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  1. Article ; Online: Deposition effect of inhaled particles in the human: Accurate health risks of personal exposure to PAHs and their derivatives from residential solid fuel combustion

    Feng, Rong / Xu, Hongmei / Gu, Yunxuan / Gao, Min / Bai, Yunlong / Liu, Meixuan / Shen, Zhenxing / Sun, Jian / Qu, Linli / Hang Ho, Steven Sai / Cao, Junji

    Atmospheric Environment. 2023 Feb., v. 294 p.119510-

    2023  

    Abstract: The drastic household clean heating renovation has been undertaken in rural northern China since 2017. A method incorporating the deposition efficiency of particulate matters (PMs) in the human respiratory tract is firstly introduced into the personal ... ...

    Abstract The drastic household clean heating renovation has been undertaken in rural northern China since 2017. A method incorporating the deposition efficiency of particulate matters (PMs) in the human respiratory tract is firstly introduced into the personal exposure (PE) study which is more accurately assess the health risks of homemakers inhaling PM-bound four subclasses polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from different solid fuels (i.e., biomass, raw coal chunk, and clean coal). Homemakers using clean coal show the lowest exposure levels of all PAH subclasses (parent, alkylated, oxygenated, and nitro PAHs) and total quantified PAHs (ΣPAHs). Remarkable reductions of 93.9% and 89.0% on ΣPAHs in PE PM₂.₅ are observed with the substitutions of the raw coal chunk and biomass fuel by the clean coal, respectively. 86.8–96.8% of ΣPAHs are inhaled by the human body, while approximately 22.4–44.8% are deposited in the respiratory tract. The deposition concentrations (DC) of ΣPAHs in the biomass and raw coal chunk groups are 12 and 5 times the clean coal group, respectively. PAHs in coarse mode PE particles with an aerodynamic size between 2.5 and 100 μm mostly deposit in the head airway (HA) (98%). Moreover, the PAHs in fine particles (i.e., with aerodynamic size less than 2.5 μm) mainly deposit in the alveolar region (AR), accounting for 20–70% of ΣPAHs. Replacing biomass and raw coal chunk with clean coal reduced incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) by 91% and 92%, respectively. This study improves the understanding of the PM-bound PAHs deposition in the human respiratory system and contributes to the promotion of domestic energy transition in rural northern China.
    Keywords aerodynamics ; biofuels ; biomass ; coal ; energy ; environment ; fuel combustion ; head ; humans ; respiratory system ; China ; Personal exposure ; Clean energy alternative ; Solid fuel combustion ; PAHs size distribution ; Respiratory deposition ; Health risk assessment ; PMs ; PE ; PAHs ; DC ; HA ; AR ; ILCR ; a-PAHs ; o-PAHs ; n-PAHs ; p-PAHs ; U.S.EPA ; ICRP ; IF ; TF ; RF ; TB ; DF ; EF ; LMW ; MMW ; HMW
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-02
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 216368-8
    ISSN 0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
    ISSN 0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
    DOI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119510
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  2. Article: Response of aerosol composition to the clean air actions in Baoji city of Fen-Wei River Basin

    Wang, Yichen / Li, Xia / Wang, Qiyuan / Zhou, Bianhong / Liu, Suixin / Tian, Jie / Hao, Qiang / Li, Guohui / Han, Yongming / Hang Ho, Steven Sai / Cao, Junji

    Environmental research. 2022 July, v. 210

    2022  

    Abstract: The implementation of air pollution control measures could alter the compositions of submicron aerosols. Identifying the changes can evaluate the atmospheric responses of the implemented control measures and provide more scientific basis for the ... ...

    Abstract The implementation of air pollution control measures could alter the compositions of submicron aerosols. Identifying the changes can evaluate the atmospheric responses of the implemented control measures and provide more scientific basis for the formulation of new measures. The Fen-Wei River Basin is the most air polluted region in China, and thereby is a key area for the reduction of emissions. Only limited studies determine the changes in the chemical compositions of submicron aerosols. In this study, Baoji was selected as a representative city in the Fen-Wei River Basin. The compositions of submicron aerosols were determined between 2014 and 2019. Organic fractions were determined through an online instrument (Quadrupole Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor, Q-ACSM) and source recognition was performed by the Multilinear Engine (ME-2). The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was also employed to evaluate the contributions of emissions reduction and meteorological conditions to the changes of submicron aerosol compositions. The results indicate that the mass concentrations of submicron aerosols have been substantially decreased after implementation of air pollution control measures. This was mainly attributed to the emission reductions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and primary organic aerosol (POA). In addition, the main components that drove the pollution episodes swapped from POA, sulfate, nitrate and less-oxidized organic (LO-OOA) in 2014 to nitrate and more-oxidized OOA (MO-OOA) in 2019. Due to the changes of chemical compositions of both precursors and secondary pollutants, the pollution control measures should be modernized to focus on the emissions of ammonia (NH₃), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCₛ) in this region.
    Keywords aerosols ; air ; air pollution control ; ammonia ; chemical speciation ; nitrates ; nitrogen ; pollution ; research ; sulfates ; sulfur dioxide ; volatile organic compounds ; watersheds
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-07
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 205699-9
    ISSN 1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
    ISSN (online) 1096-0953
    ISSN 0013-9351
    DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112936
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  3. Article: Differential health and economic impacts from the COVID-19 lockdown between the developed and developing countries: Perspective on air pollution

    Wang, Yichen / Wu, Rui / Liu, Lang / Yuan, Yuan / Liu, ChenGuang / Hang Ho, Steven Sai / Ren, Honghao / Wang, Qiyuan / Lv, Yang / Yan, Mengyuan / Cao, Junji

    Environmental pollution. 2022 Jan. 15, v. 293

    2022  

    Abstract: It is enlightening to determine the discrepancies and potential reasons for the degree of impact from the COVID-19 control measures on air quality as well as the associated health and economic impacts. Analysis of air quality, socio-economic factors, and ...

    Abstract It is enlightening to determine the discrepancies and potential reasons for the degree of impact from the COVID-19 control measures on air quality as well as the associated health and economic impacts. Analysis of air quality, socio-economic factors, and meteorological data from 447 cities in 46 countries indicated that the COVID-19 control measures had significant impacts on the PM₂.₅ (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) concentrations in 20 (reduced PM₂.₅ concentrations of −7.4–29.1 μg m⁻³) of the selected 46 countries. In these 20 countries, the robustly distinguished changes in the PM₂.₅ concentrations caused by the control measures differed between the developed (95% confidence interval (CI): −2.7–5.5 μg m⁻³) and developing countries (95% CI: 8.3–23.2 μg m⁻³). As a result, the COVID-19 lockdown reduced death and hospital admissions change from the decreased PM₂.₅ concentrations by 7909 and 82,025 cases in the 12 developing countries, and by 78 and 1214 cases in the eight developed countries. The COVID-19 lockdown reduced the economic cost from the PM₂.₅ related health burden by 54.0 million dollars in the 12 developing countries and by 8.3 million dollars in the eight developed countries. The disparity was related to the different chemical compositions of PM₂.₅. In particular, the concentrations of primary PM₂.₅ (e.g., BC) in cities of developing countries were 3–45 times higher than those in developed countries, so the mass concentration of PM₂.₅ was more sensitive to the reduced local emissions in developing countries during the COVID-19 control period. The mass fractions of secondary PM₂.₅ in developed countries were generally higher than those in developing countries. As a result, these countries were more sensitive to the secondary atmospheric processing that may have been enhanced due to reduced local emissions.
    Keywords COVID-19 infection ; aerodynamics ; air pollution ; air quality ; confidence interval ; death ; economic costs ; hospitals ; meteorological data ; particulates
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0115
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 280652-6
    ISSN 1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
    ISSN (online) 1873-6424
    ISSN 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
    DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118544
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  4. Article: Source profiles of molecular structure and light absorption of PM2.5 brown carbon from residential coal combustion emission in Northwestern China

    Zhang, Qian / Li, Ziyi / Shen, Zhenxing / Zhang, Tian / Zhang, Yujie / Sun, Jian / Zeng, Yaling / Xu, Hongmei / Wang, Qiyuan / Hang Ho, Steven Sai / Cao, Junji

    Environmental pollution. 2022 Apr. 15, v. 299

    2022  

    Abstract: Residential coal combustion is a prominent source of brown carbon (BrC) aerosols, but knowledge of their molecular structures and optical absorption were limited, which have notable used in ambient BrC source identification and radiative forcing ... ...

    Abstract Residential coal combustion is a prominent source of brown carbon (BrC) aerosols, but knowledge of their molecular structures and optical absorption were limited, which have notable used in ambient BrC source identification and radiative forcing calculation. In this study, the Fourier transform–ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry combined with partial least squares regression analysis as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were used to insight the molecular compounds and structures of BrC from anthracite and bituminous coal combustions between traditional and improved stoves. The absorption Ångström exponents (AAE) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) values for the BrC emitted from the combinations of bituminous were both 1.2–2.5 times lower than those of anthracite, interpreting that the BrC from the anthracite emissions had greater light-absorbing capacity. In contrast, the emission factor of light absorption (EFAbₛ) at 365 nm for the bituminous coal combusted in the traditional stove was the highest among all the tested scenarios, which revealed that the incomplete combustion of bituminous coal could emit more BrC. It was noted that primary BrC emitted from the coal combustion with traditional stoves contains higher aromaticity groups of C–C and C＝O and higher S containing organics, whereas more aliphatic groups were found in BrC using the improved stoves. N-containing (CHON and CHONS) compounds were dominated in the total molecular formula of BrC, whereas the sum of CHON and CHO groups had high double-bond equivalent (DBE) values contributed 53.5%–87.1% to the total BrC absorption. Moreover, for CHOS, the lowest of estimated molecular absorption, DBE, and DBE/C should attribute to the non-chromophoric or weak absorptive S-containing compounds. This study supplied an effective evaluation method to compare BrC emissions and their absorption for coal combustion on regional scale.
    Keywords Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; absorption ; carbon ; chemical structure ; coal ; combustion ; emissions factor ; heating systems ; mass spectrometry ; pollution ; China
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0415
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 280652-6
    ISSN 1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
    ISSN (online) 1873-6424
    ISSN 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
    DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118866
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  5. Article: Impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions on chemical characteristics of urban aerosol by individual particle analysis

    Li, Li / Wang, Qiyuan / Zhang, Yong / Liu, Suixin / Zhang, Ting / Wang, Shuang / Tian, Jie / Chen, Yang / Hang Ho, Steven Sai / Han, Yongming / Cao, Junji

    Chemosphere. 2022 May 16,

    2022  

    Abstract: A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed in a heavily polluted area of China during a coronavirus lockdown to explore the impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions on the chemical composition, size distributions, mixing state, and ... ...

    Abstract A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed in a heavily polluted area of China during a coronavirus lockdown to explore the impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions on the chemical composition, size distributions, mixing state, and secondary formation of urban aerosols. Ten particle groups were identified using an adaptive resonance network algorithm. Increased atmospheric oxidation during the lockdown period (LP) resulted in a 42.2%–54% increase in the major NaK-SN particle fraction relative to the normal period (NP). In contrast, EC-aged particles decreased from 31.5% (NP) to 23.7% (LP), possibly due to lower emissions from motor vehicles and coal combustion. The peak particle size diameter increased from 440 nm during the NP to 500 nm during LP due to secondary particle formation. High proportions of mixed ⁶²NO₃⁻ indicate extensive particle aging. Correlations between secondary organic (⁴³C₂H₃O⁺, oxalate) and secondary inorganic species (⁶²NO₃⁻, ⁹⁷HSO₄⁻ and ¹⁸NH₄⁺) versus oxidants (Oₓ = O₃ + NO₂) and relative humidity (RH) indicate that increased atmospheric oxidation promoted the generation of secondary species, while the effects of RH were more complex. Differences between the NP and LP show that reductions in primary emissions had a remarkable impact on the aerosol particles. This study provides new insights into the effects of pollution emissions on atmospheric reactions and the specific aerosol types in urban regions.
    Keywords aerosols ; algorithms ; chemical composition ; coal ; combustion ; oxalates ; particle size ; pollution ; relative humidity ; spectrometers
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0516
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 120089-6
    ISSN 1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    ISSN (online) 1879-1298
    ISSN 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135013
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  6. Article: Seasonal and diurnal variation of PM2.5 HULIS over Xi'an in Northwest China: Optical properties, chemical functional group, and relationship with reactive oxygen species (ROS)

    Zhang, Tian / Huang, Shasha / Wang, Diwei / Sun, Jian / Zhang, Qian / Xu, Hongmei / Hang Ho, Steven Sai / Cao, Junji / Shen, Zhenxing

    Atmospheric environment. 2022 Jan. 01, v. 268

    2022  

    Abstract: Humic-like substances (HULIS) in particulate matter (PM) play critical roles in the atmospheric changes in our environment. In this study, high time resolution PM₂.₅ samples were collected to insight the abundances, spectroscopic characters, chemical ... ...

    Abstract Humic-like substances (HULIS) in particulate matter (PM) play critical roles in the atmospheric changes in our environment. In this study, high time resolution PM₂.₅ samples were collected to insight the abundances, spectroscopic characters, chemical groups, and oxidative potential of HULIS in Xi'an, China. The average mass concentrations of HULIS in term of carbon (HULIS-C) was 11.55 ± 5.85 and 8.28 ± 2.23 μg C m⁻³ in winter and summer, respectively. The diurnal variations of HULIS displayed three peaks (03:00–07:00, 10:00–14:00, and 18:00–21:00 LT) in winter, but a single peak (08:00–12:00 LT) in summer. The optical parameters show obvious difference between winter and summer. Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra revealed that the HULIS mainly consisted of aliphatic chains, aromatic rings, and carboxylic groups. The FT-IR spectra proved that the aromatic compounds and carboxylic acids dominated the diurnal variation in winter, while carboxylic acids were responsible for that in summer. The normalized oxidative potential of HULIS exhibited an inverse trend with the HULIS-C concentration measured by the DCFH assay. The diurnal reactive oxygen species (ROS) productions from HULIS presents three valleys (03:00–07:00, 10:00–14:00, and 18:00–21:00 LT) in winter but only a single valley (08:00–12:00 LT) in summer. In addition, a positive correlation (R² ≈ 0.6, p＜0.01) between the oxidative potential and specific ultraviolet absorbance at a wavelength of 254 nm (SUVA₂₅₄) in winter suggested that the oxidative power of HULIS could be more related to the compounds with high light absorbance, high aromaticity, and molecular weight. The results of this study offer more solid knowledge on the spectral and chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of the HULIS in PM₂.₅ of the typical city in northwest China.
    Keywords Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; absorbance ; carbon ; diurnal variation ; environment ; molecular weight ; particulates ; reactive oxygen species ; summer ; wavelengths ; winter ; China
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0101
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 216368-8
    ISSN 0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
    ISSN 0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
    DOI 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118782
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  7. Article ; Online: Examination of long-time aging process on volatile organic compounds emitted from solid fuel combustion in a rural area of China.

    He, Kun / Fu, Tao / Zhang, Bin / Xu, Hongmei / Sun, Jian / Zou, Haijiang / Zhang, Zhou / Hang Ho, Steven Sai / Cao, Junji / Shen, Zhenxing

    Chemosphere

    2023  Volume 333, Page(s) 138957

    Abstract: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from solid fuels combustion (e.g., biomass and coal) are still the dominant precursors for the formation of tropospheric ozone ( ... ...

    Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from solid fuels combustion (e.g., biomass and coal) are still the dominant precursors for the formation of tropospheric ozone (O
    MeSH term(s) Air Pollutants/analysis ; Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Coal ; China ; Ozone/analysis
    Chemical Substances Air Pollutants ; Volatile Organic Compounds ; Coal ; Ozone (66H7ZZK23N)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120089-6
    ISSN 1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    ISSN (online) 1879-1298
    ISSN 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
    DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138957
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  8. Article: Parent, alkylated, oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 emitted from residential biomass burning and coal combustion: A novel database of 14 heating scenarios

    Zhang, Yue / Shen, Zhenxing / Sun, Jian / Zhang, Leiming / Zhang, Bin / Zou, Haijiang / Zhang, Tian / Hang Ho, Steven Sai / Chang, Xiaojian / Xu, Hongmei / Wang, Tao / Cao, Junji

    Environmental pollution. 2021 Jan. 01, v. 268

    2021  

    Abstract: To characterize the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from residential biomass burning and coal combustion in field environments, smoke samples were collected from the combustion of six types of biomass in heated kangs and four types ... ...

    Abstract To characterize the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from residential biomass burning and coal combustion in field environments, smoke samples were collected from the combustion of six types of biomass in heated kangs and four types of coal in traditional stoves and semi-gasifier stoves. The emission factors (EFs) of the total PAH were in the range of 84.5–344 mg/kg for biomass burning, with lower EFs for biomass with higher densities, and in the range of 38.0–206 mg/kg for coal combustion, with lower EFs for coals with higher maturity. Moreover, EFs were lower from high-density biomass fuels (wood trunk, 84.5 ± 11.3 mg/kg) than low-maturity coals (bituminous coal, 206 ± 16.5 mg/kg). Parent, oxygenated, alkylated, and nitrated PAHs accounted for 81.1%, 12.6%, 6.2%, and 0.1%, respectively, of the total-PAH EFs from biomass burning, and 84.7%, 13.8%, 1.4%, and 0.1%, respectively, of the total-PAH EFs from coal combustion. PAH source profiles differed negligibly between biomass fuels but differed significantly between bituminous coal and anthracite coal fuels. The characteristic species of sources were phenanthrene, 9-fluorenone, and 2-nitrobiphenyl for biomass burning, and were phenanthrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and 2-nitrobiphenyl for coal combustion. The ratios of benzo[b]fluoranthene/(benzo[b]fluoranthene + benzo[k]fluoranthene) were 0.40–0.45 for biomass burning and 0.89–0.91 for coal combustion, and these significantly different values constitute unique markers for distinguishing these fuels in source apportionment. Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent factor emissions were 2.79–11.3 mg/kg for biomass and 7.49–41.9 mg/kg for coal, where parent PAHs contributed 92.0%–95.1% from biomass burning and 98.6%–98.8% from coal combustion. Total-PAH emissions from residential heating were 1552 t across Shaanxi province, to which wheat straw (445 t) in biomass burning and bituminous coal (438 t) in coal combustion were the highest contributors. Results from this study provide crucial knowledge for the source identification of PAHs as well as for the design of abatement strategies against pollutant emissions.
    Keywords biomass ; coal ; combustion ; databases ; heat ; phenanthrenes ; pollutants ; pollution ; smoke ; wheat straw ; wood ; China
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-0101
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 280652-6
    ISSN 1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
    ISSN (online) 1873-6424
    ISSN 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
    DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115881
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  9. Article: Emission factors, characteristics, and gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 emitted for the typical solid fuel combustions in rural Guanzhong Plain, China

    Zhang, Bin / Sun, Jian / Jiang, Nan / Zeng, Yaling / Zhang, Yue / He, Kun / Xu, Hongmei / Liu, Suixin / Hang Ho, Steven Sai / Qu, Linli / Cao, Junji / Shen, Zhenxing

    Environmental pollution. 2021 Oct. 01, v. 286

    2021  

    Abstract: Solid fuel is a the most dominant energy source for household usages in developing countries. In this study, emission characteristics on organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and fifty-two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gaseous and ... ...

    Abstract Solid fuel is a the most dominant energy source for household usages in developing countries. In this study, emission characteristics on organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and fifty-two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gaseous and particulate phases from seven fuel-stove combinations were studied in a typical rural village in northwest China. For the PAHs, the highest gaseous and particulate phase emission factors (EFs) were both observed for bituminous coal with one-stage stoves, ranging from 459 ± 154 to 1.09 ± 0.36 × 10³ mg kg⁻¹. In contrast, the PAHs EFs for the clean briquette coal with two-stage stoves were two orders of magnitude lower than those of the bituminous coals. For parent PAHs (pPAHs) and total quantified PAHs (∑PAHs), they mainly contributed in gaseous phases with compositions of 69–79% and 64–70%, respectively. The gas-to-particle partitioning was mostly governed by the absorption. Moreover, the correlation coefficient (r) between EC and ∑PAHs, OC and parent PAHs (pPAHs), OC and nitro PAHs (nPAHs) were 0.81, 0.67 and 0.85, respectively, supporting that the PAHs species were potential precursors to the EC formation during the solid fuel combustion. The correlation analyses in this study further deduced that the formations of pPAHs and nPAHs were more closely related to that of OC than alkylated PAHs (aPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (oPAHs). Diagnostic ratios of selective PAHs were calculated and evaluated as well. Among those, the ratio of retene (RET)/[RET + chyrene (CHR)] was found to be an efficient tool to distinguish coal combustion and biomass burning. In general, it was found that the amounts of pollutant emissions from clean briquette coal combustion were definitely lower than those from bituminous coal and biomass combustions. It is thus necessary to introduce and recommend the use of cleaner briquette coal as energy source.
    Keywords absorption ; biomass ; coal ; energy ; fuel combustion ; organic carbon ; pollutants ; pollution ; villages ; China
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-1001
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 280652-6
    ISSN 1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
    ISSN (online) 1873-6424
    ISSN 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
    DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117573
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  10. Article: Characteristics and health risks of parent, alkylated, and oxygenated PAHs and their contributions to reactive oxygen species from PM2.5 vehicular emissions in the longest tunnel in downtown Xi'an, China

    Lei, Yali / Wang, Zexuan / Xu, Hongmei / Feng, Rong / Zhang, Ningning / Zhang, Yue / Du, Wei / Zhang, Qian / Wang, Qiyuan / Li, Lijuan / Qu, Linli / Hang Ho, Steven Sai / Shen, Zhenxing / Cao, Junji

    Environmental research. 2022 Sept., v. 212

    2022  

    Abstract: A vehicular emission study was conducted in the longest inner-city tunnel in Xi'an, northwestern China in four time periods (I: 07:30–10:30, II: 11:00–14:00, III: 16:30–19:30, and IV: 20:00–23:00 LST). A sum of 40 PAHs, including parent (p-PAHs), ... ...

    Abstract A vehicular emission study was conducted in the longest inner-city tunnel in Xi'an, northwestern China in four time periods (I: 07:30–10:30, II: 11:00–14:00, III: 16:30–19:30, and IV: 20:00–23:00 LST). A sum of 40 PAHs, including parent (p-PAHs), alkylated (a-PAHs), and oxygenated (o-PAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) were quantified. The relationships between the PAHs and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also studied. The average total quantified PAHs concentration was 236.3 ± 48.3 ng m⁻³. The p-PAHs were found to be the most dominated group, accounting for an average of 88.1% of the total quantified PAHs, followed by a-PAHs (6.1%) and o-PAHs (5.8%). On the base of the number of aromatic rings, the groups of ≤5 rings (92.5 ± 1.2%) had higher fractions than the high ones (≥6 rings, 7.5 ± 1.2%) for pPAHs. Diurnal variations of PAHs subgroups exhibited the highest levels in Period III, consistent with the largest traffic counts in evening rush hours. However, less reduction of few PAHs in the night period demonstrates that the emissions of compressed natural gas (CNG) and methanol-fueled vehicles cannot be ignored while their contribution increased. High ROS activity levels were observed in the traffic-dominated samples, implying the potential oxidative damages to humans. Additionally, diurnal variation of the ROS activity was consistent with the total quantified PAHs and toxic equivalency of benzo[a]pyrene. Good correlations (R > 0.6, p < 0.05) were seen between individual groups of PAHs (especially for 3–5 rings p-PAHs, 4 rings a-PAHs, and 2–3 rings o-PAHs) and ROS activity, supporting that the vehicular emitted PAHs possibly initiate oxidative stress. The multiple linear regression analysis further illustrated that chrysene contributed the highest (25.0%) to ROS activity. In addition to highlighting the potential hazards to the PAHs from the vehicular emission, their roles to mitigate the health effects by formations of ROS were firstly reported in northwestern China.
    Keywords cities ; diurnal variation ; natural gas ; oxidative stress ; particulates ; reactive oxygen species ; regression analysis ; research ; toxicity ; traffic
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-09
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 205699-9
    ISSN 1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
    ISSN (online) 1096-0953
    ISSN 0013-9351
    DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113357
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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