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Article ; Online: Environmental estrogens inhibit insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor mRNA expression, IGF binding, and IGF signaling ex vivo in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Hanson, Andrea M / Kittilson, Jeffrey D / Sheridan, Mark A

2022 Volume 330, Page(s) 114125

Abstract: In this study, we used juvenile rainbow trout to examine the direct effects of selected environmental estrogens (EE), specifically, 17 β-estradiol (E2), β-sitosterol (βS), and 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), on target tissue sensitivity to insulin-like growth ... ...

Abstract	In this study, we used juvenile rainbow trout to examine the direct effects of selected environmental estrogens (EE), specifically, 17 β-estradiol (E2), β-sitosterol (βS), and 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), on target tissue sensitivity to insulin-like growth factor (IGF) as assessed by expression of IGF receptor type 1 (IGFR1) mRNAs and IGF-1 binding capacity, as well as on the cell signaling pathways through which EE exert their effects. E2 and NP inhibited IGFR1A and IGFR1B mRNA expression in a time- and concentration-related manner in gill and muscle; however, βS had no effect on expression of IGFR1 mRNAs in either tissue. NP reduced
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; STAT5 Transcription Factor/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism ; Estrogens/metabolism ; Growth Hormone/metabolism ; Receptors, Somatomedin/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; RNA, Messenger/genetics
Chemical Substances	Iodine-125 (GVO776611R) ; STAT5 Transcription Factor ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (67763-96-6) ; Estrogens ; Growth Hormone (9002-72-6) ; Receptors, Somatomedin ; RNA, Messenger
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1851-x
ISSN	1095-6840 ; 0016-6480
ISSN (online)	1095-6840
ISSN	0016-6480
DOI	10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114125
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Article ; Online: Environmental estrogens inhibit the expression of insulin-like growth factor mRNAs in rainbow trout in vitro by altering activation of the JAK-STAT, AKT-PI3K, and ERK signaling pathways.

Hanson, Andrea M / Kittilson, Jeffrey D / Sheridan, Mark A

General and comparative endocrinology

2021 Volume 309, Page(s) 113792

Abstract: Environmental estrogens (EE) have been found to disrupt a host of developmental, reproductive, metabolic, and osmoregulatory process in a wide-range of animals, particularly those in aquatic ecosystems where such compounds concentrate. Previously, we ... ...

Abstract	Environmental estrogens (EE) have been found to disrupt a host of developmental, reproductive, metabolic, and osmoregulatory process in a wide-range of animals, particularly those in aquatic ecosystems where such compounds concentrate. Previously, we showed that EE inhibited post-embryonic organismal growth of rainbow trout in vivo, but the precise mechanism(s) through which EE exert their growth inhibiting effects remain unknown. In this study, we used rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model to investigate the direct effects of 17β-estradiol (E2), β-sitosterol (βS), and 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) on the synthesis of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which EEs exert such effects. E2, βS, and NP significantly inhibited the expression of both IGF-1 and IGF-2 mRNAs in liver and gill in a time- and concentration-related manner. Although the response evoked by each EEs on the expression of IGF mRNAs was similar, the potency and efficacy varied with EE; the rank order potency/efficacy was as follows: E2 > NP > βS. The effects of EEs on the expression of IGF mRNAs was blocked by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI 182780. The mechanism(s) through which EEs inhibit IGF mRNA expression were investigated in isolated liver cells in vitro. EE treatment deactivated JAK, STAT, ERK, and AKT. Moreover, blockade of growth hormone (GH)-stimulated IGF expression by EE was accompanied by deactivation of JAK, STAT, ERK, and AKT. EEs also increased the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS-2), a known inhibitor of JAK-2--an action that also was blocked by ICI 182780. These results indicate that EEs directly inhibit the expression of IGF mRNAs by disrupting GH post-receptor signaling pathways (e.g., JAK, STAT, ERK, and AKT) in an ER-dependent manner.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ecosystem ; Estrogens/metabolism ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Signal Transduction
Chemical Substances	Estrogens ; RNA, Messenger ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (67763-96-6) ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt (EC 2.7.11.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1851-x
ISSN	1095-6840 ; 0016-6480
ISSN (online)	1095-6840
ISSN	0016-6480
DOI	10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113792
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Article: Assessment of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Injectable Lidocaine and a Lidocaine-Impregnated Latex Band for Castration and Tail Docking in Lambs.

Ross, Joseph A / Roche, Steven M / Beaugrand, Kendall / Schatz, Crystal / Hammad, Ann / Ralston, Brenda J / Hanson, Andrea M / Allan, Nicholas / Olson, Merle

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2024 Volume 14, Issue 2

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the current standard-of-care for pain mitigation in lambs during castration and tail docking (injectable lidocaine) and assess the ability of Lidocaine-Loaded Bands ( ...

Abstract	The objectives of this study were to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the current standard-of-care for pain mitigation in lambs during castration and tail docking (injectable lidocaine) and assess the ability of Lidocaine-Loaded Bands (LLBs) to deliver therapeutic concentrations into the contacted tissues over time. The study was comprised of four different trials: (1) investigation of in vitro release of lidocaine from LLBs; (2) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of injectable lidocaine in scrotal and tail tissue; (3) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of in vivo delivery of lidocaine with LLBs placed on the tail and scrotum of lambs; and (4) a "proof-of-concept" study comparing the sensation of control- versus LLB-banded tail tissue over time. The use of injectable lidocaine provides effective short-term anesthesia for 120 to 180 min following the injection; however, additional strategies are needed to manage long-term pain. The use of an LLB could provide an alternative where tissue lidocaine concentrations meet or exceed the EC
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani14020255
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Article: Assessment of the Effective Tissue Concentrations of Injectable Lidocaine and a Lidocaine-Impregnated Latex Band for Castration in Calves.

Ross, Joseph A / Roche, Steven M / Beaugrand, Kendall / Schatz, Crystal / Hammad, Ann / Ralston, Brenda J / Hanson, Andrea M / Allan, Nicholas / Olson, Merle

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2024 Volume 14, Issue 6

Abstract: This study aimed to assess the effective tissue concentrations of the current standard of care for pain mitigation in calves during castration (injectable lidocaine) and to assess the ability of a lidocaine-loaded elastration band (LLB) to deliver ... ...

Abstract	This study aimed to assess the effective tissue concentrations of the current standard of care for pain mitigation in calves during castration (injectable lidocaine) and to assess the ability of a lidocaine-loaded elastration band (LLB) to deliver effective concentrations into the scrotal tissue over time. This study comprised two different trials: (1) effective concentrations of injectable lidocaine in the scrotal tissue; and (2) the in vivo delivery of effective concentrations of lidocaine from LLBs placed on the calf scrotums. Sensation in the scrotal tissue was assessed by electrocutaneous stimulation. Injectable lidocaine allowed for short-term anesthesia for up to 60 min, highlighting the importance of finding additional strategies to mitigate long-term pain. An elastomeric ligation band impregnated with lidocaine could provide a suitable alternative, as it yielded tissue levels of lidocaine that approached EC
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani14060977
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Article: Inhibiting myostatin signaling partially mitigates structural and functional adaptations to hindlimb suspension in mice.

Hanson, Andrea M / Young, Mary H / Harrison, Brooke C / Zhou, Xiaolan / Han, H Q / Stodieck, Louis S / Ferguson, Virginia L

NPJ microgravity

2023 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 2

Abstract: Novel treatments for muscle wasting are of significant value to patients with disease states that result in muscle weakness, injury recovery after immobilization and bed rest, and for astronauts participating in long-duration spaceflight. We utilized an ... ...

Abstract	Novel treatments for muscle wasting are of significant value to patients with disease states that result in muscle weakness, injury recovery after immobilization and bed rest, and for astronauts participating in long-duration spaceflight. We utilized an anti-myostatin peptibody to evaluate how myostatin signaling contributes to muscle loss in hindlimb suspension. Male C57BL/6 mice were left non-suspended (NS) or were hindlimb suspended (HS) for 14 days and treated with a placebo vehicle (P) or anti-myostatin peptibody (D). Hindlimb suspension (HS-P) resulted in rapid and significantly decreased body mass (-5.6% by day 13) with hindlimb skeletal muscle mass losses between -11.2% and -22.5% and treatment with myostatin inhibitor (HS-D) partially attenuated these losses. Myostatin inhibition increased hindlimb strength with no effect on soleus tetanic strength. Soleus mass and fiber CSA were reduced with suspension and did not increase with myostatin inhibition. In contrast, the gastrocnemius showed histological evidence of wasting with suspension that was partially mitigated with myostatin inhibition. While expression of genes related to protein degradation (Atrogin-1 and Murf-1) in the tibialis anterior increased with suspension, these atrogenes were not significantly reduced by myostatin inhibition despite a modest activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that myostatin is important in hindlimb suspension but also motivates the study of other factors that contribute to disuse muscle wasting. Myostatin inhibition benefitted skeletal muscle size and function, which suggests therapeutic potential for both spaceflight and terrestrial applications.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2823626-9
ISSN	2373-8065
ISSN	2373-8065
DOI	10.1038/s41526-022-00233-4
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Article ; Online: Optimising muscle parameters in musculoskeletal models using Monte Carlo simulation.

Reed, Erik B / Hanson, Andrea M / Cavanagh, Peter R

Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering

2015 Volume 18, Issue 6, Page(s) 607–617

Abstract: The use of musculoskeletal simulation software has become a useful tool for modelling joint and muscle forces during human activity, including in reduced gravity because direct experimentation is difficult. Knowledge of muscle and joint loads can better ... ...

Abstract	The use of musculoskeletal simulation software has become a useful tool for modelling joint and muscle forces during human activity, including in reduced gravity because direct experimentation is difficult. Knowledge of muscle and joint loads can better inform the design of exercise protocols and exercise countermeasure equipment. In this study, the LifeModeler™ (San Clemente, CA, USA) biomechanics simulation software was used to model a squat exercise. The initial model using default parameters yielded physiologically reasonable hip-joint forces but no activation was predicted in some large muscles such as rectus femoris, which have been shown to be active in 1-g performance of the activity. Parametric testing was conducted using Monte Carlo methods and combinatorial reduction to find a muscle parameter set that more closely matched physiologically observed activation patterns during the squat exercise. The rectus femoris was predicted to peak at 60.1% activation in the same test case compared to 19.2% activation using default parameters. These results indicate the critical role that muscle parameters play in joint force estimation and the need for exploration of the solution space to achieve physiologically realistic muscle activation.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Computer Simulation ; Exercise ; Hip Joint/physiology ; Humans ; Joints ; Monte Carlo Method ; Movement ; Muscles/physiology ; Quadriceps Muscle/pathology ; Software
Language	English
Publishing date	2015
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2071764-7
ISSN	1476-8259 ; 1025-5842
ISSN (online)	1476-8259
ISSN	1025-5842
DOI	10.1080/10255842.2013.822489
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Article ; Online: Environmental estrogens inhibit mRNA and functional expression of growth hormone receptors as well as growth hormone signaling pathways in vitro in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Hanson, Andrea M / Ickstadt, Alicia T / Marquart, Dillon J / Kittilson, Jeffrey D / Sheridan, Mark A

General and comparative endocrinology

2017 Volume 246, Page(s) 120–128

Abstract: Fish in aquatic habitats are exposed to increasing concentrations and types of environmental contaminants, including environmental estrogens (EE). While there is growing evidence to support the observation that endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) ... ...

Abstract	Fish in aquatic habitats are exposed to increasing concentrations and types of environmental contaminants, including environmental estrogens (EE). While there is growing evidence to support the observation that endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) possess growth-inhibiting effects, the mechanisms by which these physiological effects occur are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the direct effects of EE, specifically 17β-estradiol (E2), β-sitosterol (βS), and 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), on GH sensitivity as assessed by mRNA expression and functional expression of growth hormone receptor in hepatocytes, gill filaments, and muscle in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Additionally, we examined the effects of EE on signaling cascades related to growth hormone signal transduction (i.e., JAK-STAT, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt). Environmental estrogens directly suppressed the expression of GHRs in a tissue- and compound-related manner. The potency and efficacy varied with EE; effects were most pronounced with E2 in liver. EE treatment deactivated the JAK-STAT, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways in liver a time-, EE- and concentration-dependent manner. Generally, E2 and NP were most effective in deactivating pathway elements; maximum suppression for each pathway was rapid, typically occurring at 10-30min. The observed effects occurred via an estrogen-dependent pathway, as indicated by treatment with an ER antagonist, ICI 182,780. These findings suggest that EEs suppress growth by reducing GH sensitivity in terms of reduced GHR synthesis and reduced surface GHR expression and by repressing GH signaling pathways.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Environmental Exposure ; Estradiol/analogs & derivatives ; Estradiol/pharmacology ; Estrogen Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology ; Estrogens/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Gills/drug effects ; Gills/metabolism ; Growth Hormone/metabolism ; Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Liver/drug effects ; Liver/metabolism ; Muscles/drug effects ; Muscles/metabolism ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/growth & development ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Somatotropin/genetics ; Receptors, Somatotropin/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Sitosterols/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Estrogen Receptor Antagonists ; Estrogens ; Hypolipidemic Agents ; RNA, Messenger ; Receptors, Somatotropin ; Sitosterols ; fulvestrant (22X328QOC4) ; Estradiol (4TI98Z838E) ; gamma-sitosterol (5LI01C78DD) ; Growth Hormone (9002-72-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1851-x
ISSN	1095-6840 ; 0016-6480
ISSN (online)	1095-6840
ISSN	0016-6480
DOI	10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.002
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Article ; Online: Environmental estrogens inhibit growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by modulating the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor system.

Hanson, Andrea M / Kittilson, Jeffrey D / Martin, Lincoln E / Sheridan, Mark A

General and comparative endocrinology

2014 Volume 196, Page(s) 130–138

Abstract: Although environmental estrogens (EE) have been found to disrupt a wide variety of developmental and reproductive processes in vertebrates, there is a paucity of information concerning their effects on organismal growth, particularly postembryonic growth. ...

Abstract	Although environmental estrogens (EE) have been found to disrupt a wide variety of developmental and reproductive processes in vertebrates, there is a paucity of information concerning their effects on organismal growth, particularly postembryonic growth. In this study, we exposed juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to 17β-estradiol (E2) β-sitosterol (βS), or 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) to assess the effects of EE on overall organismal growth and on the growth hormone-insulin-like-growth factor (GH-IGF) system. EE treatment significantly reduced food conversion, body condition, and body growth. EE-inhibited growth resulted from alterations in peripheral elements of the GH-IGF system, which includes multiple GH receptors (GHRs), IGFs, and IGF receptors (IGFRs). In general, E2, βS, and NP reduced the expression of GHRs, IGFs, and IGFRs; however, the effects varied in an EE-, tissue-, element type-specific manner. For example, in liver, E2 was more efficacious than either βS, and NP in reducing GHR expression, and the effect of E2 was greater on GHR 1 than GHR2 mRNA. By contrast, in gill, all EEs affected GHR expression in a similar manner and there was no difference in the effect on GHR1 and GHR 2 mRNA. With regard to IGF expression, all EEs reduced hepatic IGF1 and IGF2 mRNA levels, whereas as in gill, only E2 and NP significantly reduced IGF1 and IGF2 expression. Lastly, E2 and NP reduced the expression of IGFR1A and IGFR1B mRNA expression similarly in gill and red and white muscle, whereas βS had no effect on expression of IGFR mRNAs. These findings indicate that EEs disrupt post-embryonic growth by reducing GH sensitivity, IGF production, and IGF sensitivity.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Environment ; Estrogens/pharmacology ; Gills/metabolism ; Growth Hormone/genetics ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics ; Liver/metabolism ; Muscles/metabolism ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/genetics ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/growth & development ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Somatomedin/genetics ; Receptors, Somatotropin/genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Chemical Substances	Estrogens ; RNA, Messenger ; Receptors, Somatomedin ; Receptors, Somatotropin ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (67763-96-6) ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II (67763-97-7) ; Growth Hormone (9002-72-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1851-x
ISSN	1095-6840 ; 0016-6480
ISSN (online)	1095-6840
ISSN	0016-6480
DOI	10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.013
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Article: Effects of 17β-estradiol, 4-nonylphenol, and β-sitosterol on the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor system and seawater adaptation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Hanson, Andrea M / Kittilson, Jeffrey D / McCormick, Stephen D / Sheridan, Mark A

Aquaculture. 2012 Sept. 28, v. 362-363

2012

Abstract: Previous studies show that successful adaptation of euryhaline teleost fish to seawater (SW) involves the GH-IGF system. The increasing occurrence, distribution, and concentration of environmental contaminants, including environmental estrogens (EE), in ... ...

Abstract	Previous studies show that successful adaptation of euryhaline teleost fish to seawater (SW) involves the GH-IGF system. The increasing occurrence, distribution, and concentration of environmental contaminants, including environmental estrogens (EE), in aquatic habit over recent time may compromise the hypoosmoreegulatory ability of fish. In this study, we used rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to assess the effects of EE on the GH-IGF system and adaptation to increased salinity. Juvenile trout (ca. 30g) were exposed to either low (10μg/l) or high (100μg/l) concentrations of β-sitosterol, 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), or 17β-estradiol (E2) for 28days in fresh water (FW); after which, fish were exposed to 20‰ SW. Plasma chloride levels in control fish rose initially, and then declined to initial levels after 48h. By contrast, plasma chloride levels in all EE-treated groups except β-sitosterol low increased and remained elevated over initial levels after 48h. Levels GH receptor 1 (GHR 1), GHR 2, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and IGF-2mRNAs in liver of control fish increased 6–12h after SW exposure. In gill, levels of GHR 1, GHR 2, IGF-1, IGF-2, IGF receptor 1A (IGFR1A), and IGFR1B mRNAs increased in control fish 6–12h after 20‰ SW exposure. Levels of IGFR1A and IGFR1B mRNAs in white muscle and of IGFR1A mRNA in red muscle increased in control fish 6–12h after 20‰ SW exposure. Expression of all mRNAs in liver, gill, and red and white muscle declined from peak levels in control fish by 48h after transfer. Exposure of fish to β-sitosterol, NP, and E2 abolished or attenuated normal salinity-induced changes in the expression of GHR, IGF, and IGFR1 mRNAs in all tissues. These results indicate that EE reduces salinity adaptation by inhibiting components of the GH-IGF system.
Keywords	Oncorhynchus mykiss ; adaptation ; chlorides ; estrogens ; freshwater ; gills ; insulin-like growth factor I ; liver ; messenger RNA ; muscles ; pollution ; receptors ; salinity ; seawater ; somatotropin ; trout
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-0928
Size	p. 241-247.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	185380-6
ISSN	0044-8486 ; 0044-8516
ISSN	0044-8486 ; 0044-8516
DOI	10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.09.015
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Article ; Online: Longitudinal characterization of functional, morphologic, and biochemical adaptations in mouse skeletal muscle with hindlimb suspension.

Hanson, Andrea M / Harrison, Brooke C / Young, Mary H / Stodieck, Louis S / Ferguson, Virginia L

Muscle & nerve

2013 Volume 48, Issue 3, Page(s) 393–402

Abstract: Introduction: Hindlimb unloading-induced muscle atrophy is often assessed after a homeostatic state is established, thus overlooking the early adaptations that are critical to developing this pattern of atrophy.: Methods: Muscle function and ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Hindlimb unloading-induced muscle atrophy is often assessed after a homeostatic state is established, thus overlooking the early adaptations that are critical to developing this pattern of atrophy. Methods: Muscle function and physiology were characterized at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HS). Results: Reductions in muscle mass were maximal by Day 14 of HS. Functional strength and isolated muscle strength were reduced. MyHC-I and -IIa expressing fibers were reduced in size by Day 7 in the soleus and by Day 14 in the gastrocnemius (MyHC-I fibers only). Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression was increased by Day 1 in both the calf and tibialis anterior while IGF-1 expression was significantly reduced on Day 3. Phosphorylation of Akt was reduced on Day 14. Conclusions: Insight into these early changes in response to HS improves understanding of the molecular and functional changes that lead to muscle atrophy.
MeSH term(s)	Action Potentials ; Adaptation, Biological/physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Body Mass Index ; Electric Stimulation ; Exercise Test ; Gene Expression Regulation/physiology ; Hindlimb Suspension ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism ; Longitudinal Studies ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Muscle Fatigue/physiology ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism ; Muscle Proteins/metabolism ; Muscle Strength ; Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism ; SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Tripartite Motif Proteins ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Muscle Proteins ; Tripartite Motif Proteins ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (67763-96-6) ; Fbxo32 protein, mouse (EC 2.3.2.27) ; SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases (EC 2.3.2.27) ; Trim63 protein, mouse (EC 2.3.2.27) ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases (EC 2.3.2.27) ; Myosin Heavy Chains (EC 3.6.4.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	438353-9
ISSN	1097-4598 ; 0148-639X
ISSN (online)	1097-4598
ISSN	0148-639X
DOI	10.1002/mus.23753
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