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  1. Article ; Online: Motor maps and the cortical control of movement.

    Harrison, Thomas C / Murphy, Timothy H

    Current opinion in neurobiology

    2014  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 88–94

    Abstract: The brain's cortical maps serve as a macroscopic framework upon which additional levels of detail can be overlaid. Unlike sensory maps generated by measuring the brain's responses to incoming stimuli, motor maps are made by directly stimulating the brain ...

    Abstract The brain's cortical maps serve as a macroscopic framework upon which additional levels of detail can be overlaid. Unlike sensory maps generated by measuring the brain's responses to incoming stimuli, motor maps are made by directly stimulating the brain itself. To understand the significance of motor maps and the functions they represent, it is necessary to consider the relationship between the natural operation of the motor system and the pattern of activity evoked in it by artificial stimulation. We review recent findings from the study of the cortical motor system and new insights into the control of movement based on its mapping within cortical space.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Humans ; Motor Cortex/anatomy & histology ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Movement/physiology ; Nerve Net/anatomy & histology ; Nerve Net/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1078046-4
    ISSN 1873-6882 ; 0959-4388
    ISSN (online) 1873-6882
    ISSN 0959-4388
    DOI 10.1016/j.conb.2013.08.018
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  2. Article ; Online: Towards a circuit mechanism for movement tuning in motor cortex.

    Harrison, Thomas C / Murphy, Timothy H

    Frontiers in neural circuits

    2013  Volume 6, Page(s) 127

    Abstract: The firing rates of neurons in primate motor cortex have been related to multiple parameters of voluntary movement. This finding has been corroborated by stimulation-based studies that have mapped complex movements in rodent and primate motor cortex. ... ...

    Abstract The firing rates of neurons in primate motor cortex have been related to multiple parameters of voluntary movement. This finding has been corroborated by stimulation-based studies that have mapped complex movements in rodent and primate motor cortex. However, it has been difficult to link the movement tuning of a neuron with its role within the cortical microcircuit. In sensory cortex, neuronal tuning is largely established by afferents delivering information from tuned receptors in the periphery. Motor cortex, which lacks the granular input layer, may be better understood by analyzing its efferent projections. As a primary source of cortical output, layer 5 neurons represent an ideal starting point for this line of experimentation. It is in these deep output layers that movements can most effectively be evoked by intracortical microstimulation and recordings can obtain the most useful signals for the control of motor prostheses. Studies focused on layer 5 output neurons have revealed that projection identity is a fundamental property related to the laminar position, receptive field and ion channel complement of these cells. Given the variety of brain areas targeted by layer 5 output neurons, knowledge of a neuron's downstream connectivity may provide insight into its movement tuning. Future experiments that relate motor behavior to the activity of neurons with a known projection identity will yield a more detailed understanding of the function of cortical microcircuits.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-01-18
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452968-0
    ISSN 1662-5110 ; 1662-5110
    ISSN (online) 1662-5110
    ISSN 1662-5110
    DOI 10.3389/fncir.2012.00127
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  3. Article: Dental workforce models for the future: national and state.

    Harrison, Thomas C

    Texas dental journal

    2006  Volume 123, Issue 11, Page(s) 1002–1003

    MeSH term(s) American Dental Association ; Dental Auxiliaries/education ; Dental Auxiliaries/standards ; Humans ; Professional Competence/standards ; Texas ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 412554-x
    ISSN 0040-4284
    ISSN 0040-4284
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  4. Article: President's message. Address to the Texas Dental Association House of Delegates, May 14, 2006.

    Harrison, Thomas C

    Texas dental journal

    2006  Volume 123, Issue 7, Page(s) 578–581

    MeSH term(s) Dentistry/trends ; Dentists ; Humans ; Interprofessional Relations ; Societies, Dental/organization & administration ; Texas
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Addresses
    ZDB-ID 412554-x
    ISSN 0040-4284
    ISSN 0040-4284
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  5. Article ; Online: Calcium Imaging of Basal Forebrain Activity during Innate and Learned Behaviors.

    Harrison, Thomas C / Pinto, Lucas / Brock, Julien R / Dan, Yang

    Frontiers in neural circuits

    2016  Volume 10, Page(s) 36

    Abstract: The basal forebrain (BF) plays crucial roles in arousal, attention, and memory, and its impairment is associated with a variety of cognitive deficits. The BF consists of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. Electrical or optogenetic ... ...

    Abstract The basal forebrain (BF) plays crucial roles in arousal, attention, and memory, and its impairment is associated with a variety of cognitive deficits. The BF consists of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. Electrical or optogenetic stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons enhances cortical processing and behavioral performance, but the natural activity of these cells during behavior is only beginning to be characterized. Even less is known about GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. Here, we performed microendoscopic calcium imaging of BF neurons as mice engaged in spontaneous behaviors in their home cages (innate) or performed a go/no-go auditory discrimination task (learned). Cholinergic neurons were consistently excited during movement, including running and licking, but GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons exhibited diverse responses. All cell types were activated by overt punishment, either inside or outside of the discrimination task. These findings reveal functional similarities and distinctions between BF cell types during both spontaneous and task-related behaviors.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Auditory Perception/physiology ; Basal Forebrain/cytology ; Basal Forebrain/metabolism ; Basal Forebrain/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Calcium Signaling/physiology ; Cholinergic Neurons/metabolism ; Cholinergic Neurons/physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology ; Female ; GABAergic Neurons/metabolism ; GABAergic Neurons/physiology ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Microscopy, Fluorescence
    Chemical Substances Glutamic Acid (3KX376GY7L)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452968-0
    ISSN 1662-5110 ; 1662-5110
    ISSN (online) 1662-5110
    ISSN 1662-5110
    DOI 10.3389/fncir.2016.00036
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  6. Book: Substance abuse

    Fisher, Gary L / Harrison, Thomas C

    information for school counselors, social workers, therapists, and counselors

    (Merrill counseling series)

    2013  

    Author's details Gary L. Fisher, Thomas C. Harrison
    Series title Merrill counseling series
    MeSH term(s) Substance-Related Disorders
    Language English
    Size xix, 379 p. :, ill. ;, 24 cm.
    Edition 5th ed.
    Publisher Pearson
    Publishing place Boston
    Document type Book
    ISBN 9780132613248 ; 0132613247
    Database Catalogue of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM)

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  7. Article ; Online: Distinct cortical circuit mechanisms for complex forelimb movement and motor map topography.

    Harrison, Thomas C / Ayling, Oliver G S / Murphy, Timothy H

    Neuron

    2012  Volume 74, Issue 2, Page(s) 397–409

    Abstract: Cortical motor maps are the basis of voluntary movement, but they have proven difficult to understand in the context of their underlying neuronal circuits. We applied light-based motor mapping of Channelrhodopsin-2 mice to reveal a functional subdivision ...

    Abstract Cortical motor maps are the basis of voluntary movement, but they have proven difficult to understand in the context of their underlying neuronal circuits. We applied light-based motor mapping of Channelrhodopsin-2 mice to reveal a functional subdivision of the forelimb motor cortex based on the direction of movement evoked by brief (10 ms) pulses. Prolonged trains of electrical or optogenetic stimulation (100-500 ms) targeted to anterior or posterior subregions of motor cortex evoked reproducible complex movements of the forelimb to distinct positions in space. Blocking excitatory cortical synaptic transmission did not abolish basic motor map topography, but the site-specific expression of complex movements was lost. Our data suggest that the topography of movement maps arises from their segregated output projections, whereas complex movements evoked by prolonged stimulation require intracortical synaptic transmission.
    MeSH term(s) 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Biophysics ; Brain Mapping ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology ; Channelrhodopsins ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Electric Stimulation ; Electromyography ; Evoked Potentials, Motor/drug effects ; Evoked Potentials, Motor/physiology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Forelimb/physiology ; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics ; Light ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Cortex/drug effects ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Movement/physiology ; Nerve Net/drug effects ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neural Pathways/drug effects ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Optics and Photonics ; Picrotoxin/pharmacology ; Pyridazines/pharmacology ; Reaction Time ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Synaptic Transmission/physiology ; Thy-1 Antigens/genetics ; Transduction, Genetic/methods ; Video Recording ; Wakefulness/physiology
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Proteins ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; Channelrhodopsins ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; GABA Antagonists ; Luminescent Proteins ; Pyridazines ; Thy-1 Antigens ; yellow fluorescent protein, Bacteria ; Picrotoxin (124-87-8) ; Green Fluorescent Proteins (147336-22-9) ; Dizocilpine Maleate (6LR8C1B66Q) ; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (6OTE87SCCW) ; gabazine (99460MG420)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 808167-0
    ISSN 1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
    ISSN (online) 1097-4199
    ISSN 0896-6273
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.028
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    Zs.A 2496: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: Re-Establishment of Cortical Motor Output Maps and Spontaneous Functional Recovery via Spared Dorsolaterally Projecting Corticospinal Neurons after Dorsal Column Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Mice.

    Hilton, Brett J / Anenberg, Eitan / Harrison, Thomas C / Boyd, Jamie D / Murphy, Timothy H / Tetzlaff, Wolfram

    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

    2016  Volume 36, Issue 14, Page(s) 4080–4092

    Abstract: Motor cortical plasticity contributes to spontaneous recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), but the pathways underlying this remain poorly understood. We performed optogenetic mapping of motor cortex in channelrhodopsin-2 expressing mice to ... ...

    Abstract Motor cortical plasticity contributes to spontaneous recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), but the pathways underlying this remain poorly understood. We performed optogenetic mapping of motor cortex in channelrhodopsin-2 expressing mice to assess the capacity of the cortex to re-establish motor output longitudinally after a C3/C4 dorsal column SCI that bilaterally ablated the dorsal corticospinal tract (CST) containing ∼96% of corticospinal fibers but spared ∼3% of CST fibers that project via the dorsolateral funiculus. Optogenetic mapping revealed extensive early deficits, but eventual reestablishment of motor cortical output maps to the limbs at the same latency as preoperatively by 4 weeks after injury. Analysis of skilled locomotion on the horizontal ladder revealed early deficits followed by partial spontaneous recovery by 6 weeks after injury. To dissociate between the contributions of injured dorsal projecting versus spared dorsolateral projecting corticospinal neurons, we established a transient silencing approach to inactivate spared dorsolaterally projecting corticospinal neurons specifically by injecting adeno-associated virus (AAV)-expressing Cre-dependent DREADD (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug) receptor hM4Di in sensorimotor cortex and AAV-expressing Cre in C7/C8 dorsolateral funiculus. Transient silencing uninjured dorsolaterally projecting corticospinal neurons via activation of the inhibitory DREADD receptor hM4Di abrogated spontaneous recovery and resulted in a greater change in skilled locomotion than in control uninjured mice using the same silencing approach. These data demonstrate the pivotal role of a minor dorsolateral corticospinal pathway in mediating spontaneous recovery after SCI and support a focus on spared corticospinal neurons as a target for therapy.
    Significance statement: Spontaneous recovery can occur after incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), but the pathways underlying this remain poorly understood. We performed optogenetic mapping of motor cortex after a cervical SCI that interrupts most corticospinal transmission but results in partial recovery on a horizontal ladder task of sensorimotor function. We demonstrate that the motor cortex can reestablish output to the limbs longitudinally. To dissociate the roles of injured and uninjured corticospinal neurons in mediating recovery, we transiently silenced the minor dorsolateral corticospinal pathway spared by our injury. This abrogated spontaneous recovery and resulted in a greater change in skilled locomotion than in uninjured mice using the same approach. Therefore, uninjured corticospinal neurons substantiate remarkable motor cortical plasticity and partial recovery after SCI.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Efferent Pathways/growth & development ; Efferent Pathways/pathology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Locomotion ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Motor Cortex/pathology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Optogenetics ; Pyramidal Tracts/pathology ; Recovery of Function ; Sensorimotor Cortex/pathology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-04-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 604637-x
    ISSN 1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
    ISSN (online) 1529-2401
    ISSN 0270-6474
    DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3386-15.2016
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  9. Article ; Online: Displacement of sensory maps and disorganization of motor cortex after targeted stroke in mice.

    Harrison, Thomas C / Silasi, Gergely / Boyd, Jamie D / Murphy, Timothy H

    Stroke

    2013  Volume 44, Issue 8, Page(s) 2300–2306

    Abstract: Background and purpose: Recovery from stroke is hypothesized to involve the reorganization of surviving cortical areas. To study the functional organization of sensorimotor cortex at multiple time points before and after stroke, we performed ... ...

    Abstract Background and purpose: Recovery from stroke is hypothesized to involve the reorganization of surviving cortical areas. To study the functional organization of sensorimotor cortex at multiple time points before and after stroke, we performed longitudinal light-based motor mapping of transgenic mice expressing light-sensitive channelrhodopsin-2 in layer 5 cortical neurons.
    Methods: Pulses of light stimulation were targeted to an array of cortical points, whereas evoked forelimb motor activity was recorded using noninvasive motion sensors. Intrinsic optical signal imaging produced maps of the forelimb somatosensory cortex. The resulting motor and sensory maps were repeatedly generated for weeks before and after small (0.2 mm3) photothrombotic infarcts were targeted to forelimb motor or sensory cortex.
    Results: Infarcts targeted to forelimb sensory or motor areas caused decreased motor output in the infarct area and spatial displacement of sensory and motor maps. Strokes in sensory cortex caused the sensory map to move into motor cortex, which adopted a more diffuse structure. Stroke in motor cortex caused a compensatory increase in peri-infarct motor output, but did not affect the position or excitability of sensory maps.
    Conclusions: After stroke in motor cortex, decreased motor output from the infarcted area was offset by peri-infarct excitability. Sensory stroke caused a new sensory map to form in motor cortex, which maintained its center position, despite becoming more diffuse. These data suggest that surviving regions of cortex are able to assume functions from stroke-damaged areas, although this may come at the cost of alterations in map structure.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain Mapping/instrumentation ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Channelrhodopsins ; Female ; Forelimb/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Cortex/pathology ; Motor Cortex/physiopathology ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Neurons/ultrastructure ; Optical Imaging/methods ; Skull/surgery ; Somatosensory Cortex/pathology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiopathology ; Stroke/chemically induced ; Stroke/pathology ; Stroke/physiopathology ; Time Factors
    Chemical Substances Channelrhodopsins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 80381-9
    ISSN 1524-4628 ; 0039-2499 ; 0749-7954
    ISSN (online) 1524-4628
    ISSN 0039-2499 ; 0749-7954
    DOI 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001272
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  10. Article ; Online: Simple and cost-effective hardware and software for functional brain mapping using intrinsic optical signal imaging.

    Harrison, Thomas C / Sigler, Albrecht / Murphy, Timothy H

    Journal of neuroscience methods

    2009  Volume 182, Issue 2, Page(s) 211–218

    Abstract: We describe a simple and low-cost system for intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging using stable LED light sources, basic microscopes, and commonly available CCD cameras. IOS imaging measures activity-dependent changes in the light reflectance of brain ... ...

    Abstract We describe a simple and low-cost system for intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging using stable LED light sources, basic microscopes, and commonly available CCD cameras. IOS imaging measures activity-dependent changes in the light reflectance of brain tissue, and can be performed with a minimum of specialized equipment. Our system uses LED ring lights that can be mounted on standard microscope objectives or video lenses to provide a homogeneous and stable light source, with less than 0.003% fluctuation across images averaged from 40 trials. We describe the equipment and surgical techniques necessary for both acute and chronic mouse preparations, and provide software that can create maps of sensory representations from images captured by inexpensive 8-bit cameras or by 12-bit cameras. The IOS imaging system can be adapted to commercial upright microscopes or custom macroscopes, eliminating the need for dedicated equipment or complex optical paths. This method can be combined with parallel high resolution imaging techniques such as two-photon microscopy.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain Mapping/instrumentation ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Electronics ; Equipment Design ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/economics ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation ; Light ; Mice ; Software ; Somatosensory Cortex/anatomy & histology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-09-15
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 282721-9
    ISSN 1872-678X ; 0165-0270
    ISSN (online) 1872-678X
    ISSN 0165-0270
    DOI 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.06.021
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