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Article ; Online: Little evidence for long-term harm from antenatal corticosteroids in a population-based very low birthweight young adult cohort.

Darlow, Brian A / Harris, Sarah L / Horwood, L John

2022 Volume 36, Issue 5, Page(s) 631–639

Abstract: Background: Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) given to mothers with anticipated very preterm delivery are widely used and improve infant outcomes. Follow-up studies of the first trials of ACS have shown no adverse effects, but recently there have been ... ...

Abstract	Background: Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) given to mothers with anticipated very preterm delivery are widely used and improve infant outcomes. Follow-up studies of the first trials of ACS have shown no adverse effects, but recently there have been concerns about possible longer-term harms. Objectives: We aimed to assess the relationship of ACS therapy to a range of physical health and welfare measures in a cohort of very low birthweight (VLBW; <1500 g) young adults. Methods: Population-based cohort follow-up study. All VLBW infants born in New Zealand in 1986 were included in a prospective audit of retinopathy of prematurity. Perinatal data collection included information on ACS. At 26-30 years, 250 of 323 (77%) survivors participated, 58% having received ACS, with 229 assessed in one centre, including cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory and neurocognitive measures. Differences in outcome between those receiving/not receiving ACS were summarised by the mean difference for continuous outcomes supplemented by Cohen's d as a standardised measure of effect size (ES), and risk ratios (RRI) for dichotomous outcomes, adjusted for relevant covariates using generalised linear regression methods. Results: There were no or minimal adverse effects of receipt of ACS versus no receipt across a range of health and welfare outcomes, both for the full cohort (adjusted ES range d = 0.01-0.23; adjusted RR range 0.78-2.03) and for individuals with gestation <28 weeks (extremely preterm; EP), except for a small increase in rates of major depression. In EP adults, receipt of ACS was associated with a higher incidence of hypertension, but might have a small benefit for IQ. Conclusions: In this population-based VLBW cohort, we detected minimal adverse outcomes associated with exposure to ACS by the third decade of life, a similar result to the 30-year follow-up of participants in the first ACS trial. However, further follow-up is warranted.
MeSH term(s)	Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature, Diseases ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639089-4
ISSN	1365-3016 ; 0269-5022 ; 1353-663X
ISSN (online)	1365-3016
ISSN	0269-5022 ; 1353-663X
DOI	10.1111/ppe.12886
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Article ; Online: Linking Gait Dynamics to Mechanical Cost of Legged Locomotion.

Lee, David V / Harris, Sarah L

Frontiers in robotics and AI

2018 Volume 5, Page(s) 111

Abstract: For millenia, legged locomotion has been of central importance to humans for hunting, agriculture, transportation, sport, and warfare. Today, the same principal considerations of locomotor performance and economy apply to legged systems designed to serve, ...

Abstract	For millenia, legged locomotion has been of central importance to humans for hunting, agriculture, transportation, sport, and warfare. Today, the same principal considerations of locomotor performance and economy apply to legged systems designed to serve, assist, or be worn by humans in urban and natural environments. Energy comes at a premium not only for animals, wherein suitably fast and economical gaits are selected through organic evolution, but also for legged robots that must carry sufficient energy in their batteries. Although a robot's energy is spent at many levels, from control systems to actuators, we suggest that the mechanical cost of transport is an integral energy expenditure for any legged system-and measuring this cost permits the most direct comparison between gaits of legged animals and robots. Although legged robots have matched or even improved upon total cost of transport of animals, this is typically achieved by choosing extremely slow speeds or by using regenerative mechanisms. Legged robots have not yet reached the low mechanical cost of transport achieved at speeds used by bipedal and quadrupedal animals. Here we consider approaches used to analyze gaits and discuss a framework, termed mechanical cost analysis, that can be used to evaluate the economy of legged systems. This method uses a point mass perspective to evaluate the entire stride as well as to identify individual events that accrue mechanical cost. The analysis of gait began at the turn of the last century with spatiotemporal analysis facilitated by the advent of cine film. These advances gave rise to the "gait diagram," which plots duty factors and phase separations between footfalls. This approach was supplanted in the following decades by methods using force platforms to determine forces and motions of the center of mass (CoM)-and analytical models that characterize gait according to fluctuations in potential and kinetic energy. Mechanical cost analysis draws from these approaches and provides a unified framework that interprets the spatiotemporal sequencing of leg contacts within the context of CoM dynamics to determine mechanical cost in every instance of the stride. Diverse gaits can be evaluated and compared in biological and engineered systems using mechanical cost analysis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2781824-X
ISSN	2296-9144 ; 2296-9144
ISSN (online)	2296-9144
ISSN	2296-9144
DOI	10.3389/frobt.2018.00111
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Article ; Online: Phage Commander, an Application for Rapid Gene Identification in Bacteriophage Genomes Using Multiple Programs.

Lazeroff, Matt / Ryder, Geordie / Harris, Sarah L / Tsourkas, Philippos K

PHAGE (New Rochelle, N.Y.)

2021 Volume 2, Issue 4, Page(s) 204–213

Abstract: The number of sequenced bacteriophage genomes is growing at an exponential rate. The majority of sequenced bacteriophage genomes are annotated by one or more of several freely available gene identification programs (Glimmer, GeneMark, RAST, Prodigal, etc. ...

Abstract	The number of sequenced bacteriophage genomes is growing at an exponential rate. The majority of sequenced bacteriophage genomes are annotated by one or more of several freely available gene identification programs (Glimmer, GeneMark, RAST, Prodigal, etc.). No program has been shown to consistently outperform the others; thus, the choice of which program to use is not obvious. We present the Phage Commander application for rapid identification of bacteriophage genes using multiple gene identification programs. Phage Commander runs a bacteriophage genome sequence through nine gene identification programs (and an additional program for identification of tRNAs) and integrates the results within a single output table. Phage Commander also generates formatted output files for direct export to National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank or genome visualization programs such as DNA Master. Users can select the threshold for which genes to export (genes identified by at least one program, genes identified by at least two programs, etc.). Phage Commander was benchmarked using eight high-quality bacteriophage genomes whose genes are backed by experimental data. Our results show that the most accurate annotations are obtained by exporting genes identified by at least two or three programs. Many groups opt to manually curate the annotations obtained from gene identification programs, and Phage Commander was designed to facilitate manual curation of genome annotations. Our benchmarking results show that manual curation does indeed produce more accurate annotations than any individual gene identification program. The authors thus recommend manually curating the output of Phage Commander to generate maximally accurate annotations. Phage Commander is currently being used in the corresponding author's bacteriophage genome annotation class and has reduced the labor cost and improved the quality of genome annotations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2986345-4
ISSN	2641-6549 ; 2641-6530
ISSN (online)	2641-6549
ISSN	2641-6530
DOI	10.1089/phage.2020.0044
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Article ; Online: Preterm birth and cardiac function in adulthood.

Greer, Charlotte / Troughton, Richard W / Adamson, Philip D / Harris, Sarah L

Heart (British Cardiac Society)

2021 Volume 108, Issue 3, Page(s) 172–177

Abstract: Preterm birth affects 1 in 10 pregnancies worldwide, with increasing survival rates over the last 30 years. However, as this new generation of long-term survivors approaches middle age, recent studies have revealed increased cardiovascular risk factors ... ...

Abstract	Preterm birth affects 1 in 10 pregnancies worldwide, with increasing survival rates over the last 30 years. However, as this new generation of long-term survivors approaches middle age, recent studies have revealed increased cardiovascular risk factors and higher rates of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. Cardiovascular imaging has identified smaller cardiac chamber size, changes in myocardial mass and impaired ventricular function, particularly under physiological stress. Accordingly, this population should be recognised as having a higher risk of heart failure as they age. In this review, we present current evidence for increased rates of heart failure and evidence of alterations in cardiac structure and function in those born preterm. We discuss potential mechanisms to explain this risk including greater frequency of co-morbidities known to be associated with heart failure. We also explore potential mechanistic links specific to the preterm-born population, including the impact of premature birth on myocardial and vascular development and the effects of perinatal haemodynamic changes and chronic lung disease on the developing heart. We highlight gaps in our knowledge and consider implications for patient management relevant to the adult physician.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; Heart ; Heart Failure ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Myocardium ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	1303417-0
ISSN	1468-201X ; 1355-6037
ISSN (online)	1468-201X
ISSN	1355-6037
DOI	10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318241
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Article ; Online: Bedtime parenting practices and sensitivity are associated with young children's sleep.

Philbrook, Lauren E / Aguilar, Karen / Bohan, Amelia R / Daza, Kaila M / Harris, Sarah L

Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43)

2022 Volume 36, Issue 8, Page(s) 1473–1479

Abstract: Previous research has utilized naturalistic observations of parent-child interactions at bedtime to identify constellations of specific parenting behaviors and qualities that predict better infant nighttime sleep. Little work, however, has ... ...

Abstract	Previous research has utilized naturalistic observations of parent-child interactions at bedtime to identify constellations of specific parenting behaviors and qualities that predict better infant nighttime sleep. Little work, however, has naturalistically examined associations between aspects of bedtime parenting and nighttime sleep among young children. The present study assessed observed parenting practices and sensitivity in the context of bedtime as predictors of 3-6-year-olds' sleep. Participants were 51 children (53% boys; 80% White, 18% biracial, 2% Black) and their families. Trained raters coded video recordings of bedtime for parenting practices (parental presence, contact, quiet activities; children's technology use) and sensitivity. Children's nighttime sleep (minutes, efficiency) was assessed across seven nights using actigraphy. Partial correlation analyses controlling for child and family demographics showed that more quiet activities, greater parenting sensitivity, and less child technology use at bedtime were associated with longer and more efficient sleep. There were also several significant interactions. Longer parental presence and contact at bedtime were associated with better sleep (minutes, efficiency) for children who experienced high but not low parenting sensitivity. Lower child technology use in combination with higher parental presence was also associated with longer and more efficient child sleep. The findings illuminate aspects of the bedtime context that may promote emotional security and reduce physiological and cognitive arousal in young children. These naturalistic observations may readily translate into intervention programming targeting improvement in young children's sleep. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Infant ; Child ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Parenting/psychology ; Sleep/physiology ; Parent-Child Relations ; Actigraphy ; Child Rearing
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	619328-6
ISSN	1939-1293 ; 0893-3200
ISSN (online)	1939-1293
ISSN	0893-3200
DOI	10.1037/fam0001027
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Article ; Online: Physical activity and cognitive function in adults born very preterm or with very low birth weight-an individual participant data meta-analysis.

Aakvik, Kristina Anna Djupvik / Benum, Silje Dahl / Tikanmäki, Marjaana / Hovi, Petteri / Räikkönen, Katri / Harris, Sarah L / Woodward, Lianne J / Darlow, Brian A / Indredavik, Marit S / Lydersen, Stian / Mork, Paul Jarle / Kajantie, Eero / Evensen, Kari Anne I

PloS one

2024 Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) e0298311

Abstract: Objective: Individuals born very preterm (<32 weeks of gestation) or with very low birthweight (<1500g) have lower cognitive function compared with term-born peers. Furthermore, some studies suggest that they are less physically active as young adults ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Individuals born very preterm (<32 weeks of gestation) or with very low birthweight (<1500g) have lower cognitive function compared with term-born peers. Furthermore, some studies suggest that they are less physically active as young adults than controls, but the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function remains unclear. We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis to examine whether being born preterm/with very low birth weight is associated with physical activity in adulthood and examined if cognitive function mediates this association. Study design: Cohorts with data on physical activity and cognitive function in adults born very preterm/very low birth weight and term-born controls were recruited from the Research on European Children and Adults Born Preterm, and the Adults Born Preterm International Collaboration Consortia. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Embase. Results: Five cohorts with 1644 participants aged 22-28 years (595 very preterm/very low birth weight and 1049 controls) were included. Adults born very preterm/very low birth weight reported 1.11 (95% CI: 0.68 to 1.54) hours less moderate to vigorous physical activity per week than controls, adjusted for cohort, age and sex. The difference between individuals born very preterm/very low birth weight and controls was larger among women than among men. Neither intelligence quotient nor self-reported executive function mediated the association between very preterm/very low birth weight and moderate to vigorous physical activity. Results were essentially the same when we excluded individuals with neurosensory impairments. Conclusion: Adults born very preterm/very low birth weight, especially women, reported less moderate to vigorous physical activity than their term-born peers. Cognitive function did not mediate this association. Considering the risk of adverse health outcomes among individuals born preterm, physical activity could be a target for intervention.
MeSH term(s)	Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Child ; Young Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Infant, Extremely Premature ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Cognition ; Executive Function ; Exercise ; Premature Birth
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0298311
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Article ; Online: Self-reported executive function problems in adults born very low birthweight.

Kim, Hyun Min / Horwood, L John / Harris, Sarah L / Bora, Samudragupta / Darlow, Brian A / Woodward, Lianne J

Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology

2022 Volume 36, Issue 5, Page(s) 643–653

Abstract: Background: Executive function difficulties are common among children born very preterm and/or very low birthweight (<1500 g; VLBW), but little is known about whether they persist into adulthood.: Objectives: Examine the nature and pattern of self- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Executive function difficulties are common among children born very preterm and/or very low birthweight (<1500 g; VLBW), but little is known about whether they persist into adulthood. Objectives: Examine the nature and pattern of self-reported executive functioning at 23 and 28 years of age using data from a national cohort study of adults born VLBW and a comparison group of same-age full-term (FT) born adults. Also examined were associations between executive function difficulties and socio-economic outcomes. Methods: All infants born VLBW in New Zealand during 1986 were prospectively included in an audit of retinopathy of prematurity (n = 413), with 250 (77% of survivors) followed to median age 28 years. A comparison group of FT adults was also recruited at age 23 and followed to 28 years (n = 100). Across both adult assessments, executive functioning was assessed using the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) and analysed with semi-parametric models to examine the effects of age and group on executive function. Results: At 23 and 28 years, VLBW adults had increased risk of executive function impairment compared with FT adults in behaviour regulation (relative risk [CI] 2.37, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.27, 4.45), meta-cognition (RR 6.03, 95% CI 2.18, 16.78) and global functioning (RR 3.20, 95% CI 1.40, 7.28). Impaired global executive functioning was associated with lower socio-economic status (regression estimate [b] = -0.43, 95% CI -0.59, -0.27) and a reduced likelihood of home ownership by age 28 years (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96, 1.00), even after controlling for sex, ethnicity and parental socio-economic backgrounds for both groups. Conclusion(s): VLBW-born adults continue to experience more executive function difficulties in their everyday life relative to term controls at age 28 years. These difficulties were negatively associated with their socio-economic opportunities as young adults.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Executive Function/physiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight/physiology ; Parents ; Self Report ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639089-4
ISSN	1365-3016 ; 0269-5022 ; 1353-663X
ISSN (online)	1365-3016
ISSN	0269-5022 ; 1353-663X
DOI	10.1111/ppe.12891
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Article ; Online: Phage Commander, a software tool for rapid annotation of bacteriophage genomes using multiple programs

Lazeroff, Matt / Harris, Sarah L. / Tsourkas, Philippos K.

bioRxiv

Abstract: The number of sequenced phage genomes is growing at an exponential rate. The majority of newly sequenced phage genomes are annotated by one or more of several freely-available auto-annotation programs. No program has been shown to consistently outperform ...

Abstract	The number of sequenced phage genomes is growing at an exponential rate. The majority of newly sequenced phage genomes are annotated by one or more of several freely-available auto-annotation programs. No program has been shown to consistently outperform the others; thus the choice of which program to use is not obvious. We present the software Phage Commander for rapid annotation of phage genomes using multiple auto-annotation programs. Phage Commander runs a phage genome sequence through nine auto-annotation programs and integrates the results within a single output. Phage Commander generates properly formatted output files for direct export to NCBI GenBank. Users can select the threshold for determining which genes should be exported. Phage Commander was benchmarked using eight high-quality phage genomes whose genes have been identified through experiments. Results show that the best results are obtained by exporting genes identified by at least two or three of the nine auto-annotation programs.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	BioRxiv
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2020.11.11.378802
Database	COVID19

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Article: Circulating Forms of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Very Preterm Infants.

Harris, Sarah L / Troughton, Richard / Lewis, Lynley / Austin, Nicola / Pemberton, Chris

The journal of applied laboratory medicine

2020 Volume 5, Issue 3, Page(s) 506–515

Abstract: Background: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac hormone released with an N-terminal fragment (NTproBNP) under conditions of ventricular pressure or volume overload. BNP has been proposed for use as a biomarker of cardiac dysfunction in ... ...

Abstract	Background: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac hormone released with an N-terminal fragment (NTproBNP) under conditions of ventricular pressure or volume overload. BNP has been proposed for use as a biomarker of cardiac dysfunction in premature infants in the setting of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (HsPDA) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In adult settings the presence of proBNP and glycosylated isoforms may affect assay interpretation. However, there are limited data on how immature preterm physiology may affect BNP or NTproBNP levels and no published data on post-translational BNP processing in premature infants. Methods: Pooled serial plasma samples from preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks gestation were analyzed for BNP congeners using Luminex® assay and high performance liquid chromatography. Samples were grouped according to clinical status: Group 1, no HsPDA and no BPD, Group 2 HsPDA and no/mild BPD, Group 3 HsPDA and moderate/severe BPD. Results: Plasma from 15 infants was analyzed, and across all three groups NTproBNP predominated with minimal amounts of other isoforms; no glycosylation was detected. Conclusions: NTproBNP appears to be the predominant isoform across each of our clinical groups in our pooled sample analysis with no evidence of significant glycosylation. This suggests NTproBNP is likely to be a robust marker in this clinical setting.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Infant, Extremely Premature/blood ; Liquid Biopsy/methods ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/blood ; Protein Isoforms
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Protein Isoforms ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain (114471-18-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2576-9456
ISSN	2576-9456
DOI	10.1093/jalm/jfaa003
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Article ; Online: DNA methylation patterns at birth predict health outcomes in young adults born very low birthweight.

Cameron, Vicky A / Jones, Gregory T / Horwood, L John / Pilbrow, Anna P / Martin, Julia / Frampton, Chris / Ip, Wendy T / Troughton, Richard W / Greer, Charlotte / Yang, Jun / Epton, Michael J / Harris, Sarah L / Darlow, Brian A

Clinical epigenetics

2023 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 47

Abstract: Background: Individuals born very low birthweight (VLBW) are at increased risk of impaired cardiovascular and respiratory function in adulthood. To identify markers to predict future risk for VLBW individuals, we analyzed DNA methylation at birth and at ...

Abstract	Background: Individuals born very low birthweight (VLBW) are at increased risk of impaired cardiovascular and respiratory function in adulthood. To identify markers to predict future risk for VLBW individuals, we analyzed DNA methylation at birth and at 28 years in the New Zealand (NZ) VLBW cohort (all infants born < 1500 g in NZ in 1986) compared with age-matched, normal birthweight controls. Associations between neonatal methylation and cardiac structure and function (echocardiography), vascular function and respiratory outcomes at age 28 years were documented. Results: Genomic DNA from archived newborn heel-prick blood (n = 109 VLBW, 51 controls) and from peripheral blood at ~ 28 years (n = 215 VLBW, 96 controls) was analyzed on Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC 850 K arrays. Following quality assurance and normalization, methylation levels were compared between VLBW cases and controls at both ages by linear regression, with genome-wide significance set to p < 0.05 adjusted for false discovery rate (FDR, Benjamini-Hochberg). In neonates, methylation at over 16,400 CpG methylation sites differed between VLBW cases and controls and the canonical pathway most enriched for these CpGs was Cardiac Hypertrophy Signaling (p = 3.44E Conclusions: These findings suggest that methylation patterns in VLBW neonates may be informative about future adult cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes and have value in guiding early preventative care to improve adult health.
MeSH term(s)	Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Adult ; DNA Methylation ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Phenotype ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; CpG Islands ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Repressor Proteins/genetics ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
Chemical Substances	ARID3A protein, human ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Transcription Factors ; HIF3A protein, human ; Repressor Proteins ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-23
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553921-8
ISSN	1868-7083 ; 1868-7075
ISSN (online)	1868-7083
ISSN	1868-7075
DOI	10.1186/s13148-023-01463-3
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