / Ahrens, Dirk / Balke, Michael / Caterino, Michael S / Gómez-Zurita, Jesús / Ribera, Ignacio / Barraclough, Timothy G / Bocakova, Milada / Bocak, Ladislav / Vogler, Alfried P

Science (New York, N.Y.)

2007 Volume 318, Issue 5858, Page(s) 1913–1916

Abstract: Beetles represent almost one-fourth of all described species, and knowledge about their relationships and evolution adds to our understanding of biodiversity. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Coleoptera inferred from three genes and ... ...

Abstract	Beetles represent almost one-fourth of all described species, and knowledge about their relationships and evolution adds to our understanding of biodiversity. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Coleoptera inferred from three genes and nearly 1900 species, representing more than 80% of the world's recognized beetle families. We defined basal relationships in the Polyphaga supergroup, which contains over 300,000 species, and established five families as the earliest branching lineages. By dating the phylogeny, we found that the success of beetles is explained neither by exceptional net diversification rates nor by a predominant role of herbivory and the Cretaceous rise of angiosperms. Instead, the pre-Cretaceous origin of more than 100 present-day lineages suggests that beetle species richness is due to high survival of lineages and sustained diversification in a variety of niches.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Coleoptera/anatomy & histology ; Coleoptera/classification ; Coleoptera/genetics ; Coleoptera/physiology ; Cycadopsida ; Feeding Behavior ; Fossils ; Genes, Insect ; Magnoliopsida ; Phylogeny
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-12-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.1146954
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Article: A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Beetles Reveals the Evolutionary Origins of a Superradiation

Hunt, Toby / Ahrens, Dirk / Balke, Michael / Barraclough, Timothy G / Bergsten, Johannes / Bocak, Ladislav / Bocakova, Milada / Caterino, Michael S / GÃ³mez-Zurita, JesÃºs / Hammond, Peter M / John, Oliver St / Levkanicova, Zuzana / Papadopoulou, Anna / Ribera, Ignacio / Vogler, Alfried P / Wild, Ruth

Science. 2007 Dec. 21, v. 318, no. 5858

2007

Abstract	Beetles represent almost one-fourth of all described species, and knowledge about their relationships and evolution adds to our understanding of biodiversity. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Coleoptera inferred from three genes and nearly 1900 species, representing more than 80% of the world's recognized beetle families. We defined basal relationships in the Polyphaga supergroup, which contains over 300,000 species, and established five families as the earliest branching lineages. By dating the phylogeny, we found that the success of beetles is explained neither by exceptional net diversification rates nor by a predominant role of herbivory and the Cretaceous rise of angiosperms. Instead, the pre-Cretaceous origin of more than 100 present-day lineages suggests that beetle species richness is due to high survival of lineages and sustained diversification in a variety of niches.
Keywords	Angiospermae ; Coleoptera ; genes ; herbivores ; niches ; phylogeny ; species diversity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2007-1221
Size	p. 1913-1916.
Publishing place	American Association for the Advancement of Science
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.1146954
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Performance characteristics of five immunoassays for SARS-CoV-2

Ainsworth, Mark / Andersson, Monique / Auckland, Kathryn / Baillie, J Kenneth / Barnes, Eleanor / Beer, Sally / Beveridge, Amy / Bibi, Sagida / Blackwell, Luke / Borak, Martyna / Bown, Abbie / Brooks, Tim / Burgess-Brown, Nicola A / Camara, Susana / Catton, Matthew / Chau, Kevin K. / Christott, Thomas / Clutterbuck, Elizabeth / Coker, Jesse /

Cornall, Richard J / Cox, Stuart / Crawford-Jones, David / Crook, Derrick W / D'Arcangelo, Silvia / Dejnirattsai, Wanwisa / Dequaire, Julie M M / Dimitriadis, Stavros / Dingle, Kate E / Doherty, George / Dold, Christina / Dong, Tao / Dunachie, Susanna J / Ebner, Daniel / Emmenegger, Marc / Espinosa, Alexis / Eyre, David W / Fairhead, Rory / Fassih, Shayan / Feehily, Conor / Felle, Sally / Fernandez-Cid, Alejandra / Fernandez Mendoza, Maria / Foord, Thomas H / Fordwoh, Thomas / Fox McKee, Deborah / Frater, John / Gallardo Sanchez, Veronica / Gent, Nick / Georgiou, Dominique / Groves, Christopher J / Hallis, Bassam / Hammond, Peter M / Hatch, Stephanie B. / Harvala, Heli J / Hill, Jennifer / Hoosdally, Sarah J / Horsington, Bryn / Howarth, Alison / James, Tim / Jeffery, Katie / Jones, Elizabeth / Justice, Anita / Karpe, Fredrik / Kavanagh, James / Kim, David S / Kirton, Richard / Klenerman, Paul / Knight, Julian C / Koukouflis, Leonidas / Kwok, Andrew / Leuschner, Ullrich / Levin, Robert / Linder, Aline / Lockett, Teresa / Lumley, Sheila F / Marinou, Spyridoula / Marsden, Brian D / Martinez, Jose / Martins Ferreira, Lucas / Mason, Lara / Matthews, Philippa C / Mentzer, Alexander J / Mobbs, Alexander / Mongkolsapaya, Juthathip / Morrow, Jordan / Mukhopadhyay, Shubhashish M M / Neville, Matthew J / Oakley, Sarah / Oliveira, Marta / Otter, Ashley / Paddon, Kevin / Pascoe, Jordan / Peng, Yanchun / Perez, Elena / Perumal, Prem K / Peto, Timothy E A / Pickford, Hayleah / Ploeg, Rutger J / Pollard, Andrew J / Richardson, Anastasia / Ritter, Thomas G / Roberts, David J / Rodger, Gillian / Rollier, Christine S / Rowe, Cathy / Rudkin, Justine K / Screaton, Gavin / Semple, Malcolm G / Sienkiewicz, Alex / Silva-Reyes, Laura / Skelly, Donal T / Sobrino Diaz, Alberto / Stafford, Lizzie / Stockdale, Lisa / Stoesser, Nicole / Street, Teresa / Stuart, David I / Sweed, Angela / Taylor, Adan / Thraves, Hannah / Tsang, Hoi P / Verheul, Marije K / Vipond, Richard / Walker, Timothy M / Wareing, Susan / Warren, Yolanda / Wells, Charlie / Wilson, Clare / Withycombe, Kate / Young, Rebecca K

The Lancet Infectious Diseases ; ISSN 1473-3099

a head-to-head benchmark comparison

2020

Keywords	Infectious Diseases ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier BV
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30634-4
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Bettle species responses to tropical forest fragmentation

Didham, Raphael K. / Hammond, Peter M. / Lawton, John H. / Eggleton, Paul / Stork, Nigel E.

Ecological Monographs

Volume v. 68

Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	AGRIS - International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology

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