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Article ; Online: The principles of curative antibiotic treatments.

Cohen, Robert / Grimprel, Emmanuel / Rybak, Alexis / Hau, Isabelle / Madhi, Fouad / Ouldali, Naim / Raymond, Josette

Infectious diseases now

2023 Volume 53, Issue 8S, Page(s) 104780

Abstract: Knowledge of infectious diseases and their treatments is constantly evolving. New infectious agents are regularly discovered, due mainly to improvement of identification techniques, especially the development of molecular biology and mass spectrometry. ... ...

Abstract	Knowledge of infectious diseases and their treatments is constantly evolving. New infectious agents are regularly discovered, due mainly to improvement of identification techniques, especially the development of molecular biology and mass spectrometry. While changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases are not always predictable or readily understood, several factors regularly enter into consideration, such as not only the natural history of diseases and the impact of vaccinations, but also the excessive and irrational use of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is now recognized as one of the major challenges for humanity, especially since few new molecules have been put on the market in recent years. These molecules are reserved for serious infections caused by bacteria resistant to other antibiotics and should be prescribed only by infectious disease specialists trained in their use. Rationalization of antibiotic therapy is therefore one of the keys to reducing antibiotic resistance and the spread of resistant bacteria. In this guide, with regard to each clinical situation, the bacterial target(s) of antibiotic treatment, the preferred antibiotic choice, and the therapeutic alternatives will be specified. Comments on diagnosis and treatment of the infection will be added if necessary.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Communicable Diseases/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-15
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2666-9919
ISSN (online)	2666-9919
DOI	10.1016/j.idnow.2023.104780
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Article ; Online: Anti-infective treatment of gastro-intestinal tract infections in children.

Cohen, Robert / Minodier, Philippe / Hau, Isabelle / Filleron, Anne / Werner, Andreas / Haas, Hervé / Raymond, Josette / Thollot, Franck / Bellaïche, Marc

Infectious diseases now

2023 Volume 53, Issue 8S, Page(s) 104784

Abstract: Gastroenteritis is most often viral in origin and Rotavirus and Norovirus most frequently implicated in young children. Stool-based multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can detect bacteria, viruses or parasites that may or may not be responsible for ...

Abstract	Gastroenteritis is most often viral in origin and Rotavirus and Norovirus most frequently implicated in young children. Stool-based multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can detect bacteria, viruses or parasites that may or may not be responsible for gastroenteritis (colonization). While the etiological profile of these digestive infections has greatly benefited from PCR, in the absence of underlying pathologies the presence of potential pathogens does not justify anti-infectious treatment. Indeed, very few bacterial causes require antibiotic treatment, apart from shigellosis, severe forms of salmonellosis and a few Campylobacter sp. infections. The development of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and Campylobacter sp. is a cause for concern worldwide, limiting therapeutic options. The antibiotics proposed in this guide are in line with the joint recommendations of the European Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Azithromycin is preferentially used to treat infections with Shigella sp. or Campylobacter sp. Ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin are recommended for salmonellosis requiring antibiotic therapy. Empirical treatments without bacterial identification are not indicated except in cases of severe sepsis or in subjects at risk (e.g., sickle-cell disease). Metronidazole should be prescribed only for acute intestinal amebiasis after microbiological confirmation.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Gastroenteritis/drug therapy ; Gastroenteritis/microbiology ; Salmonella Infections/drug therapy ; Campylobacter Infections/drug therapy ; Communicable Diseases/drug therapy ; Campylobacter ; Bacteria
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-21
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2666-9919
ISSN (online)	2666-9919
DOI	10.1016/j.idnow.2023.104784
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Article: Incidence, kinetics, and risk factors for intra- and extracranial cerebral arteriopathies in a newborn sickle cell disease cohort early assessed by transcranial and cervical color Doppler ultrasound.

Bernaudin, Françoise / Arnaud, Cécile / Kamdem, Annie / Hau, Isabelle / Madhi, Fouad / Jung, Camille / Epaud, Ralph / Verlhac, Suzanne

Frontiers in neurology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 846596

Abstract: The risk of stroke in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) is detected by abnormal intracranial arterial time-averaged mean of maximum velocities (TAMVs ≥200 cm/s). Recently, extracranial internal carotid artery (eICA) arteriopathy has been reported, ... ...

Abstract	The risk of stroke in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) is detected by abnormal intracranial arterial time-averaged mean of maximum velocities (TAMVs ≥200 cm/s). Recently, extracranial internal carotid artery (eICA) arteriopathy has been reported, and a cross-sectional study showed that eICA-TAMVs ≥160 cm/s are significantly associated with eICA kinkings and stenosis. The cumulative incidence of and predictive risk factors for intracranial arteriopathy are well described in sickle cell anemia (SCA=SS/Sβ0) but are lacking for SC/Sβ+ children, as is the cumulative incidence of eICA arteriopathy. We report a prospective longitudinal cohort study including 493 children with SCD (398 SCA, 95 SC/Sβ+), all assessed by transcranial and cervical color Doppler ultrasound. Cerebral MRI/MRA data were available in 375 children with SCD and neck MRA in 365 children. eICA kinkings were defined as eICA tortuosities on neck MRA, with an internal acute angle between the two adjacent segments <90°. The median follow-up was 10.6 years. The cumulative incidence of kinkings was significantly lower in SC/Sβ+ children than in children with SCA, and no SC/Sβ+ child developed intra- or extracranial stenotic arteriopathy. The 10-year KM estimate of cumulative incidence (95% CI) for eICA-TAMVs ≥160 cm/s revealed its development in the 2nd year of life in children with SCA, reaching a plateau of 17.4% (13.2-21.6%) by about 10 years of age, while the plateau for eICA stenosis was 12.3% (8.3-16.3%). eICA assessment identified 13.5% (9.3-17.7%) patients at risk of stroke who were not detected by transcranial color Doppler ultrasound. We also show, for the first time, that in addition to a congenital origin, eICA kinkings sin patients with SCD can develop progressively with aging as a function of eICA-TAMVs, themselves related to anemia severity. Ongoing hydroxyurea treatment was significantly associated with a lower risk of abnormal intracranial arteriopathy and eICA kinkings. After adjustment with hydroxyurea, baseline low hemoglobin, high reticulocyte, and WBC counts remained independent risk factors for intracranial arteriopathy, while low hemoglobin and SEN β-haplotype number were independent risk factors for extracranial arteriopathy. The association between extracranial arteriopathy and SEN β-haplotype number suggested a genetic link between the ethnic origin and incidence of eICA kinkings. This prospective cohort study shows the importance of systematically assessing the eICA and of recording biological parameters during the 2nd year of life before any intensive therapy to predict the risk of cerebral arteriopathy and treat patients with severe baseline anemia.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564214-5
ISSN	1664-2295
ISSN	1664-2295
DOI	10.3389/fneur.2022.846596
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Article: Diagnostic Accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Detection Test in Children: A Real-Life Study.

Jung, Camille / Levy, Corinne / Varon, Emmanuelle / Biscardi, Sandra / Batard, Christophe / Wollner, Alain / Deberdt, Patrice / Sellam, Aurélie / Hau, Isabelle / Cohen, Robert

Frontiers in pediatrics

2021 Volume 9, Page(s) 647274

Abstract: Naso-pharyngeal RT-PCR is the gold standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19, but there is a need for rapid and reliable tests. Some validation studies have used frozen aliquots mainly from adults. The aim of this real-life study was to test the performance ...

Abstract	Naso-pharyngeal RT-PCR is the gold standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19, but there is a need for rapid and reliable tests. Some validation studies have used frozen aliquots mainly from adults. The aim of this real-life study was to test the performance of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test (SC2-RAT) in children. Symptomatic patients aged 0 to 17 years were recruited in the emergency department of the University Hospital of Creteil and in primary care pediatric practices from October 10, 2020 for 7 weeks. Each enrolled child had a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test and a SC2-RAT from two distinct nasopharyngeal swabs. Among the 308 patients (mean [SD] age 4.9 [5.3] years), fever was the main symptom (73.4%), with no difference between COVID-19-negative and -positive groups. The prevalence of COVID-19 was 10.7% (95% CI 7.5-14.7). On the whole cohort, the sensitivity and specificity of the SC2-RAT compared to RT-PCR was 87.9% (95% CI 71.8-96.6) and 98.5% (95% CI 96.3-99.6). Considering samples with cycle threshold >25, the sensibility was lower: 63.6% (95% CI 30.8-89.1) and the specificity 99.6% (95% CI 98.0-100.0). The mean delay to obtain an SC2-RAT result was <15 min but was 3.2 h (SD 5.5) for an RT-PCR result. Contact with a COVID-19-positive person was more frequent for COVID-19-positive than -negative patients (
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2711999-3
ISSN	2296-2360
ISSN	2296-2360
DOI	10.3389/fped.2021.647274
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Article ; Online: Impact of COVID-19 social distancing on viral infection in France: A delayed outbreak of RSV.

Delestrain, Céline / Danis, Kostas / Hau, Isabelle / Behillil, Sylvie / Billard, Marie-Noëlle / Krajten, Leyla / Cohen, Robert / Bont, Louis / Epaud, Ralph

Pediatric pulmonology

2021 Volume 56, Issue 12, Page(s) 3669–3673

Abstract: Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures have deeply modified the natural course of seasonal viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).: Methods: We analyzed French national data from three networks: ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures have deeply modified the natural course of seasonal viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Methods: We analyzed French national data from three networks: emergency departments (ED) of French hospitals, general practitioners (GP), and hospital laboratories. We compared the number of ED or GP visits for bronchiolitis in children <2 years of age, and the percentage of RSV positive tests in the 2020 to 2021 season with those of the two previous seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020). We used time series of the previous 5 years to calculate epidemic thresholds. Results: During the 2020-2021 season, the epidemic begun in February (Week 05) in the Ile de France (Paris and suburbs) region, 12 weeks later compared with the previous seasons and progressively spread across all the French metropolitan regions. The highest number of bronchiolitis cases in 2021 (Week 12) occurred 10-12 weeks after the previous seasonal peaks of previous seasons, but the number of cases remained lower than in the previous seasonal peaks. Conclusion: We identified a delayed RSV epidemic in the period that usually corresponds at the end of the epidemic season, raising concerns for the burden of RSV in the already strained healthcare systems during the COVID-19 pandemic.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Child ; Communicable Disease Control ; Disease Outbreaks ; France/epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Pandemics ; Physical Distancing ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Seasons
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632784-9
ISSN	1099-0496 ; 8755-6863
ISSN (online)	1099-0496
ISSN	8755-6863
DOI	10.1002/ppul.25644
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Article ; Online: Clinical events in a long-term prospective neonatal cohort of children with sickle cell disease: Evidence for a high disease burden without systematic preventive intensification with hydroxyurea.

Soulié, Alizée / Kamdem, Annie / Neumann, Florent / Hau, Isabelle / Madhi, Fouad / Delestrain, Céline / Shum, Mickaël / Carlier-Gonod, Adèle / Malterre, Aline / Lezeau, Harry / Khazem, Bassem / Belozertseva, Ekaterina / Guémas, Eric / Epaud, Ralph / Pissard, Serge / Arnaud, Cécile / Pondarré, Corinne

American journal of hematology

2023 Volume 98, Issue 12, Page(s) E395–E398

MeSH term(s)	Infant, Newborn ; Child ; Humans ; Hydroxyurea/therapeutic use ; Prospective Studies ; Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications ; Anemia, Sickle Cell/drug therapy ; Antisickling Agents/therapeutic use ; Cost of Illness
Chemical Substances	Hydroxyurea (X6Q56QN5QC) ; Antisickling Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	196767-8
ISSN	1096-8652 ; 0361-8609
ISSN (online)	1096-8652
ISSN	0361-8609
DOI	10.1002/ajh.27142
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Article ; Online: Vaccination, or how to alleviate the crisis in pediatric emergency units.

Cohen, Robert / Gillet, Yves / Le Guen, Christèle Gras / Weil-Olivier, Catherine / Hau, Isabelle / Dufour, Véronique / Pinquier, Didier / Romain, Olivier / Raymond, Josette / Faye, Albert / Dommergues, Marie Alliette / Haas, Hervé / Levy, Corinne / Grimprel, Emmanuel

Infectious diseases now

2022 Volume 52, Issue 7, Page(s) 386–388

MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Vaccination
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-13
Publishing country	France
Document type	Editorial
ISSN	2666-9919
ISSN (online)	2666-9919
DOI	10.1016/j.idnow.2022.09.001
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Article ; Online: Sexual health of French adolescents with sickle cell disease.

Gros, Marion / Jung, Camille / Fourmaux, Christine / Kamdem, Annie / Arnaud, Cécile / Hau, Isabelle / Pondarre, Corinne / Carlier-Gonod, Adèle

The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception

2020 Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) 293–298

Abstract: Purpose: Focussing on sickle cell disease (SCD), the objective of this study was to assess adolescents' sexual heath experience in the context of their chronic illness.: Materials and methods: We included teenagers from 14 to 19 years old followed ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Focussing on sickle cell disease (SCD), the objective of this study was to assess adolescents' sexual heath experience in the context of their chronic illness. Materials and methods: We included teenagers from 14 to 19 years old followed for SCD in a hospital located in Créteil (France) from March 2017 to February 2018. Their sexual health experience was assessed by a self-questionnaire with three key themes: contraceptive experience, awareness of sexuality with chronic disease and level of information on the genetic transmission of the disease. Results: 99 questionnaires were analysed. Only six SCD adolescents (one girl and five boys) reported being sexually active. Despite a very regular follow-up of their illness, only 13% of the boys and girls had received information on contraception at the hospital. Most adolescents (85% of boys and 81% of girls) did not think that the disease would interfere with sexual intercourse. The genetic pattern was well known (85% of boys and 87% of girls). Conclusion: Young people with SCD need more information on contraception. Clinicians caring for them should be aware of the need for sexual health information in order to propose prevention actions adapted to these young people with chronic disease.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/psychology ; Anemia, Sickle Cell/psychology ; Contraception Behavior/psychology ; Female ; France ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Sexual Behavior/psychology ; Sexual Health/statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1397560-2
ISSN	1473-0782 ; 1362-5187
ISSN (online)	1473-0782
ISSN	1362-5187
DOI	10.1080/13625187.2020.1774868
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Article ; Online: Juvenile neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: A specific clinical phenotype and proposal of a probability score.

Labouret, Mathilde / Trebossen, Vincent / Ntorkou, Alexandra / Bartoli, Sophie / Aubart, Mélodie / Auvin, Stéphane / Bader-Meunier, Brigitte / Baudouin, Véronique / Corseri, Olivier / Dingulu, Glory / Ducrocq, Camille / Dumaine, Cécile / Elmaleh, Monique / Fabien, Nicole / Faye, Albert / Hau, Isabelle / Hentgen, Véronique / Kwon, Théresa / Meinzer, Ulrich /

Ouldali, Naim / Parmentier, Cyrielle / Pouletty, Marie / Renaldo, Florence / Savioz, Isabelle / Benoist, Jean-François / Le Roux, Enora / Ellul, Pierre / Melki, Isabelle

Lupus

2024 Volume 33, Issue 4, Page(s) 328–339

Abstract: Objective: Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (j-SLE) is a rare chronic auto-immune disease involving several organs. Neuropsychiatric (NP) SLE (NPSLE) is frequent in j-SLE and associated with increased morbidity/mortality. Although NPSLE ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (j-SLE) is a rare chronic auto-immune disease involving several organs. Neuropsychiatric (NP) SLE (NPSLE) is frequent in j-SLE and associated with increased morbidity/mortality. Although NPSLE classification criteria exist, attributing NP features to j-SLE remains a major challenge. The study objective is to thoroughly describe j-NPSLE patients and assist in their diagnosis. Methods: This is a 4-year retrospective monocentric study of j-SLE patients. NP events were attributed to j-SLE using standardised diagnostic criteria and multidisciplinary paediatric clinical expertise. Clinical features, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)s and samples analysis including cerebrospinal fluid were assessed. A risk of j-NPSLE score was developed based on multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Of 39 patients included, 44% were identified as having j-NPSLE. J-NPSLE diagnosis was established at the onset of j-SLE in 59% of patients. In addition to frequent kidney involvement (76%) and chilblains (65%), all j-NPSLE patients displayed psychiatric features: cognitive symptoms (82%), hallucinations (76%), depressed mood (35%), acute confused state (18%) and catatonia (12%). Neurological involvement was often mild and nonspecific, with headache (53%) in about half of the patients. The main features reported on brain MRI were nonspecific T2/FLAIR white matter hyperintensities (65%), and cerebral atrophy (88%). Upon immunosuppressive treatment, clinical improvement of NP features was observed in all j-NPSLE patients. The score developed to attribute j-NPSLE probability, guide further investigations and appropriate treatments is based on hallucinations, memory, sleep and renal involvement (Sensitivity: 0.95 Specificity: 0.85). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin assessment increases the score sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: Physicians should carefully and systematically assess the presence of NP features at diagnosis and early stages of j-SLE. For j-NPSLE patients with predominant psychiatric features, a multidisciplinary collaboration, including psychiatrists, is essential for the diagnosis, management and follow-up.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/pathology ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/pathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Hallucinations/complications ; Hallucinations/pathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1154407-7
ISSN	1477-0962 ; 0961-2033
ISSN (online)	1477-0962
ISSN	0961-2033
DOI	10.1177/09612033241229022
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Article ; Online: Invasive Bacterial Infections in Children With Sickle Cell Disease: 2014-2019.

Gaschignard, Jean / Koehl, Bérengère / Rees, David C / Rincón-López, Elena / Vanderfaeillie, Anna / Pascault, Alice / Allali, Slimane / Cela, Elena / Odièvre, Marie-Hélène / Hau, Isabelle / Oliveira, Marisa / Guillaumat, Cécile / Brousse, Valentine / de Montalembert, Mariane / Navarro Gómez, Maria Luisa / Beldjoudi, Naima / Bardon-Cancho, Eduardo Jesus / Epalza, Cristina

Pediatrics

2023 Volume 152, Issue 4

Abstract: Background: Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at a high risk of invasive bacterial infections (IBI). Universal penicillin prophylaxis and vaccination, especially against Streptococcus pneumoniae, have deeply changed its epidemiology. Analysis ... ...

Abstract	Background: Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at a high risk of invasive bacterial infections (IBI). Universal penicillin prophylaxis and vaccination, especially against Streptococcus pneumoniae, have deeply changed its epidemiology. Analysis of IBI in children with SCD in a post-13-valent pneumococcal vaccine era is limited. Methods: Twenty-eight pediatric hospitals from 5 European countries retrospectively collected IBI episodes in SCD children aged 1 month to 18 years between 2014 and 2019. IBI was defined as a positive bacterial culture or polymerase chain reaction from a normally sterile fluid: blood, cerebrospinal, joint, or pleural fluid and deep surgical specimen. Results: We recorded 169 IBI episodes. Salmonella spp. was the main isolated bacteria (n = 44, 26%), followed by Streptococcus pneumonia (Sp; n = 31, 18%) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 20, 12%). Salmonella prevailed in osteoarticular infections and in primary bacteremia (45% and 23% of episodes, respectively) and Sp in meningitis and acute chest syndrome (88% and 50%, respectively). All Sp IBI occurred in children ≤10 years old, including 35% in children 5 to 10 years old. Twenty-seven (17%) children had complications of infection and 3 died: 2 because of Sp, and 1 because of Salmonella. The main risk factors for a severe IBI were a previous IBI and pneumococcal infection (17 Sp/51 cases). Conclusions: In a post-13-valent pneumococcal vaccine era, Salmonella was the leading cause of bacteremia in IBI in children with SCD in Europe. Sp came second, was isolated in children ≤10 years old, and was more likely to cause severe and fatal cases.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207677-9
ISSN	1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
ISSN (online)	1098-4275
ISSN	0031-4005
DOI	10.1542/peds.2022-061061
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