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Article ; Online: Economic Analysis and Improvement Opportunities of African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) Aquaculture in Northern Germany

Johannes Pasch / Harry W. Palm

Sustainability, Vol 13, Iss 13569, p

2021 Volume 13569

Abstract: A farmland based African Catfish recirculation aquaculture system with a production volume (PV) of 300 m 3 was modelled under realistic market conditions in order to analyse the impact of price fluctuations on profitability. As a monoculture ... ...

Abstract	A farmland based African Catfish recirculation aquaculture system with a production volume (PV) of 300 m 3 was modelled under realistic market conditions in order to analyse the impact of price fluctuations on profitability. As a monoculture recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for whole fish and the wholesaler’s market, the model northern German catfish aquaculture is currently gainless, but the production is sufficient to cover all costs. The most decisive economic parameter is the low selling price (2.20 EUR/kg whole fish), which affects the returns by ±70,463 EUR/year for every ten percent (0.22 EUR) price change. Among the variable costs, feed has by far the largest impact with a share of 61.4% (42.1% of total costs). Based on the initial model every ten percent price variation of this variable input factor changes the returns by ±29,691 EUR/year, followed by energy (±5913 EUR/year), fingerlings (±4804 EUR/year), wages (±3972 EUR/year) and water (±2464 EUR/year). Larger system sizes (600 m3 PV) significantly save costs due to economies of scale and achieve returns of 175,240 EUR/year and an ROI of 11.45%. Increasing max. stocking density from 450 kg/m 3 to 550 kg/m 3 improves returns and ROI (40,379 EUR/year; 4.40%), but also involves higher production risks. An own fingerling production with a production of 300% above the own requirements improves returns and ROI (39,871 EUR/year; 3.57%) and leads, above all, to independence from foreign suppliers. Aquaponic integrations can generate profits, but are associated with high investment costs and the challenges of entering a new business sector. Product diversification into fillet (50% of the production) and smoked fillet (30%) generates lucrative returns and ROI (212,198 EUR/year; 20.10%). Profitability is further increased by direct marketing in the form of a farm store and the establishment of a regional “producer organisation”. Our results demonstrate that under current market conditions northern German catfish aquaculture covers all costs, mainly ...
Keywords	aquaculture ; aquaponics ; economies of scale ; RAS ; profitability ; ROI ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Spearmint ( Mentha spicata ) Cultivation in Decoupled Aquaponics with Three Hydro-Components (Grow Pipes, Raft, Gravel) and African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) Production in Northern Germany

Ulrich Knaus / Julia Zimmermann / Samuel Appelbaum / Harry W. Palm

Sustainability, Vol 14, Iss 305, p

2022 Volume 305

Abstract: Mint ( Mentha spicata ) was cultivated in different hydroponic components: grow pipes, a raft and an ebb-and-flood gravel substrate system irrigated with aquaculture effluents from intensive African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) production under ... ...

Abstract	Mint ( Mentha spicata ) was cultivated in different hydroponic components: grow pipes, a raft and an ebb-and-flood gravel substrate system irrigated with aquaculture effluents from intensive African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) production under decoupled aquaponic conditions in northern Germany. The spearmint grew well and plant heights above ground were not significantly different between the gravel (57.7 ± 13.1 cm), raft (58.0 ± 17.7 cm) and grow pipe components (63.6 ± 9.9 cm). Root lengths and root fresh weights were two-fold and four-fold higher in raft (64.3 ± 20.5 cm; 42.8 ± 29.9 g) and grow pipes (59.4 ± 15.2 cm; 41.3 ± 25.7 g) compared with gravel substrate (29.7 ± 7.8 cm; 9.4 ± 9.4 g; raft = grow pipes > gravel). Spearmint leaf number was significantly higher in the grow pipes (770.0 ± 224.4) than in the gravel substrate (499.8 ± 228.4) with intermediate values in the raft. Significantly highest mean fresh biomass was found in the raft (1275.6 ± 33.4 g), followed by grow pipes (1042.0 ± 35.8 g) and gravel substrate (686.3 ± 98.2 g; raft > grow pipes > gravel). M. spicata , under aquaponics, grows best in grow pipe and raft components. An increase in pipe diameter for the grow pipes and a reduction in the channel height for the raft components could optimize aquaponic culture conditions for both industrial production and the hobby sector in the future.
Keywords	spearmint ; African catfish ; grow pipes ; floating raft ; gravel substrate ; aquaponics ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Growth and fatty acid composition of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L., 1758) larvae under altered feeding protocol including the copepod Apocyclops panamensis (Marsh, 1913)

Laura Ballesteros-Redondo / Harry W. Palm / Hanno Bährs / Tobias Rapp / Marcus Stueeken / Alexander Wacker / Adrian A. Bischoff

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 11

Abstract: Abstract Alternative live feeds for small and sensitive fish early life stages such as pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L., 1758) can improve the larval quantity, quality and performance in aquaculture. Therefore, this study evaluated the cyclopoid copepod ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Alternative live feeds for small and sensitive fish early life stages such as pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L., 1758) can improve the larval quantity, quality and performance in aquaculture. Therefore, this study evaluated the cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops panamensis (Marsh, 1913) as live feed for pikeperch larviculture from day 11 post hatch (dph) in two independent experiments. In both experiments, pikeperch larvae had the highest specific growth rate (SGR) when they fed on Brachionus plicatilis until dph 11 and A. panamensis until dph 16–18. SGR was related to a decrease in total fatty acids (FAs), saturated FAs and monounsaturated FAs in pikeperch larvae, indicating their use as energy for growth. Within the polyunsaturated FAs, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased in larvae fed with A. panamensis and coincided with the highest SGR suggesting that DHA is accumulated in larvae as structural FA. Our study demonstrated a suitable pikeperch larval fatty acid composition for growth after feeding A. panamensis compared with Artemia sp. from dph 11 until dph 16 and previously fed with B. plicatilis. Moreover, it highlighted the importance of the dietary PUFAs in pikeperch rearing, specifically of linoleic acid (LA) from dph 4 until dph 11 and of DHA from dph 11 onwards.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Growth of Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) in DRF, Raft, and Grow Pipes with Effluents of African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) in Decoupled Aquaponics

Johannes Pasch / Benny Ratajczak / Samuel Appelbaum / Harry W. Palm / Ulrich Knaus

AgriEngineering, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 92-

2021 Volume 109

Abstract: Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) was cultivated in Rostock, Northern Germany, in a decoupled aquaponic system with African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) under intensive rearing conditions by using three hydroponic components, the dynamic root floating ... ...

Abstract	Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) was cultivated in Rostock, Northern Germany, in a decoupled aquaponic system with African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) under intensive rearing conditions by using three hydroponic components, the dynamic root floating technique (DRF), the raft technique, and grow pipes. A 25% of the recommended feed input still allowed African catfish growth and provided adequate nitrogen and calcium levels in the process water. After 36 days, the plants were examined with respect to 16 different growth parameters. DRF performed significantly better than raft and/or grow pipes in 11 parameters. Total weight of basil was significantly higher in DRF (107.70 ± 34.03 g) compared with raft (82.02 ± 22.74 g) and grow pipes (77.86 ± 23.93 g). The economically important leaf biomass was significantly higher in wet and dry weight under DRF cultivation (45.36 ± 13.53 g; 4.96 ± 1.57 g) compared with raft (34.94 ± 9.44 g; 3.74 ± 1.04 g) and grow pipes (32.74 ± 9.84 g; 3.75 ± 1.22 g). Two main factors limited plant growth: an unbalanced nutrient concentration ratio and high water temperatures with an average of 28 °C (max 34.4 °C), which resulted in reduced root activity in raft and grow pipes. DRF was able to maintain root activity through the 5 cm air space between the shoots and the nutrient solution and thus produced significantly more biomass. This suggests DRF to be used for basil aquaponics under glass house conditions with high-temperature scenarios. Future studies are needed to optimize nutrient loads and examine systems with the plant roots exposed to air (Aeroponics).
Keywords	basil ; African catfish ; dynamic root floating technique (DRF) ; floating raft ; deep water culture ; grow pipes ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972 ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Effect of Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera) on Larviculture and Fatty Acid Composition of Pikeperch ( Sander lucioperca (L.)) Cultured under Pseudo-Green Water Conditions

Adrian A. Bischoff / Melanie Kubitz / Claudia M. Wranik / Laura Ballesteros-Redondo / Patrick Fink / Harry W. Palm

Sustainability, Vol 14, Iss 6607, p

2022 Volume 6607

Abstract: A new cultivation system with the chlorophyte Monoraphidium contortum combined with a self-sustaining culture of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus was applied for Sander lucioperca (L.) larviculture. Survival, morphometrics, as well as fatty ...

Abstract	A new cultivation system with the chlorophyte Monoraphidium contortum combined with a self-sustaining culture of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus was applied for Sander lucioperca (L.) larviculture. Survival, morphometrics, as well as fatty acid composition of pikeperch larvae were analyzed after a ten-day feeding period. By using the pseudo-green water technique with improved aeration and water movement at the surface, survival rates reached up to 94%, with a total larval length of 8.1 ± 0.3 mm and a specific length growth rate of up to 4.1% day −1 for S. lucioperca . The biochemical composition of B. calyciflorus and especially its contents in C18 PUFAs and suitable n-3/n-6 ratios met the nutritional requirements of pikeperch larvae. The high abundance of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in the diet appeared to be less important in the first feeding due to a possible retention of essential fatty acids, which originate from the yolk sac reserves, at adequate levels. Exponential growth of microalgae and zooplankton under the applied conditions was most effective when stocking M. contortum five days and B. calyciflorus three days before adding the fish larvae. Appropriate timing and sufficient live feed density allowed a successful integration of B. calyciflorus into pikeperch larviculture. We hypothesize that feeding pikeperch larvae with a self-sustaining Brachionus -culture under pseudo-green water conditions with minor disruptions during larviculture will improve survival and growth. This system is a first step towards pikeperch larviculture inside recirculated aquaculture systems (RAS) under continuous feed supply with live feed within the same aquaculture unit.
Keywords	pikeperch Sander lucioperca ; pseudo-green water technique ; Brachionus calyciflorus ; survival ; growth ; fatty acid composition ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) Cultivation in Decoupled Aquaponics with Three Hydro-Components (Grow Pipes, Raft, Gravel) and African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) Production in Northern Germany

Ulrich Knaus / Monique Pribbernow / Lu Xu / Samuel Appelbaum / Harry W. Palm

Sustainability, Vol 12, Iss 8745, p

2020 Volume 8745

Abstract: Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) was cultivated in northern Germany in three different hydroponic components: grow pipes, a raft, and an ebb-and-flood gravel substrate. The nutrients originated from the intensive production of African catfish ( Clarias ... ...

Abstract	Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) was cultivated in northern Germany in three different hydroponic components: grow pipes, a raft, and an ebb-and-flood gravel substrate. The nutrients originated from the intensive production of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) with 140 fish/m³ under decoupled aquaponic conditions. After 41 days, plants were significantly taller in the gravel components (101.8 ± 8.3 cm), followed by the grow pipes (96.7 ± 7.0 cm), and the raft (94.8 ± 8.6 cm) components (gravel > grow pipes = raft). The leaf number was high and not significantly different between the grow pipes (518.0 ± 81.4), gravel (515.1 ± 133.0), and raft components (493.7 ± 124.8; grow pipes = raft = gravel). Basil in the grow-pipe subsystems developed rapid root growth and clogged the pipes with heterogeneous plant growth. Basil production in northern Germany in grow-pipe, raft, and gravel hydro-components is possible by using effluents from intensive C. gariepinus aquaculture without additional fertilizer in the plant grow-out phase. Further research should focus on optimizing grow pipes by maintaining an optimal root–water contact area, as well as on new technologies such as aquaponics ( s.l. ) gardening.
Keywords	basil ; African catfish ; grow pipes ; floating raft ; deep water culture ; gravel substrate ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Genetic identity of eutetrarhynchids from the Persian Gulf, with intraindividual and intraspecific variability of Prochristianella butlerae Beveridge, 1990

Haseli, Mohammad / Harry W. Palm / Monireh Zare Bazghalee

Parasitology international. 2017 Dec., v. 66, no. 6

2017

Abstract: The examination of the two batoid species, Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål) and Himantura gerrardi (Gray), resulted in a morphologic identification of the five eutetrarhynchid species, namely Parachristianella indonesiensis Palm, 2004 reported for the first ...

Abstract	The examination of the two batoid species, Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål) and Himantura gerrardi (Gray), resulted in a morphologic identification of the five eutetrarhynchid species, namely Parachristianella indonesiensis Palm, 2004 reported for the first time from Himantura gerrardi, Pa. monomegacantha Kruse, 1959, Prochristianella clarkeae Beveridge, 1990, Pr. butlerae Beveridge, 1990 and Dollfusiella spinulifera (Beveridge et Jones, 2000). By sequencing the partial 28S rDNA and calculating the genetic distances between the morphologically identified specimens from the Persian Gulf and their allopatric morphological conspecifics as well as using a phylogeny, the specimens of the Persian Gulf were considered as the allopatric conspecifics of Parachristianella indonesiensis, Pa. monomegacantha and Prochristianella clarkeae. Since the specimens of Dollfusiella from the Persian Gulf and D. spinulifera from Australia had a high genetic distance and placed in two separate clades, the Iranian specimens of Dollfusiella were treated as the cryptic species of D. spinulifera. Following the treatment of Prochristianella macracantha Palm, 2004 as the synonym of Pr. butlerae Beveridge, 1990, it was also expressed that although Pr. butlerae appeared to be a variable species in terms of its metric data, there was an identical oncotaxy in all the conspecifics. A detail examination of the specimens from the Persian Gulf as well as Australian voucher specimens revealed a great intraindividual and intraspecific variability in this species. Since, the sequence information is only available for the Iranian specimens and there is no possibility to evaluate the genetic distance and their monophyly, we consider these two allopatric populations as one species.
Keywords	allopatry ; cryptic species ; genetic distance ; intraspecific variation ; monophyly ; ribosomal DNA ; type collections ; Australia ; Persian Gulf
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-12
Size	p. 761-772.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1363151-2
ISSN	1383-5769
ISSN	1383-5769
DOI	10.1016/j.parint.2017.07.007
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Significant factors affecting the economic sustainability of closed aquaponic systems. Part II

Harry W. Palm / Karl Bissa / Ulrich Knaus

Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, Vol 7, Iss 3, Pp 162-

fish and plant growth

2014 Volume 175

Abstract: Two identical closed ebb-flow substrate aquaponic systems for warm-water fish were tested for fish and plant productivity. Each system contained 3.7 m3 water, and the relationship of the water volume in the aquaculture tank to the settling basin ( ... ...

Abstract	Two identical closed ebb-flow substrate aquaponic systems for warm-water fish were tested for fish and plant productivity. Each system contained 3.7 m3 water, and the relationship of the water volume in the aquaculture tank to the settling basin (sedimenter, clarifier), the biofilter and the hydroponic units was 2.25:1:0.075:0.6 (fish tank:hydroponic unit = 3.75). The comparative batch cultivation of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) and Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) at the fish feed input level of 200 g per day resulted in non-significant total growth of 13 kg. The feed conversion ratios (FCR) were 1.0, better values compared with earlier tested closed aquaponic systems. The specific growth ratio was not significantly different (p < 0.05) between C. gariepinus (0.65% d -1 ± 0.25) and O. niloticus (0.71% d -1 ± 0.19). Combined dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the fish tank, clarifier and sump were significantly different between the two species, with 6.95 mg L -1 (± 0.50) in C. gariepinus and 4.73 mg L -1 (± 1.05) in O. niloticus . Significantly better growth was observed for plants in combination with the Nile tilapia, with 55.89 g (± 49.77) for lettuce and 168.27 g (± 350.88) for cucumber fruits. This is referred to a slightly different light regime and a different fish species cultivation. The available plant nutrients (nitrite, nitrate), as well as the suspended particle load, in both identical systems, also differed, with consequences for system maintenance and substrate biofilter activity.
Keywords	African catfish ; aquaponics ; biomass weight gain ; Clarias gariepinus ; ebb and flow system ; fish to plant combination ; Tilapia ; Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ; SH1-691 ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Bioflux
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Pseudempleurosoma haywardi sp. nov. (Monogenea

Stefan Theisen / Harry W Palm / Sarah H Al-Jufaili / Sonja Kleinertz

PLoS ONE, Vol 12, Iss 9, p e

Ancyrocephalidae (sensu lato) Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1968): An endoparasite of croakers (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) from Indonesia.

2017 Volume 0184376

Abstract: An endoparasitic monogenean was identified for the first time from Indonesia. The oesophagus and anterior stomach of the croakers Nibea soldado (Lacépède) and Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider) (n = 35 each) sampled from the South Java coast in May 2011 ...

Abstract	An endoparasitic monogenean was identified for the first time from Indonesia. The oesophagus and anterior stomach of the croakers Nibea soldado (Lacépède) and Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider) (n = 35 each) sampled from the South Java coast in May 2011 and Johnius amblycephalus (Bleeker) (n = 2) (all Sciaenidae) from Kedonganan fish market, South Bali coast, in November 2016, were infected with Pseudempleurosoma haywardi sp. nov. Prevalences in the first two croakers were 63% and 46%, respectively, and the two J. amblycephalus harboured three and five individuals. All three croakers represent new hosts for this monogenean genus. We provide infection rates, light microscopical observations, 3D confocal microscopical illustrations, and a morphometric comparison with all congeners. The new species differs in body size, the position and shape of the ovary and testes, and especially in the composition of the dorsal anchor complex, with the dorsal bar being anteriorly concave rather than planar or convex as in its congeners. The dorsal and ventral anchors of this new species are the longest in the genus, whereas the male copulatory organ is the smallest. The first DNA sequences for a member of this genus demonstrate the greatest similarity with endoparasitic freshwater monogeneans from African cichlid fishes. This suggests a freshwater origin for these marine endoparasitic monogeneans.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Effects of Ortho-Phosphate on Growth Performance, Welfare and Product Quality of Juvenile African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus )

Sebastian M. Strauch / Judith Bahr / Björn Baßmann / Adrian A. Bischoff / Michael Oster / Berit Wasenitz / Harry W. Palm

Fishes, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 3-

2019

Abstract: Ortho-phosphate inside recirculation aquaculture systems is limited as a consequence of precipitation and regular water exchange rates. To improve plant growth in coupled aquaponics, phosphate fertilizer addition to hydroponics can increase PO 4 3− -P ... ...

Abstract	Ortho-phosphate inside recirculation aquaculture systems is limited as a consequence of precipitation and regular water exchange rates. To improve plant growth in coupled aquaponics, phosphate fertilizer addition to hydroponics can increase PO 4 3− -P concentrations inside the process water. We investigated the effects of four PO 4 3− -P concentrations (<10 (P0), 40, 80, 120 mg L −1 ) in rearing water on growth performance, feed efficiency, and welfare traits of juvenile African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822). By trend, optimum specific growth rate of 2.66% d −1 and feed conversion ratio of 0.71 were observed at 40 and 80 mg L −1 PO 4 3− -P. Higher PO 4 3− -P significantly affected skin coloration, swimming activity and external injuries, with the palest and inactive fish combined with most external injuries in the P120 group. Mineral and protein contents in the fish remained unaffected, while fat content inside the fillets enriched with increasing PO 4 3− -P. Inorganic P in blood plasma increased significantly, while phosphate concentrations inside the fillet remained unchanged. We suggest that PO 4 3− -P concentrations of 40 to 80 mg L −1 do not reduce the performance of African catfish aquaculture, while increased values of 120 mg L −1 affect fish welfare. This allows limited addition of PO 4 3− -P fertilizer in coupled aquaponics with African catfish to support plant growth.
Keywords	African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) ; growth ; feed efficiency ; elevated phosphate concentrations ; welfare ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Genetics ; QH426-470
Subject code	333 ; 290
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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