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  1. Article ; Online: Young children share imagined possibilities: evidence for an early-emerging human competence.

    Harris, Paul L

    Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

    2022  Volume 377, Issue 1866, Page(s) 20220022

    Abstract: Children's ability to reason about junctures leading to two different destinations emerges slowly, with convergent evidence for a conceptual watershed at approximately 4 years. Young children and great apes misrepresent such junctures, planning for only ... ...

    Abstract Children's ability to reason about junctures leading to two different destinations emerges slowly, with convergent evidence for a conceptual watershed at approximately 4 years. Young children and great apes misrepresent such junctures, planning for only one expected outcome. However, singular possibilities, as opposed to two mutually exclusive possibilities, are readily imagined, shared and acted upon by 2- and 3-year-olds. Analysis of three domains supports this claim. First, 2- and 3-year-olds respond appropriately to pretend spatial displacements enacted for them by a play partner. Second, they not only respond accurately to claims regarding an alleged but unwitnessed spatial displacement, they also ask their interlocutors about the possible whereabouts of missing objects and absent persons. Third, in ordinary conversation, they appropriately mark some of their assertions as possibilities rather than actualities. In summary, although the ability to reason about mutually inconsistent possibilities develops slowly in the preschool years, the ability to imagine and share information about possibilities is evident among 2- and 3-year-olds. Nothing comparable has been observed in great apes. Young children's ability to entertain shared possibilities diverges from that of non-human primates well before any potential watershed at 4 years with respect to the understanding of mutually exclusive possibilities. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny'.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Communication ; Hominidae
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-31
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 208382-6
    ISSN 1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    ISSN (online) 1471-2970
    ISSN 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    DOI 10.1098/rstb.2022.0022
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  2. Article ; Online: Early Constraints on the Imagination: The Realism of Young Children.

    Harris, Paul L

    Child development

    2021  Volume 92, Issue 2, Page(s) 466–483

    Abstract: The imagination of young children has notable constraints. The outcomes and possibilities that they imagine rarely deviate from the everyday regularities they have observed and remembered. Their reality-based imagination is evident in a variety of ... ...

    Abstract The imagination of young children has notable constraints. The outcomes and possibilities that they imagine rarely deviate from the everyday regularities they have observed and remembered. Their reality-based imagination is evident in a variety of contexts: early pretend play, envisioning the future, judgments about what is possible, the instructive role of thought experiments, tool making, and figurative drawing. Overall, the evidence shows that children's imagination helps them to anticipate reality and its close alternatives. This perspective invites future research on the scope of children's thinking about counterfactual possibilities, their ability to make discoveries about reality on the basis of thought experiments, and the ways in which cultural input can expand the scope of the possibilities that they entertain.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Child Development/physiology ; Child, Preschool ; Choice Behavior ; Creativity ; Humans ; Imagination/physiology ; Individuality ; Judgment ; Male ; Thinking
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 215602-7
    ISSN 1467-8624 ; 0009-3920
    ISSN (online) 1467-8624
    ISSN 0009-3920
    DOI 10.1111/cdev.13487
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  3. Article ; Online: The development of the imagination and imaginary worlds.

    Beck, Sarah R / Harris, Paul L

    The Behavioral and brain sciences

    2022  Volume 45, Page(s) e278

    Abstract: Evidence from developmental psychology on children's imagination is currently too limited to support Dubourg and Baumard's proposal and, in several respects, it is inconsistent with their proposal. Although children have impressive imaginative powers, we ...

    Abstract Evidence from developmental psychology on children's imagination is currently too limited to support Dubourg and Baumard's proposal and, in several respects, it is inconsistent with their proposal. Although children have impressive imaginative powers, we highlight the complexity of the developmental trajectory as well as the close connections between children's imagination and reality.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Imagination
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 423721-3
    ISSN 1469-1825 ; 0140-525X
    ISSN (online) 1469-1825
    ISSN 0140-525X
    DOI 10.1017/S0140525X21002272
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  4. Article ; Online: Trusting young children to help causes them to cheat less.

    Zhao, Li / Mao, Haiying / Harris, Paul L / Lee, Kang

    Nature human behaviour

    2024  Volume 8, Issue 4, Page(s) 668–678

    Abstract: Trust and honesty are essential for human interactions. Philosophers since antiquity have long posited that they are causally linked. Evidence shows that honesty elicits trust from others, but little is known about the reverse: does trust lead to honesty? ...

    Abstract Trust and honesty are essential for human interactions. Philosophers since antiquity have long posited that they are causally linked. Evidence shows that honesty elicits trust from others, but little is known about the reverse: does trust lead to honesty? Here we experimentally investigated whether trusting young children to help can cause them to become more honest (total N = 328 across five studies; 168 boys; mean age, 5.94 years; s.d., 0.28 years). We observed kindergarten children's cheating behaviour after they had been entrusted by an adult to help her with a task. Children who were trusted cheated less than children who were not trusted. Our study provides clear evidence for the causal effect of trust on honesty and contributes to understanding how social factors influence morality. This finding also points to the potential of using adult trust as an effective method to promote honesty in children.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Trust/psychology ; Female ; Deception ; Male ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Morals ; Child Behavior/psychology ; Helping Behavior
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2397-3374
    ISSN (online) 2397-3374
    DOI 10.1038/s41562-024-01837-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Children's beliefs in invisible causal agents-Both religious and scientific.

    Payir, Ayse / Corriveau, Kathleen H / Harris, Paul L

    Advances in child development and behavior

    2023  Volume 65, Page(s) 1–34

    Abstract: Against the proposal that children have a natural disposition for supernatural or religious beliefs, we review the decades-old evidence showing that children typically invoke naturalistic causes-even in the face of unusual outcomes. Instead, we propose ... ...

    Abstract Against the proposal that children have a natural disposition for supernatural or religious beliefs, we review the decades-old evidence showing that children typically invoke naturalistic causes-even in the face of unusual outcomes. Instead, we propose that children's tendency to endorse supernatural agents reflects their capacity for cultural learning rather than an inherent inclination to believe in divine powers. We support this argument by reviewing the findings that religious exposure in childhood, not individual cognitive or personality factors, is the major determinant of religiosity in adulthood. We highlight the role of cultural learning in children's endorsement of invisible divine agents by drawing on cross-cultural evidence that children are equally receptive to claims regarding the existence of invisible natural agents. We end by introducing a hypothesis to explain how children come to endorse religious beliefs despite their bias toward naturalistic explanation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child ; Causality ; Dissent and Disputes ; Existentialism ; Learning
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 140-5
    ISSN 0065-2407
    ISSN 0065-2407
    DOI 10.1016/bs.acdb.2023.05.003
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  6. Article ; Online: Does first-hand evidence undermine young children's initial trust in positive gossip? Evidence from 5- to 6-year-old children.

    Tang, Yulong / Zhang, Zhinuo / Harris, Paul L

    The British journal of developmental psychology

    2023  Volume 41, Issue 4, Page(s) 358–370

    Abstract: What happens when children have formed an impression of a peer based on prior gossip, but later learn from direct observation that the gossip is untrue? We interviewed seventy 5- and 6-year-old children in Zhejiang, China. They first heard conflicting ... ...

    Abstract What happens when children have formed an impression of a peer based on prior gossip, but later learn from direct observation that the gossip is untrue? We interviewed seventy 5- and 6-year-old children in Zhejiang, China. They first heard conflicting positive and negative gossip about an absent third party, and subsequently learned which piece of gossip was true. Initially, both 5- and 6-year-old children tended to endorse the positive rather than the negative gossip. However, when they learned about the inaccuracy of the positive gossip based on their own direct observation, 6-year-old children subsequently doubted it, whereas 5-year-old children showed no such shift. Taken together, the results show that when children decide what gossip to believe, they are initially swayed by its valence but with age they increasingly weigh gossip in relation to their own direct observation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Trust ; Communication ; Emotions ; Peer Group ; China
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2028059-2
    ISSN 2044-835X ; 0261-510X
    ISSN (online) 2044-835X
    ISSN 0261-510X
    DOI 10.1111/bjdp.12457
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  7. Article ; Online: Children's understanding of death: from biology to religion.

    Harris, Paul L

    Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

    2018  Volume 373, Issue 1754

    Abstract: Young children construct a biological conception of death, recognizing that death terminates mental and bodily processes. Despite this recognition, many children are receptive to an alternative conception of death, which affirms that the deceased has an ... ...

    Abstract Young children construct a biological conception of death, recognizing that death terminates mental and bodily processes. Despite this recognition, many children are receptive to an alternative conception of death, which affirms that the deceased has an afterlife elsewhere. A plausible interpretation of children's receptivity to this alternative conception is that human beings, including young children, are naturally disposed to remember and keep in mind individuals to whom they are attached even when those individuals leave and are absent for extended periods. This disposition is reflected in the pervasive tendency to talk about death as a departure rather than a terminus. It also enables the living to sustain their ties to the dead, even if, in the case of death, the departure is permanent rather than temporary. Linguistic and developmental evidence for these claims is reviewed. Possible biological origins and implications for archaeological research are also discussed.This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals'.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Comprehension ; Death ; Humans ; Psychology, Child ; Religion ; Thanatology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-07-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 208382-6
    ISSN 1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    ISSN (online) 1471-2970
    ISSN 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
    DOI 10.1098/rstb.2017.0266
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  8. Book: Children's questions

    Chouinard, Michelle M. / Harris, Paul L. / Maratsos, Michael P.

    a mechanism for cognitive development

    (Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development ; Vol. 72, No. 1 = Ser. no. 286)

    2007  

    Author's details Michelle M. Chouinard. With commentary by P. L. Harris ; Michael P. Maratsos
    Series title Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development ; Vol. 72, No. 1 = Ser. no. 286
    Collection
    Keywords Vorschulkind ; Frage ; Kognitive Entwicklung
    Subject Kind ; Kognition ; Denkentwicklung ; Denken ; Geistige Entwicklung ; Fragen ; Fragestellung ; Kindergartenkind ; Vorschulalter ; Vorschulkinder
    Language English
    Size IX, 129 S. : graph. Darst.
    Publisher Blackwell
    Publishing place Boston, Mass. u.a.
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Book
    HBZ-ID HT015084908
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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    Shelf markLoan statusLocation
    Se 300 -72,1- verfügbar in Königswinter Königswinter

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  9. Article ; Online: Infants actively seek and transmit knowledge via communication.

    Bazhydai, Marina / Harris, Paul L

    The Behavioral and brain sciences

    2021  Volume 44, Page(s) e142

    Abstract: Supporting the central claim that knowledge representation is more basic than belief representation, we focus on the emerging evidence for preverbal infants' active and selective communication based on their representation of both knowledge and ignorance. ...

    Abstract Supporting the central claim that knowledge representation is more basic than belief representation, we focus on the emerging evidence for preverbal infants' active and selective communication based on their representation of both knowledge and ignorance. We highlight infants' ontogenetically early deliberate information seeking and information transmission in the context of active social learning, arguing that these capacities are unique to humans.
    MeSH term(s) Communication ; Humans ; Infant ; Knowledge
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 423721-3
    ISSN 1469-1825 ; 0140-525X
    ISSN (online) 1469-1825
    ISSN 0140-525X
    DOI 10.1017/S0140525X20001405
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  10. Book: Young children's understanding of pretense

    Harris, Paul L.

    (Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development ; Vol. 58, no. 1 = Ser. no. 231)

    1993  

    Author's details Paul L. Harris
    Series title Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development ; Vol. 58, no. 1 = Ser. no. 231
    Collection
    Keywords Imagination / in infancy & childhood ; Role Playing ; Child Behavior ; Thinking ; Kleinkind ; Begriffsbildung ; Sprachverstehen ; Behauptung ; Unwahrheit ; Kognitive Entwicklung
    Subject Frühe Kindheit ; Kind ; Kleinkinder ; Concept ; Konzeptualisierung ; Kognition ; Denkentwicklung ; Denken ; Geistige Entwicklung ; Sprache ; Sprachrezeption ; Sprachverständlichkeit ; Sprachverständnis
    Language English
    Size V, 110 S.
    Publisher Univ. of Chicago Press
    Publishing place Chicago, Ill
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Book
    HBZ-ID HT004471717
    ISBN 0-226-31736-6 ; 978-0-226-31736-6
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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